An absorption refrigerator is a refrigerator that uses a heat source (e.g., solar, kerosene-fueled flame) to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling system.

Both absorption and compressor refrigerators use a refrigerant with a very low boiling point (less than 0 °F/−18 °C).

In both types, when this refrigerant evaporates (boils), it takes some heat away with it, providing the cooling effect.

The main difference between the two types is the way the refrigerant is changed from a gas back into a liquid so that the cycle can repeat.

An absorption refrigerator changes the gas back into a liquid using a different method that needs only heat, and has no moving parts[1]. The other difference between the two types is the refrigerant used. Compressor refrigerators typically use anHCFC or HFC, while absorption refrigerators typically use ammonia or water.

Annualized Geo-Solar enables passive solar heating in even tropical temperate areas. It uses the ground under or around a building as thermal mass to heat and cool the building. After a designed, conductive thermal lag of 6 months the heat is returned to, or removed from, the inhabited spaces of the building. In hot climates, exposing the collector to the frigid night sky in winter can cool the building in summer.

A ground-coupled heat exchanger is an underground heat exchanger loop that can capture or dissipate heat to or from the ground. They use the Earth's near constant subterranean temperature to warm or cool air or other fluids for residential, agricultural or industrial uses.

Heat recovery ventilation, often including an earth-to-air heat exchanger, is essential to achieve the Germanpassivhaus standard

A geothermal heat pump, ground source heat pump (GSHP), or ground heat pump[1] is a central heating and/or cooling

system that pumps heat to or from the ground.

It uses the earth as a heat source (in the winter) or a heat sink (in the summer). 

The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP), of a heat pump is the ratio of the change in heat at the "output" (the

heat reservoir of interest) to the supplied work. The equation is:

where

 is the heat supplied to the hot reservoir

 is the work consumed by the heat pump.

Loop field for a 12-ton system (unusually large for most residential applications) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning EngineersASHRAE Headquarters Receives Highest LEED Certification

Heat recovery ventilation, also known as HRV, mechanical ventilation heat recovery, or MVHR, is an energy

recovery ventilation system using equipment known as a heat recovery ventilator,heat exchanger, air exchanger, or air-to-air

heat exchanger which employs a counter-flow heat exchanger (countercurrent heat exchange) between the inbound and

outbound air flow.[1] HRV provides fresh air and improved climate control, while also saving energy by reducing heating (and

cooling) requirements.

Energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) are closely related, however ERVs also transfer the humidity level of the exhaust air to

the intake air.

Drain water heat recovery (DWHR) is the practice of recovering the thermal energy we throw away down our drain particularly during a shower. The Watercycle is a water to water heat exchanger designed for use with drain water.

Water is the most expensive natural element to heat and carries a significant amount of energy.Any hot water that goes down the drain carries away energy with it. That's typically 80–90% of the energy used to heat water in a home. Drain water (or greywater) heat recovery systems capture this energy to preheat cold water entering the water heater or going to other water fixtures.

A seasonal thermal store (also known as a seasonal heat store or inter-seasonal thermal store) is a store designed to

retain heat deposited during the hot summer months for use during colder winter weather. The heat is typically captured

using solar collectors, although other energy sources are sometime used separately or in parallel.

Active solar technologies are employed to convert solar energy into another more useful form of energy. This would normally be a conversion to heat or electrical energy.

In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesn't involve the use of mechanical and electrical devices.

A solar chimney — often referred to as a thermal chimney — is a way of improving the natural ventilation of buildings by using convection of air heated by passive solar energy. A simple description of a solar chimney is that of a vertical shaft utilizing solar energy to enhance the natural stack ventilation through a building.

An autonomous building is a building designed to be operated independently from infrastructural support services such as the electric power grid, gas grid, municipal water systems, sewage treatment systems, storm drains, communication services, and in some cases, public roads.

The term off-the-grid (OTG) or off-grid refers to living in a self-sufficient manner without reliance on one or more public utilities.

The three worlds as they were separated during the Cold War era, each with its respective allies as of the period between 30 April 1975 (the fall of Saigon) and 23 August 1975 (the communist takeover in Laos). Colors do not represent current economic development.

  First World: the United States and its allies.

  Second World: the Soviet Union, China and their allies.

  Third World: neutral and non-alignedcountries.

Professor Brenda Vale and Doctor Robert Vale are architects, writers, pioneer researchers, and experts in the field of sustainable housing.

The Dymaxion House was developed by inventor and architect Buckminster Fuller to address several perceived shortcomings

with existing homebuilding techniques. Dymaxion House as installed in Henry Ford Museum

The Henry Ford, a National Historic Landmark, (also known as the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, and more formally as the Edison Institute), in the Metro Detroit suburb of Dearborn, Michigan, USA, is the nation's "largest indoor-outdoor history museum" complex. Named for its founder, the noted automobile industrialist Henry Ford, and based on his desire to preserve items of historical significance and portray the Industrial Revolution, the property houses a vast array of famous homes, machinery, exhibits, and Americana. The collection contains many rare exhibits includingJohn F. Kennedy's presidential limousine, Abraham Lincoln's chair from Ford's Theatre, Thomas Edison's laboratory, the Wright Brothers' bicycle shop, and the Rosa Parks bus.

Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin is a National Historic Landmark

A Trombe wall is a sun-facing wall separated from the outdoors by glass and an air space, which absorbs solar energy and releases it selectively towards the interior at night. The essential idea was first explored by Edward S. Morse and patented by him in 1881.[1] In the 1960s it was fully developed as an architectural element by French engineer Félix Trombe and architect Jacques Michel.

Modern Trombe walls have vents added to the top and bottom of the interior wall, to allow heated air to flow via convection into the building interior. The vents have one-way flaps which prevent convection at night, thereby making heat flow strongly directional. This kind of design is an indirect passive thermal collector. By moving the heat away from the collection surface, it greatly reduces thermal losses at night and improves net heat gain. Generally, the vents to the interior are closed in summer months when heat gain is not wanted

A Northern hemisphere Trombe wall

Heliotrope in Freiburg

Built originally in 1994 as the private residence and special project of Rolf Disch, the Heliotrope is a one-of-a-kind design. The Heliotrope inFreiburg was the first building in the world to create more energy than it uses, of which is entirely renewable, emissions free and CO2 neutral

Sun Ship in Freiburg

 its vacuum insulated walls, ventilation with 95% heat recovery, triple paned windows and its energy façade.

Developed by Horazio Barra in Italy, the Barra system is a passive solar building technology. This technology involves converting sunlight into a usable energy source, without using any mechanical aid.

What is it?

The primary tool in the Barra system is a collector wall that captures solar heat. It also uses the thermosiphon effect (hot air is lighter than colder air, hence it rises) to distribute the warm air through channels incorporated into the reinforced concrete floors, warming the floors and hence the building. Alternatively, in hot weather, cool nighttime air can be drawn through the floors to cool them, providing a form of air conditioning.Thermosiphon (alt. thermosyphon) refers to a method of passive heat exchange based on natural convection which circulates liquid without the necessity of a mechanical pump.

Brise soleil, sometimes brise-soleil (French pronunciation: [bʁiːz sɔlɛj], plural, "brise-soleil" (invariable), from French, "sun breaker"), in architecture refers to a variety of permanent sun-shading techniques, ranging from the simple patterned concrete walls popularized by Le Corbusier to the elaborate wing-like mechanism devised by Santiago Calatrava for the Milwaukee Art Museum or the mechanical, pattern-creating devices of the Institut du Monde Arabe by Jean Nouvel.

700 N. Art Museum DriveMilwaukee, WisconsinUnited States

A windcatcher

The unevenly-spaced ondulatoires (the vertical concrete mullions) and the similarly uneven horizontal divisions between them were designed according to Le Corbusier's Modulor system of proportions

Tom Darden is the Executive Director of the Make It Right (MIR) Foundation, founded by actor Brad Pitt in 2007 to build 150

affordable, green, high-design homes in New Orleans' Lower Ninth Ward, a neighborhood devastated by Hurricane Katrina.

LOTT Regional Services CenterOlympia, Washington

Waste Not, Want Not: Innovative approaches to wastewater reuse puts LOTT in an energy-efficiency class of its own.

Mercy Corps is a global aid agency engaged in transitional environments that have experienced some sort of shock: natural disaster, economic collapse, ... Mercy Corps Global Headquarters

Portland, Oregon,U.S.A

Brooks Avenue HouseVenice, California

Greening Bohemia: How the Vancouver firm of Bricault Design reinvigorated a pre-war Venice cottage, raising the bar on living the sustainable life.

Architect:Marc Bricault

Steven Holl (born December 9, 1947, Bremerton,

Washington) is an American architect and watercolorist, perhaps best known for

the 1998 Kiasma Contemporary Art Museum in Helsinki, Finland,

the 2003 Simmons Hall at MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts,

the celebrated 2007 Bloch Building addition to the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, Missouri

praised 2009 Linked Hybrid mixed-use complex in Beijing, China.

Kiasma (built 1993–1998) is a contemporary art museum located

on Mannerheimintie in Helsinki, Finland.

The Knut Hamsun Centre (Norwegian: Hamsunsenteret) is a

museum and educational centre in Hamarøy in Northern Norway dedicated to the life and work of the writer Knut

Hamsun.

Knut Hamsun (August 4, 1859 – February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in

Literature in 1920.

Steven Holl's design for Simmons Hall ofMIT won the Harleston Parker Medal in 2004.

Vanke CenterShenzhen, China

A Horizontal Skyscraper Greens the Land: Steven Holl fuses architecture and landscape to make one of the most sustainable buildings in China.

Linked Hybrid is a building complex built in Beijing, China designed by Steven Holl Architects.

The Nanjing Sifang Art Museum designed by Steven Holl Architects 

Cook+Fox Architects is a New York City studio founded by Rick Cook (architect) and Robert F. Fox, Jr. in 2003. Cook+Fox is best known for designing the Bank of America Tower at One Bryant Park, the first commercial high-rise to achieve the United

States Green Building Council’s LEED Platinum rating.

Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM) is an American architectural and engineering firm

The Pearl River Tower (Chinese: 珠江大厦) is a clean technology skyscraper under construction at the junction of Jinsui Road/Zhujiang Avenue West,Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China. The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill with Adrian D. Smith and Gordon Gill (now at their own firm) as architects

ZGF Architects LLP (ZGF), formerly Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Partnership, is an American architectural firm based

in Portland, Oregon at twelve west. 

Twelve WestPortland, Oregon

Wind Steals the Spotlight: Rooftop turbines draw attention to this new mixed-use high-rise in Portland, but it’s the less visible systems and design choices that make it a beacon of green.

ZGF Architects

Twelve West is best known in the neighborhood for its four rooftop wind turbines 

Bren Hall, is located on the campus of University of California, Santa Barbara, located in Santa Barbara, California. It is named in honor of philanthropist Donald Bren and hosts the university's Bren School of Environmental Science & Management.

It has been called the "greenest" laboratory facility in the United States and offers a picturesque view of the Santa Barbara Channel and the Channel Islands.

Fifth and Columbia Tower is a 660ft (201m) tall skyscraper approved for construction in Seattle, Washington. It will be completed in 2014 and have 43 floors.

KOIN Center is a 155.15 m (509.0 ft), 35-storey, skyscraper in Portland, Oregon.

Also known as King Kong Building

The Oregon Convention Center is a convention center in Portland, Oregon. Opened in 1990,[2] it located on the east side of the Willamette River in the Lloyd District neighborhood. It is best known for the twin spire towers which provide light into the building's interior and for housing the world's largestFoucault Pendulum.

The Foucault pendulum (  / f uː ̍ k oʊ /  foo- KOH ), or Foucault's pendulum, named after the French physicist Léon Foucault, is a simple device conceived as an experiment to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth.

The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, (established in 1975, in Seattle, Washington) is one of the world’s leading cancer research institutes

University of CaliforniaMerced, California

Enlightening Sustainability: University research facility is a teaching tool for eco-minded students.By Jessica Boehland

A lantern and a thermos signify the principles that guided the design of the new campus for the University of California at Merced. The lantern, the tallest structure on campus, bridges the wings of the library and the student union, and the thermos, a 2-million-gallon tank, stores chilled water for cooling campus buildings. “One is the symbolic academic heart, and the other is the symbolic energy-performance heart of the campus,” says Michael Duncan, AIA, associate partner at the San Francisco office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), which designed the campus master plan, as well as the library and central plant.

A building has integrity just like a man. And just as seldom. Ayn Rand 

An architect's most useful tools are an eraser at the drafting board, and a wrecking bar

at the site. Frank Lloyd Wright 

Architecture is a visual art, and the buildings speak for themselves. Julia Morgan 

Julia Morgan (January 20, 1872 – February 2, 1957) was an American architect. The architect of over 700 buildings in

California,[1] she is best known for her work on Hearst Castle in San Simeon, California. Los Angeles Examiner Building

The YWCA in Chinatown, San Francisco

Riverside Art Museum

Asilomar Conference Grounds

Hearst Castle is a National Historic Landmark mansion located on the Central Coast of California, United States. It was designed by architect Julia Morgan between 1919 and 1947 for newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, who died in 1951.

Space has always been the spiritual dimension of architecture. It is not the physical

statement of the structure so much as what it contains that moves us. Arthur Erickson 

Arthur Charles Erickson, CC (June 14, 1924 – May 20, 2009) was an internationally celebrated Canadian architect and urban planner.

Simon Fraser University campus in British ColumbiaCanadian Embassy in WashingtonKuwait Oil Sector Complex in Kuwait CityKunlun Apartment Hotel Development in Beijing, Suki's Building in Vancouver, British Columbia

Academic Quadrangle, Simon Fraser University

Museum of Anthropology at  University of British Columbia (UBC) campus in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Architecture is the art of how to waste space. Philip Johnson 

Architecture is the reaching out for the truth. Louis Kahn 

Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. There it begins. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe 

“Maybe we can show government how to operate better as a result of better architecture”

 Frank Lloyd Wright quotes (American Architect and Writer, the most abundantly creative genius of American architecture. His Prairie

style became the basis of 20th century residential design in the United States, 1867-1959)

If I have a style, I am not aware of it. Michael Graves 

Michael Graves (born July 9, 1934) is an American architect. Identified as one of The New York Five, Graves has become a household name with his designs for domestic products sold at Target stores in the United States.

Humana Building in Louisville, Kentucky

The Portland Building in Oregon

The Walt Disney World Dolphin Resort in Orlando, Florida

Steigenberger Hotel in El Gouna, Egypt, in association with architect Ahmed Hamdy

The International Finance CorporationBuilding in Washington, D.C.

The New York Five refers to a group of five New York City architects (Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves, Charles Gwathmey, John Hejduk and Richard Meier) whose work appeared in a Museum of Modern Art exhibition organized by Arthur Drexler in 1967, and the subsequent book Five Architects in 1972.

These five had a common allegiance to a pure form of architectural modernism, harkening back to the work of Le Corbusier in

the 1920s and 1930s, although on closer examination their work was far more individual.[1] The grouping may have had more to

do with social and academic allegiances, particularly the mentoring role of Philip Johnson.

The show did produce a stinging rebuke in the May 1973 issue of Architectural Forum, a group of essays called "Five on Five",

written by architects Romaldo Giurgola, Allan Greenberg, Charles Moore,Jaquelin T. Robertson, and Robert A. M. Stern.

[1] These five, known as the "Grays", attacked the "Whites" on the grounds that this pursuit of the pure modernist aesthetic

resulted in unworkable buildings that were indifferent to site, indifferent to users, and divorced from daily life. These "Grays"

were aligned with Philadelphia architect Robert Venturi and the emerging interest in vernacular architecture and

early postmodernism.

I have designed the most buildings of any living American architect. Alexander Jackson Davis 

Alexander Jackson Davis, or A. J. Davis (July 24, 1803 – January 14, 1892), was one of the most successful and influential

American architects of his generation, in particular his association with the Gothic Revival style.

U.S. Customs House, Manhattan, 1833–42 (with Ithiel Town)

Lyndhurst, Tarrytown, New York

I don't divide architecture, landscape and gardening; to me they are one. Luis Barragan 

“A doctor can bury his mistakes but an architect can only advise his client to plant vines.”

 Frank Lloyd Wright quotes 

Architecture begins where engineering ends. Walter Gropius 

Architecture aims at Eternity. Christopher Wren 

Architecture arouses sentiments in man. The architect's task therefore, is to make those

sentiments more precise. Adolf Loos 

When we build, let us think that we build for ever.

John Ruskin 

Form ever follows function.

Louis Henry Sullivan

the American architect Louis Sullivan who coined the phrase Form follows function. Sullivan's assistant Frank Lloyd Wright adopted and professed the same principle in slightly different form—perhaps because shaking off the old styles gave them more freedom and latitude.

Louis Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been

called the "father of skyscrapers"[1] and "father of modernism"[2] He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School.

Union Trust Building

 

Wainwright Building

The Wainwright Building (also known as the Wainwright State Office Building) is a 10-story red brick office building at 709

Chestnut Street indowntown St. Louis, Missouri. Designed by 

Dankmar Adler 

and Louis Sullivan in the Palazzo style and built between 1890 and

1891,[3] it was among the first skyscrapers in the world

 Palazzo style refers to an architectural style of the 19th and 20th centuries based upon the palazzi (palaces) built by wealthy

families of theItalian Renaissance.

Prudential (Guaranty) Building. The three zones of Sullivan's

design are visible in the large open windows of the ground zone, the thin vertical elements of the office zone and

the arches and curves of the terminating zone at the top of the building.

Wainwright Building cornice

 

Auditorium Building

 

Chicago Stock ExchangeBuilding

 

Getty Tomb

 

Bayard-Condict Building

 

Carson Pirie Scott store

 

The Van Allen Building

 

Detail of ornamentation of the Van Allen Building

 

Gage Building (on right)

 

Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral , exterior

 

Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral, interior

 

National Farmer's Bank of Owatonna

 

People's Federal Savings and Loan Association

 

Merchants' National Bank

 

Peoples Savings Bank

 

Harold C. Bradley House, Wisconsin

 

Louis Sullivan Jewel Box,Grinnell, Iowa

 

Krause Music Store

Skidmore, Owings and Merrill LLP (SOM) is an American architectural and engineering firm that was formed in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore andNathaniel Owings; in 1939 they were joined by John O. Merrill.

Their primary expertise is in high-end commercial buildings, as it was SOM that led the way to the widespread use of the modern international-style or "glass box" skyscraper.

They have built several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the John Hancock Center(1969, second tallest in the world when built), Sears Tower (1973, tallest in the world for over twenty years), and Burj Khalifa (2010, current world's tallest building)

Due to their faithful following of Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe’s ideas, Frank Lloyd Wright nicknamed them "The Three Blind Mies"

The John Hancock Center.

It is currently the fourth-tallest building in Chicago and the sixth-tallest in the United States, after the Willis Tower, the Empire State Building, the Bank of America Tower, the Trump Tower Chicago, and the Aon Center.

One World Trade Center

One World Trade Center, formerly known as Freedom Tower, is located in New York City. After Daniel

Libeskind won the competition for master-planning, SOM was awarded the architectural design contract for the Freedom

Tower, despite having withdrawn their entry in the original design competition.

Rondo 1 is an office skyscraper with a total height of 192 m located in Warsaw, Poland

The Willis Tower (formerly named, and still commonly referred to as the Sears Tower) is a 108-story, 1451-foot (442 m) skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois.[4] At the time of its completion in 1973, it was the tallest building in the world, surpassing the World Trade Center towers in New York, and it held this rank for nearly 25 years. The Willis Tower is the tallest building in the United States and the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the world, as well as the fifth tallest building in the world to the roof.

Hajj Terminal, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,

Fazlur Rahman Khan

He is also considered to be the Einstein of structural engineering and the Greatest Structural Engineer of the 20th Century for his innovative use of structural systems that remain fundamental to modern skyscraper construction.[4] His most famous buildings are the John Hancock Centerand the Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower), which was the world's tallest building for several decades.

John Hancock Center,

 Willis Tower, 

Hajj Terminal

 King Abdulaziz University, 

One Magnificent Mile, 

Onterie   Center

Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank, OM (born 1 June 1935) is a

British architect whose company maintains an international design practice. 

The British Library of Political and Economic Science is the main library of the London School of Economics and Political Science, and the world's largest political and social sciences library

Millennium Bridge, officially known as the London

Millennium Footbridge, is a steel suspension bridge for pedestrians crossing theRiver Thames in London

The southern end of the bridge is near Globe Theatre, the Bankside Gallery and Tate Modern, the north end next to the City of

London Schoolbelow St Paul's Cathedral. 

The futuristic interior roof of Hong Kong International Airport

Hong Kong International Airport (IATA: HKG, ICAO: VHHH) is the main airport in Hong Kong. It is colloquially known

as Chek Lap Kok Airport , being built on the island of Chek Lap Kok by land reclamation, and also to distinguish it from its

predecessor, the closed Kai Tak Airport.

 

The Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters inIpswich was one of Foster's earliest commissions after founding Foster Associates.

 

The tessellated glass roof of the British Museum'sGreat Courtredevelopment has a complex curved form, approximating the top half of

a doughnut anchored by the circular Reading Roomat the centre of the court.

 

The new Wembley Stadium in London: perhaps one of the most controversial projects[5]that Foster + Partners have been involved in.

 

30 St Mary Axe, one of London's most popular new buildings,[6] towers above its neighbours.

 

The reconstruction of the Reichstag building

The New York Times Tower by Renzo Piano is made of 25,000 tons of steel; 95% of which is recycled.

As London prepares to host the Summer Olympic Games of 2012, recent construction photos share the progress being made in this sustainable project. This sustainable planning and construction project will develop an area that is economically depressed to provide for the community for many decades after the 2012 Olympic Games are over.

The London Aquatics Centre is an indoor facility with two 50 metre swimming pools and a 25 metre diving pool, which will be one of the main venues of the London 2012 Summer Olympics and the London 2012 Summer Paralympics.

Velo Park

The London Velopark is a cycling centre which was built in Leyton in east London, United Kingdom. It will serve as one of the 'Big Five' permanent Olympic and Paralympic venues for the 2012 Games. Hopkins Architects, Grant Associates

Aquatic Center

Olympic Village

The Place Stanislas, known colloquially as the place Stan', is a large pedestrianized square in Nancy, Lorraine, France. Since 1983, the architectural ensemble comprising the Place Stanislas and the extension of its axis, the Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance,

has been on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Sarah Bernhardt (French pronunciation: [sa.ʁa bɛʁ.naːʁ]; c. 22/23 October 1844 — 26 March 1923) was a French stage and early film actress, and has been referred to as "the most famous actress the world has ever known".

Riga (Latvian: Rīga, pronounced [riːɡa] (  listen)) is the capital and largest city of Latvia, one of the

major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centres of the Baltics, and an important seaport, situated on the mouth of

the Daugava. With 702,891 inhabitants (July 2011)[3] it is the largest city of the Baltic states. Riga's territory covers

307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) and lies between 1 and 10 metres (3.3 and 33 ft)above sea level,[5] on a flat and sandy plain.[5]

Riga's historical centre has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the city is particularly notable for its

extensive Jugendstil (GermanArt Nouveau) architecture, which UNESCO considers to be unparalleled anywhere in the world.

Admirers and scholars of Ruskin can visit the Ruskin Library at Lancaster University, also Ruskin's home, Brantwood and the Ruskin Museum, both in Coniston in the English Lake District, All three mount regular exhibitions open to the public all the year round.[177] Ruskin's Guild of St

George continues his work today.

Henry Clemens Van de Velde (Dutch pronunciation: [ɑ̃; ˈʁi vɑ̃ndəˈvɛldə]) (3 April 1863, Antwerp – 15 October 1957, Zürich [1] ) was a Belgian Flemish painter, architect and interior designer. Together with Victor Horta and Paul Hankar he could be considered one of the main founders and representatives of Art Nouveau in Belgium. Van de Velde spent the most important part of his career in Germany and had a decisive influence on German architecture and design at the beginning of the 20th century.

Henry Van de Velde, who worked most of his career in Germany, was a Belgian theorist who influenced many others to continue this style of graphic art including Peter Behrens, Hermann Obrist and Richard Riemerschmid. August Endell, Henri Privat-Livemont is another notable Art Nouveau designer.

Spain

The Casa Batlló, already built in 1877, was remodelled in the Barcelona manifestation of Art

Nouveau, modernism, by Antoni Gaudí and Josep Maria Jujol during 1904–1906

In Spain, the style was based mainly in Barcelona and was an essential element of the

Catalan Modernisme. Architect Antoni Gaudí, whose decorative architectural style is so personal that

he is sometimes considered as practising an artistic style different from Art Nouveau, nonetheless

uses Art Nouveau's floral and organic forms.[30] His designs from about 1903, the Casa Batlló (1904–

1906) andCasa Milà (1906–1908), are most closely related to the stylistic elements of Art Nouveau.

[31] However, famous structures such as the Sagrada Familiacharacteristically contrast the

modernising Art Nouveau tendencies with revivalist Neo-Gothic.[31] Besides the dominating presence

of Gaudí, Lluís Domènech i Montaner also used Art Nouveau in Barcelona in buildings such as

the Casa Lleó Morera (1905).[31] Another major art nouveauist was Josep Maria Jujol.

The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (Catalan pronunciation: [səˈɣɾaðə fəˈmiɫiə]; English: Basilica

and ExpiatoryChurch of the Holy Family, Spanish: Basílica y Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia), commonly known as

the Sagrada Família, is a large Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, designed by Catalan architect Antoni

Gaudí (1852–1926). Although incomplete, the church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[4] and in November 2010 was

consecrated and proclaimed a minor basilicaby Pope Benedict   XVI .

Art Nouveau was also popular in the Nordic countries, where it became integrated with the National Romantic Style. Good examples are the neighbourhoods ofKatajanokka and Ullanlinna in Helsinki, Finland, as well as the Helsinki Central railway station, designed by the architect Eliel Saarinen.

Rococo architecture, as mentioned above, was a lighter, more graceful, yet also more elaborate version

of Baroque architecture, which was ornate and austere. Whilst the styles were similar, there are some notable

differences between both Rococo and Baroque architecture, one of them being symmetry,[8]since Rococo

emphasised the asymmetry of forms,[8] whilst Baroque was the opposite.[9] The styles, despite both being richly

decorated, also had different themes; the Baroque, for instance, was more serious, placing an emphasis on

religion, and was often characterized by Christian themes[10] (as a matter of fact, the Baroque began in Rome as

a response to the Protestant Reformation);[11] Rococo architecture was an 18th-century, more secular, adaptation

of the Baroque which was characterized by more light-hearted and jocular themes.[10] Other elements belonging

to the architectural style of Rococo include numerous curves and decorations, as well as the usage of pale

colours.[12]

There are numerous examples of Rococo buildings as well as architects. Amongst the most famous include the

Catherine Palace, in Russia, the Queluz National Palace in Portugal, the Augustusburg and Falkenlust Palaces,

Brühl, the Chinese House (Potsdam) the Charlottenburg Palace in Germany, as well as elements of the Château

de Versailles in France. Architects who were renowned for their constructions using the style include 

Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, an Italian architect who worked in Russia[13] and who was noted for his lavish

and opulent works, 

Philip de Lange, who worked in both Danish and Dutch Rococo architecture

Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, who worked in the late Baroque style and who contributed to the reconstruction of

the city ofDresden, in Germany.

Rococo architecture also brought significant changes to the building of edifices, placing an emphasis on privacy

rather than the grand public majesty of Baroque architecture, as well as improving the structure of buildings in

order to create a more healthy environment.

Trencadís (Catalan pronunciation: [tɾəŋkəˈðis]) is a type of mosaic created from broken tile shards. The technique is

also called pique assiette. This mosaic is done thanks to broken pieces of ceramic like tiles and cups, for instance.

Antoni Gaudí was the first to use this technique. He covered his three-dimensional architecture with ceramics of different

shapes, reliefs and colours, collected from the factory "Pujol i Bausis" located in Esplugues de Llobregat, which create brightly-

colored patterns dancing together under the Mediterranean light.

The Catalan architects Antoni Gaudí  and Josep Maria Jujol  used trencadís in many projects, among

which Barcelona's Parc Güell  is probably the most famous.

A figure in Park Güell.

Mosaic is the art of creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. It may be a technique of decorative art, an aspect of interior decoration, or of cultural and spiritual significance as in a cathedral. Small pieces, normally roughly cubic, of stone or glass of different colors, known as tesserae, (diminutive tessellae), are used to

create a pattern or picture. Irano-Roman floor mosaic detail from the palace of Shapur I at Bishapur.

Golden mosaics in the dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba (965-970)

Pique Assiette is a form of art similar to mosaic but specifically uses broken plates and the like arranged in patterns or designs.

Park Güell (Catalan: Parc Güell, IPA: [ˈparg ˈɡweʎ]) is a garden complex with architectural elements situated on the hill of El Carmel in the Gràcia district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It was designed by the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí and built in the years 1900 to 1914. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Works of Antoni Gaudí".

The park was originally part of a commercially unsuccessful housing site, the idea of Count Eusebi Güell, whom the park was named after. It was inspired by the English garden city movement; hence the original English name Park (in the Catalan language spoken in Catalonia where Barcelona is located, the word for "Park" is "Parc", and the name of the place is "Parc Güell" in its original language)

The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained, communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.

Josep Maria Jujol Gibert (September 16, 1879 – Barcelona, May 1, 1949) was a Catalan architect.

Jujol's wide field of activity ranged from furniture designs and painting, to architecture. He worked with Antoni

Gaudí on many of his most famous works Like Casa Batllo. 

Gaudí left a deep mark on 20th century architecture: masters like Le Corbusier have declared themselves admirers of his work, and the works of other architects like Pier Luigi Nervi, Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Oscar Niemeyer, Félix Candela, Eduardo Torroja and Santiago Calatrava were inspired by the new style Gaudí had invented.Frei Otto used Gaudi’s forms in the construction of the Munich Olympic Stadium. In Japan, the work of Kenji Imai bears evidence of Gaudi’s influence, as can be seen in the Memorial for the Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan in Nagasaki (Japanese National Architecture Award in 1962), where the use of Gaudí's famous “trencadís" stands out.[72] Art critics in research and teaching positions since 1950 have given the artist a well-deserved position of relevance within 20th-century architecture.

World Heritage status by UNESCO: in 1984[145] the Parc Güell, the Palau Güell and the Casa Milà; and in 2005[146] the Nativity façade, the crypt and the apse of the Sagrada Família, the Casa Vicens and the Casa Batlló in Barcelona, together with the crypt of the Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló.