TECHNOLOGYIMPROVEMENTS

+MORE LANDS

MORE PRODUCTIONMORE FOOD

POPULATION INCREASES

MIGRATION TO NEW LANDS /TOWNS

RECOVERY OF TRADE

ECONOMY EXPANSION 12th and 13th century

THE AGRARIANREVOLUTION

11th and 12thcentury

Improvements after 11th century

From the old Roman plough…

Very light, not useful for hard soils…

To the new Norman plough…

Stronger, easy to carry by beasts…

Improvements after 11th century

THE IRRUPTIONOF TRADE

Guilds

Master crafttsmen(maestros)

Journeymen(oficiales)

Apprentices

The new trade routes

THE TRADE

• Local comercial activity (local markets)• Long distance trade (trade fairs,

• Geographical areas:– Mediterranean sea (Italy, Cataluña, Muslims,

Bizantium)– Atlantic and Baltic Sea (Hansa, Low countries,

England, North of Spain…)

LOCAL MARKETS

WHAT CAN YOU SEE HERE?MAKE A DESCRIPTION

Cultivatedlands

WallsJewish quatier

Alcázar de la ciudad(fortress) Main convents, churches

and palaces

A MEDIEVAL TOWN: CÁCERES (12th – 15th century)

River

Cultivated lands and river.Every town needed accessto water and food supply. These lands have been cultivated from 11th century onwards.

ROMAN PASTMost of the medievalEuropean cities were old Roman towns, butnot all. .

Cáceres, Arco del Cristo

WALLS AND GATES.They were very important in most of the towns,In case of war or siege. In peacetime, the gates Were locked after sunset.

SQUARE AND UPPER DISTRICTThe main square in thetown was the place wherethe most remarkable eventsTook place: the market and the Celebration of religious acts

URBAN CONVENTSThe church started to live In towns, in the way of newConvents, hospitals, parishChurches…

San Pablo, 15th century

NOBILITY PALACESHad the aspectOf a fortress orCastle…

But in the endOf Middle Agethey lost theirMilitary appearanceAnd became moreLuxurious.

JEWISH QUATIER(judería de Cáceres)Medieval towns createdDistricts for minoritiesLike Muslims and Jews.

CRAFTSMEN and GUILDSwith the same activityused to live and work in the same street, sometimesout of the walls.

CITY COUNCIL & TOWNHALLEvery town had his own council and townhall,And won independence from feudal lords.

URBAN PRIVILEGES AND LAWS, COUNCILS.Medieval towns had their own laws, so citizenswere free from feudal lords. Kings granted and protected these laws.

FUEROS DE CÁCERES13th century (1230)

These are some of the medieval laws from Cáceres (13th century)

The rise of monarchies: causes.

MONARCHIES

Have morepower because…

The rise of the bourgeoisie(burguesía).

The economic growth.

They expanded their territories.

By wars By familiar alliances

More taxes,More economicpower

The rise of monarchies: consequences.

MONARCHIESNow…

Fight between empire and papacy

Were not so dependent from feudal lords.

Start to fight for privileges and power against the church.

They start to fight against otherKingdoms.

Hundred years war

PARLIAMENTS- Third estate- Nobility- Church

EUROPE14th CENTURY:THE RISE OFMONARCHIES

THE MAIN CONFLICTS:

HUNDRED YEARS WARPAPACY Vs. EMPIREAVIGNON SCHISM

THE ORIGIN: THE HOLY ROMANEMPIRE VS. PAPACY

THE INVESTIDURE CONTROVERSY (12th -14th century)

THE PROBLEM: WHO WAS THE RIGHT PERSON TOAPPOINT BISHOPS?

THE MILITARPOWER

THE CHURCH POWER

NOBLESTHE CHURCH

OTON III(10th century)

HENRY IV VS. GREGORY VII

The German Emperordressed like a beggarand barefoot.

The PopeForgiving him

El derecho y la política ,Según el gordito Tomás

THE AVIGNON SCHISM

The pope from Avignon The pope from Rome

THE AVIGNON SCHISM(14th century)

CONCILIE OF CONSTANZA 1415

HUNDRED YEARS WAR (1337-1453)

English bowmen Heavy armoured knights

French flag(Capets)English flag

(Plantagenets)

THE ENGLISH BOWMEN

St. George cross

Long pikesWooden pikes

Long bow

Great battles: Agincourt (1415)

There were alsoRepublics in theBig cities of ItalyControlled byNobility and Bourgueoisie.

THE CRISIS OF THE LATE MIDDLE AGE

• CAUSESToo much population

+

Agriculture stagnation

-Less food -

Weaker population DISEASES:

THE PLAGUEBAD CROPS:CLIMATE CHANGE

DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS

The spread of the Plague (¡¡la peste!!)

FLEA

The population ofEurope declined More than one third in 50 years, Only 50 millions of population at The begining of the 15th century.

The ebola plague (2014)

The plague(1347-1351)

The crisis of the late Middle Age (14th century)

DEMOGRAPHICCRISIS

ECONOMICCRISIS

CONSEQUENCES

COLD CLIMATE

FALL IN PRODUCTION

LESS TRADE MORE WARS

SOCIAL UNREST(RIOTS)

PEASANTS REVOLTS(JACQUERIE)

TENSION IN CITIES

ANTI JEWISH RIOTS

JACQUERIE (1358)Peasants revolts in the french countryshireAgainst the feudal nobles because of high taxes.

POGROMS AGAINST THE JEWSPeople thought

They were guilty for the crisis.(GERMANY, 14th century)

URBAN CULTURE:THE UNIVERSITIES

GOTHIC STYLE(13th – 16th century)Urban andReligious style:

Palaces, markets halls, Councils…Cathedrals, churches And convents.

Just to start…

Similitudes?Differences?Which are relevant?Big ideas?

Conclusion…

Saint Peter kerkLeiden, Holland, 15th c.

Frómista, Spain

Romanesque and gothic churchshave the same structure (cross-shape) and same parts(apse, naive, facade, towers, transept)

Gothic churches are higher than Romanesque style. They used to be more luminous Than the earlier ones, andThey use new elements, like pointed arch

Leiden, Holland

FeaturesRIBBED VAULTPOINTED ARCHROSE WINDOWFLYING

BUTTRESSESROSE

WINDOWSPINNACLES

SainteChapelle(París)

Ribbed vault(bóveda de crucería)

Pointed arch(arco apuntado)

FEATURES:

Cathedral León

ROSE WINDOW

Notre Dame(París)

GuadalupeMonastery14th century

WIDE WINDOWS AND STAINED GLASSES

Sainte Chapelle13th century(París)

PINNACLESGARGOYLE(gárgolas)FLYINGBUTTRESSES

Santa María (Cáceres)

Palacio de la Isla (Cáceres)

MAINGOTHICCATHEDRALSIN SPAIN:

León,BurgosSevillaToledoMallorca…

It is not only religious…Main city buidings (councils, towns) are built in this style.

Brujas, townhall, 15th cent. Bruselas, townhall 15th cent.

Main palaces monasteries,

universitiesconvents…

Venice,Dux palace13th cent.

GuadalaraPalacio delInfantado

Cambridge University13th 15th cent.

Gothic cloister (salisbury, England)

SculptureRealistic

NaturalMainly religious

Gothic painting…