Good Morning Beautiful People!

Please get ready:1.Your notebook2.Writing implement3.Signed CIS – if you still

haven’t turned it in. EQ: What key factors of the First World War led to the rise in fascism after.

Warm-Up

Read the article from the New York Times and then discuss with your table group:1. What is the article about? 2. Where is the article from? 3. What is the central

argument against textbook revision?

Recap: Historical Thinking Lesson

• History is an account of the past• Accounts differ depending on one’s

perspective• We must rely on the evidence we have to

construct our accounts• We must consult multiple pieces of evidence

in order to build our account• We must question the reliability of each piece

of evidence

And now, we go BACK IN TIME…

• What do you remember from WWI –

Essential Questions1. Why did WWI begin? Why did the assassination of

Archduke Franz Ferdinand set it off?2. What was Germany’s plan to defeat France and Russia

at the beginning of the war? How was it supposed to work?

3. Describe Trench Warfare. Why did it not result in large gains for the Central or Allied Powers?

4. Why did the US join the war and how did it effect the allied war effort?

5. Why did the Russians withdraw from the war? When did the war end?

In your group – attempt to answer 2 out of 5 of these questions on your whiteboards.

The Three –isms Pre-1914

• Militarism

• Imperialism

• Nationalism

Alliances Pre-1914

Schlieffen Plan 1914

• Germany’s plan for a two front war.– France – Russia

• Focus on the weaker nation first.

• Relationship to Militarism• Why Germany ‘shoots

first’.

Allied Powers and Central Powers

Trench Warfare

• What?– Trenches– Barbed Wire – Machine Guns– Mustard Gas – Tanks– Planes

• Why?• Consequences…

– Allies Powers• 5,712,379 dead

– Central Powers • 4,010,241 dead.

– Special Forces

The Big Four• David Lloyd George (PM Great Britain)

– Wanted to hurt Germanynot destroy it

– Economically important• Vittorio Orlando (PM Italy)

– Wanted land from A-H• Georges Clemenceau (PM France)

– Wanted Germany’s powerdestroyed

– Concerned with resurgentGermany

• Woodrow Wilson (U.S. Pres)– 14 Points

• Controlled the Paris Peace Conference

Now lets go back to those questions at the start…

1. Why did WWI begin? Why did the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand set it off?

2. What was Germany’s plan to defeat France and Russia at the beginning of the war? How was it supposed to work?

3. Describe Trench Warfare. Why did it not result in large gains for the Central or Allied Powers?

4. Why did the US join the war and how did it effect the allied war effort?

5. Why did the Russians withdraw from the war and why did the German offensives of 1918 ultimately fail? When did the war end?

Treaty of Versailles

• Punished Germany as at fault for the war.

• Forced Germany to give up land.

• Forced Germany to pay reparations to other European Countries

• Forced Germany to limit troop numbers.

New European Countries

• Poland• Czechoslovakia• Yugoslavia• Austria• Hungary• Finland• Baltic States (Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania)• All supposed to be made by self-determination

Mandates 1919• Places Ottoman/German colonies under

new control. • Creates

– French Mandate of Syria– French Mandate of Lebanon– British Mandate of Palestine– British Mandate of Transjordan– British Mandate of Iraq– British Togoland– French Togoland– British Cameroon– French Cameroon– Ruanda-Urundi– Tanganyika– South-West Africa

• Creates the Modern Middle East– (AND A LOT OF THEIR FREAKING

PROBLEMS!)

The League of Nations?

• Proposed by Woodrow Wilson in his 14 points. – Only point he ended up getting

and then…the U.S. didn’t join. • An organization of nations set

up to maintain peace and prevent war– Settle disputes between nations

• Germany and Russia were initially not allowed to join

The US didn’t join the league of nations because they didn’t want to get involved in foreign conflicts

Essential Questions

1. Explain the purpose of the League of Nations. How does this relate to the causes WWI?

2. Why do you think the US doesn’t want to get involved in foreign affairs?

3. In the 1919 European context, was self-determination truly possible? Why or why not?

4. Describe mandates. How do they violate the idea of self-determination?

Good Afternoon My Darlings!

Please get ready:1. Your notebook2. Something to write with

Today:Short lecture interwar EuropeBeing Fascism OUT

EQ: What is Fascism and what conditions led to its rise in Europe?

Aftermath of WWI

• The Cost of War– Over 16 million dead– Britain 4.4 Billion dollars

in debt to U.S.– France 8 Billion dollars in

debt to U.S.– Germany 38 Billion dollars

in debt to Europe• Would take nearly a

century to pay off

• The world “lost its innocence”

Burned into Cultural Memory

“A generation of innocent young men, their heads full of high ideals like Honor, Glory and England, went off to war to make the world safe for democracy. They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals. Those who survived were shocked, disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences, and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans, but the old men at home who had lied to them. They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war, and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance”

-- Samuel Hynes

A Changing Society1885 1919

A Changing Society

1873 1921

A Changing Society

1913 1927

A Changing Society

1890“Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be, The last of life, for which the first was made: Our times are in his hand Who saith, “A whole I planned, Youth shows but half: trust God: see all, nor be afraid!”—Robert Browning

1922“Life is so damned hard, so damned hard... It just hurts people and hurts people, until finally it hurts them so that they can't be hurt ever any more. That's the last and worst thing it does.”—F. Scott Fitzgerald

Artists Rebel

• Dadaism: bold colors and distorted images• Cubism: sharp angles and edges, images

appear broken– Pablo Picasso

• Surrealism: eerie, unrealistic, and dream-like– Salvador Dali

• Existentialism– “The Lost Generation”

Recap - Europe • Fall-out of WWI– Europe is in debt– Financial crisis –

• worsened by U.S. Great Depression.

– Political unrest– Cultural changes – New political movements emerge and

gain traction. • Communism• Socialism• Fascism – allies with previous political

party against communists and socialists and then betrays them.

Italy and Mussolini • Following WWI Italy has problems– Economic problems– Over population – Loss of territory– Lack of regional influence

• POLITICAL UNREST - Fighting between the old regime and socialist/communist movements. – Citizens still angry at old regime

• Fascist party is both traditional and revolutionary, they brand themselves– "The Third Way"

Italy cont.

• Government continues to bolster Mussolini's power and control in a series of new laws from 1925-1927

• Mussolini personally took over the ministries of the interior, foreign affairs, colonies, corporations, defense, and public works at different times during his reign – Complete control of all aspects of society. – Cult of Personality

• Economic Policies – Battle for Wheat - 5,000 new farms were established and

five new agricultural towns– "Battle for Land“ – land redistribution

March on Rome

• October 27th-29th 1922 • coup d'état – Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power

in Italy – ousted Prime Minister Luigi Facta.

• King Victor Emmanuel III – Refuses to declare martial law– Facta steps down– King Emmanuel III hands power over to Mussolini

Textbook (Document A)

The following is an excerpt from YOUR textbook explaining Fascism.

“Fascism was a new, militant political movement that emphasizedloyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. Unlike communism,fascism had no clearly defined theory or program. Nevertheless, mostFascists shared several ideas. They preached an extreme form ofnationalism, or loyalty to one’s country. Fascists believed that nationsmust struggle—peaceful states were doomed to be conquered. Theypledged loyalty to an authoritarian leader (dictator) who guided and brought order to the state. In each nation, Fascists wore uniforms of a certain color, used special salutes, and held mass rallies.”

Source: McDougal Littel, Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Published 2006.

Guiding Questions Textbook (Document A)

1.) Identify: How does the textbook define Fascism?

2.) Summarize: According to the textbook, what are the main ideas of Fascism?

3.) Analyze: Based on the information presented in the textbook, how might Fascism have contributed to the outbreak of WWII?

Happy Block Day Sophomores!

Please find: 1. A partner that you work really well with.Then comes see me with your partner.

Today: 1. Finish Fascism OUT2. Break 3. Discussion on Fascism

1. Key tenants2. Differences in Italian and German Fascism

4. Write-up: How did Fascism contribute to the outbreak of WWII.

FASCISM OUT EQ: What is Fascism and how might it have contributed to the outbreak of WWII?

Answer the WHOLE question. Your answers should be just as long as the question.Explain WHY you believe what you believe. Explain quotes you use. Why do they say what you think they are saying.

WORK WITH YOUR GROUP AND ASK QUESTIONS!

Fascism Continued.

• Write out your own definition of fascism in your notebook.

• Explain any differences between Italian Fascism and German Fascism you see in the documents.– Use quotes

• Talk with your group members, come up with a definition you all agree on – write it up on one of the whiteboards.

• Finally, in your notebook, using two quotes minimum, explain, how might Fascism have contributed to the outbreak of WWII?

Discussion What do all the definitions have in common?

Do you see any differences in definitions? Where might those differences come from?

How are fascists different from other types of authoritarian leaders? According to the textbook?

According to the additional sources?

How might Fascism have contributed to the outbreak of WWII?

TGIF! Woot!

Get ready: 1. Your note book2. Glue Stick3. Appeasement SAC – don’t

glue it in yet, we’re going to take a few notes first.

Today:4. Mini-lecture: Hitler’s rise to

power and Appeasement in Europe.

5. Start Appeasement SAC EQ: Was Appeasement the right policy for Europe to follow?

Fascism • Political ideology popularized after WWI– Invented by Benito Mussolini– Adopted by Adolf Hitler – Practiced Emperor Hirohito

• Fascists believed in Social Darwinism. • Economic potential of a country was based on its

territorial size, and that political and economic success came through war and conquest. – Use Propaganda to control the citizens

Hitler and Germany

• Hitler joins the Nazi party in 1919–Rose to place of prominence–Appoints people with similar visions/loyalties–Hosts lectures on • Fascism - • Treaty of Versailles – “Victorious Violence” • The Jews – appeals to anti-Semitism in Germany

Expansion of Nazi Party

• 1922 and 1923 – Nazi Party continues to grow– Hitler forms • Hitler Youth• SS – Personal paramilitary police force

Beer Hall Putsch

• Inspired by Mussolini's march on Rome • Attempts to lead a coup d'état Nov. 1923 – Fails• 16 Nazis and 3 Police killed

• Hitler is Arrested– Writes Mein Kampf while in prison• Outlines his political and philosophical views

– Gaining popularity • Sentenced to 5 years serves 9 months.

Political Legitimacy

• Weimar Republic is Weak– Hated because of WWI– Fighting against the Communists

• Nazi’s gain seats in 1924 election • By 1930, Nazi’s will be largest party in

Reichstag • Violent tensions between Communists, Nazi’s

and Weimar Republic growing.

Hitler Takes Power

– Violence against Jews and Communists continues – Nazis create chaos by perpetuating violence and blaming the Jews/communists.

– Franz von Papen, Chancellor of Germany • Offers to make Hitler Chancellor if Papen can be Vice

Chancellor• Hoping to quell violence of SS and SA officers under Hitler’s

control.

– Hitler moves to consolidate power through a series of laws made by the Nazi dominated Reichstag • Reichstag Fire Decree• Enabling Act of 1933

– Consolidate Hitler’s Power and end Weimar Republic

Nuremburg Laws (1935)

• Hitler and the Nazi party passes a series of anti-Semitic (anti Jewish) laws.

• Outlines who is considered Jewish by lineage. • Jews must identify themselves.• Forbids marriages between Jews and Germans• Forbids sex between Jews and Germans• Jews cannot employ German women. • Jews are forbidden from flying German flag.

Reoccupation of the Rhineland

• March 1936 – Hitler sends troops back into the disputed territory of the Rhineland.

• His advisor’s opposed it• Hitler hoped war weary France and Britain

would ignore him. • Only Russia suggested sanctions. • France and Great Britain decided on a policy

of appeasement. Hoping to not engage in a larger conflict.

The Anschluss

• 1938 Hitler orders the re-integration of Austria and Germany.

• Directly forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. • Reaction from the international community was still

mild. • In the House of Commons Chamberlain said that

– "The hard fact is that nothing could have arrested what has actually happened [in Austria] unless this country and other countries had been prepared to use force.“

• Europe is still not ready to engage militarily with Hitler. • The United States is no mood to go to war again over

European "squabbles" over boundaries or ethnic governments.

Appeasement in the 1930s

Hitler begins violating the terms of the treaty of Versailles almost immediately once he becomes Chancellor of Germany.

First and foremost he expands the German military and restarts the production of military weaponry.

So what do you think?

• Did appeasement eventually lead to war or was war inevitable?

• Did it buy time for France and Great Britain to rebuild and deal with their own economic

crises or did it make the situation in Europe worse?

Invasion of Czechoslovakia • Hitler continues his movement towards

expansion and imperialism invading the Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia.

• Czechoslovakia was created by the doctrine of self-determination in the Treaty of Versailles.

• Chamberlin (PM of GB) goes to negotiate directly with Hitler.

• Hitler says that if he is not given the Sudetenland it will mean war.

• Chamberlin signs the Munich Agreement in an attempts to avoid “War in our Time”.

Hitler Plans for War• Reflections from WWI– Two front war was a mistake

• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact– Hitler and Stalin meet in August 1939– Economic agreement as well as peace agreement • Economic agreement would help Germany during the first few

years of the war – avoid British blockade.– Germany would give the Soviets the Baltic States – Estonia,

Latvia and Lithuania, and part of Poland.

To the chancellor of the German Reich, Herr A. Hitler.I thank you for your letter. I hope that the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact will

mark a decisive turn for the better in the political relations between our two countries.J. Stalin

Invasion of Poland• Hoped to take Poland as he had taken Austria,

without fighting. • Differed from other movements because Poland

had alliances with Great Britain and France.• September 1st 1939- October 6th 1939– September Campaign – Blitzkrieg tactic made it successful– Ended with the division of Poland between Germany

and the Soviet Union – The Declaration of War by Great Britain and France on

September 3rd

Blitzkrieg

• “Lightning War” • Effective strategy in Germany’s attack on Poland• Reflected some learning from WWI. – Straight lines and running at each other did not work!

• Armored tanks break through the weak point in a line.

• Come from behind and surround the enemy • Backed with heavy air support

Blitzkrieg

Luftwaffe – Air force and Artillery Bombs a specific point in the enemy line to

weaken that point. German Panzers – Tanks

Break through weakened point in enemy line followed by mechanized unites and infantry

Tanks and infantry- Break through and then begin to encircle the

enemy.

Start of WWII• France and Great Britain declare war on

Germany on September 3rd 1939. • Slow to mobilize forces and thus Poland falls

to the Nazis and the Soviets. • No major attacks were launched until April

1940. • Until then Britain would attempt a economic

blockade of Germany to weaken their mobilization abilities.