Good Morning The Cold War Get your composition book.
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Transcript of Good Morning The Cold War Get your composition book.
Good Morning
The Cold WarGet your composition book
Warm-Up
What did your group decide to do with Germany and Japan?
Cold War
• 1946-1990• Era of confrontation between the Soviet
Union and the United States
Events that led to the Cold War
Disagreement over Germany
Soviets’ refusal to honor Declaration of Liberated Europe (Yalta
Conference)
Soviet actions in Poland: no intention of holding free elections
Potsdam Conference: Soviets reluctant to accept US demands; felt bullied by successful a-bomb testing
Communist victory in China
Differences & tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union
The Iron Curtain
Soviet Views vs. American Views
SECURITY1. Concerned about
being invaded twice in less than 30 years by the Germans = keep Germany weak and create buffer states (satellite nations)
2. Communist
ECONOMIC1. Capitalist 2. Concerned about
economic problems 3. Promote Democracy
+ free enterprise = promote economic growth by increasing world trade
SOVIET VIEW AMERICAN VIEW
Activity: Document Response
How did American foreign policy interests and goals change between
1949 and 1963?
Containment
• To keep something from spreading• Containment of communist expansion
was a central principle of United States' foreign policy from 1947 to the 1975
Efforts at Containment
Containment
Gave basis for providing military and economic support to nations threatened by communism
Used in Greece and Turkey
Provided aid in terms of money, supplies, and machinery to Western European countries trying to rebuild their economy and resist communism
TRUMAN DOCTRINE MARSHALL PLAN
=
And happy people just do not want to be communist...
Containment
Stalin blockaded Berlin after allied zones merged in Germany
Airlift supplies for 11 months until Stalin lifts the blockade = determination to promote freedom and resist communism
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Mutual defense pact with US, Canada, and W. Europe = demonstration of combined military strength to Stalin forms Warsaw Pact with Communist nations
THE BERLIN AIRLIFT NATO
Containment
“Hot Spot”Communist N. Korea
invaded S. Korea = Truman’s call to the UN to push them back
Limited War = no expansion into China
1946Cracked Soviet spy
code = read messages between Moscow & US confirmed existence of extensive Soviet spying
KOREAN WAR PROJECT VENONA
Eisenhower’s New Look
Strategies for Containing
Communism
Strong Economy
Nuclear weapons
for massive
retaliation
brinkmanship Covert operations
Economy
• The US had to show the world that free enterprise could produce a better more prosperous society than communism
• Economic prosperity would prevent communism from gaining support
Massive Retaliation
• Threaten to use nuclear weapons if Communists tried to seize a territory by force
• Required new technology to deliver nuclear weapons
Success of Massive Retaliation
• Military spending was cut from $50 billion to $34 billion.
• Cut army personnel
• Increased America’s nuclear arsenal
Brinkmanship• The willingness to go to the brink of nuclear war
to force the other side to back down – Korean War: hinted to China = armistice – Taiwan Crisis: any attempts by China to invade Taiwan
would be resisted by the US… HINT, HINT… we have nuclear weapons!
– The Suez Crisis: the Egyptians seized the Suez Canal causing the British and French to retaliate = Soviet threat to attacks on Britain and France... US responds… you use yours, we will use ours… pressure causes Britain and France to back down = diplomatic victory for SU as Arab nations begin accepting their aid
Covert Action
• Hidden operations conducted by the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) – Developing nations to
overthrow anti-American leaders and replace them with pro-American leaders
The Cold War on the Homefront
The New Red Scare
- Feared Communists would take over the world
Causes of the New Red Scare
(1) Gouzenko Case: Sept., 1945- Implication: spies already in our government- Search for spies leads to general fear of
Communist subversion - effort to secretly weaken a society & overthrow its government
Two Immediate Effects
• Loyalty Review Program: Truman, 1947– All federal employees to be screened for loyalty to US
• HUAC: FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, 1947– Went before House Un-American Committee
• Loyalty Review Program not enough…. …demanded public hearings on Communist subversion• Hearings would expose Communists, & “sympathizers”
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
• The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties.
• Through its power to subpoena witness and hold people in contempt of Congress, HUAC often pressured witnesses to surrender names and other information that could lead to the apprehension of Communists and Communist sympathizers.
• Its most famous investigation revealed that Alger Hiss, a former State Department official, had lied to them about having "ever been a Communist."
Causes of the New Red Scare
(2) Alger Hiss Trial: 1948– Alger Hiss accused of being a Communist spy– “Pumpkin Papers"—several prints of State Department
documents from the 1930s.– The pumpkin papers were introduced against Hiss in a perjury
trial, at which he was accused of lying about having passed State Department papers to Chambers.
– Venona decrypts declassified and gave indication that “Ales” could only have been Alger Hiss.
Causes of the New Red Scare
(3) The Rosenbergs– Americans: Soviets couldn’t have produced
atomic bomb in ‘49 without help…let’s look for the spies
– 1950: Clues from Albert Fuchs, British scientist, led FBI to Ethel & Julius Rosenberg
• Accused of passing info to Soviets on building plutonium bomb
• Little physical evidence convicted them; put to death in 1953
The Rosenberg’s Sentencing Excerpts
I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. Indeed, by your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the course of history to the disadvantage of our country.
We have evidence of your treachery all around us every day — for the civilian defense activities throughout the nation are aimed at preparing us for an atom bomb attack.
Causes of the New Red Scare
(4) The Hydrogen Bomb – 1953: Soviets test bigger bomb: the H-bomb– Now, Americans afraid of nuclear war
Effect1. Schools set aside areas as bomb shelters
• “duck-and-cover drills”- bomb drills where kids hid under desks, covering head with hands
2. Fallout shelters: built in backyards, under homes
• Stocked with canned foods, water, batteries, etc.
The Red Scare Spreads
• Joseph R. McCarthy begins witch-hunt for suspected Communists
• McCarthyism: buzz word for damaging reputations with unfounded charges, based on flimsy evidence & irrational fears
McCarthyism• Public accusation that more than two hundred “card-carrying”
communists had infiltrated the United States government. • The House Un-American Activities Committee had been formed in
1938 as an anti-Communist organ.• The paranoid hunt for infiltrators was notoriously difficult on writers
and entertainers, many of whom were labeled communist sympathizers and were unable to continue working.
• The trials often destroy a career with a single unsubstantiated accusation.
• In all, three hundred and twenty artists were blacklisted including, Arthur Miller, Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein, and Charlie Chaplin.
Effect
• The McCarran Internal Security Act– Now illegal to do anything that would “substantially
contribute to establishment of a totalitarian government
• Communist organizations must register with US attorney general & publish their records
• Restricted Communist Party members• Allowed arrest, detention of Communists & sympathizers...
Truman vetoed bill, but Congress overrides in 1950• Later, Supreme Court rulings made sure McCarran Act
was not effective
Cause and Effect of the Cold War
1. Soviet Union controls Eastern Europe after World War II
2. Chinese Communists win control of mainland China
3. US and Soviet Union explode atomic bombs
1. Marshall Plan provides aid to W. Europe and Japan
2. W. nations form NATO; Communist nations = Warsaw Pact
3. Korean War erupts 4. American and Soviet
arms race 5. Red Scare leads to
hunt for Communists in the US
CAUSES
EFFECTS