Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology...
Transcript of Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology...
![Page 1: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Radiation Protection1. Epistemology of Radiation
2. International Paradigms
Radiation Protection1. Epistemology of Radiation
2. International Paradigms
WNU–Summer Institute 2012Christ Church Lecture Hall, University of Oxford, UK; August 2th, 2012
WNU–Summer Institute 2012Christ Church Lecture Hall, University of Oxford, UK; August 2th, 2012
Abel J. GonzálezVice-President of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
Representative to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)Member of the Commission of Safety Standards of the IAEA
Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear; Av. del Libertador 8250; (C1429BNP) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina+54 11 6323 1758; (official) [email protected]; (private) [email protected]
Abel J. GonzálezViceVice--President of the International Commission on Radiological ProtecPresident of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) tion (ICRP)
Representative to the United Nations Scientific Committee on thRepresentative to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)e Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)Member of the Commission of Safety Standards of the IAEAMember of the Commission of Safety Standards of the IAEA
Autoridad Autoridad RegulatoriaRegulatoria NuclearNuclear; ; Av. del Libertador 8250; (Av. del Libertador 8250; (C1429BNP) Ciudad de Buenos AiresC1429BNP) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, , ArgentinaArgentina+54 11 6323 1758; +54 11 6323 1758; (official)(official) [email protected]; [email protected]; (private) [email protected](private) [email protected]
![Page 2: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
ContentContentFIRST PARTEpistemology:
Radiation Science and its Limitations Quantification Levels Effects
SECOND PARTProtection Paradigm
The International Radiation Protection System The International Organizations Radiation Protection Recommendations Global Regime
FIRST PARTEpistemology:
Radiation Science and its Limitations Quantification Levels Effects
SECOND PARTProtection Paradigm
The International Radiation Protection System The International Organizations Radiation Protection Recommendations Global Regime
![Page 3: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
FIRST PARTEpistemology:
Radiation Science and its Limitations
FIRST PARTEpistemology:
Radiation Science and its Limitations
26 July, 2012 3
![Page 4: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
44
(1)
Quantification
of Radiation Exposure
(1)
Quantification
of Radiation Exposure
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 5: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Radioactivesubstance
(radioactivitymeasured in Becquerels[or curie])
Radioactivesubstance
(radioactivitymeasured in Becquerels[or curie])
Radiation emitted(radiation fluence)Radiation emitted(radiation fluence)
Absorbed dose(incurred due to
radioactivity inside the body
or radiation fluencefrom outside
–measured in gray[or rad])
Absorbed dose(incurred due to
radioactivity inside the body
or radiation fluencefrom outside
–measured in gray[or rad])
![Page 6: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Activity,A(bequerel or curie)
Absorbed dose, D(gray or rad)
Fluence,Φ
![Page 7: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Absorbed dose, D(gray or rad)
Radiation weighting factor, wR
Equivalent dose, HT(sievert or rem)
![Page 8: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Equivalent dose, HT(sievert or rem)
Tissue weighting factor), wT
Effective dose, E(sievert or rem)
![Page 9: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
99
Absorbed Dose(Gy)
Absorbed Dose(Gy)
wR wTEquivalent Dose (organ)
(Sv)
Equivalent Dose (organ)
(Sv)
ConversionFactor
(Sv Bq-1)
ConversionFactor
(Sv Bq-1)
Conversion Factor
(Sv cm2)
Conversion Factor
(Sv cm2)
EfectiveDose(Sv)
EfectiveDose(Sv)
Activity(Bq)
Activity(Bq)
Fluence(cm-2)
Fluence(cm-2)
![Page 10: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
(2)
International Estimates of Global
Radiation Exposure Levels
(2)
International Estimates of Global
Radiation Exposure Levels
![Page 11: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Sources
Natural
Cosmic rays
Terrestrial
Inhalation
[radon]
Natural
Cosmic rays
Terrestrial
Inhalation
[radon]
Artificial
Medical
Military
Nuclear Power
Occupational
Accidents
Artificial
Medical
Military
Nuclear Power
Occupational
Accidents
![Page 12: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
annual dosemSv/year
~100
~ 10
~ 2.4
~ 1
Natural Background
TYPICALLY HIGHTYPICALLY HIGH
AVERAGE AVERAGE
MINIMUM MINIMUM
VERY HIGHVERY HIGHFew peopleIn few areas
Many peopleIn many areas
Majority of peoplearound the world
![Page 13: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13OSU, Stillwater, OK, USA, February 2008
![Page 14: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Source Global average dose Typical range(mSv per year) (mSv per year)
External exposure Cosmic rays 0.4 0.3 to 1.0 Terrestrial gamma rays 0.5 0.3 to 1.0
Internal exposure Inhalation (mainly radon) 1.3 0.2 to 10 Ingestion 0.3 0.2 to 1.0
Total 2.4 1 to 13
Source Global average dose Typical range(mSv per year) (mSv per year)
External exposure Cosmic rays 0.4 0.3 to 1.0 Terrestrial gamma rays 0.5 0.3 to 1.0
Internal exposure Inhalation (mainly radon) 1.3 0.2 to 10 Ingestion 0.3 0.2 to 1.0
Total 2.4 1 to 13
Exposure to natural sources
highest…up to above 100!highest…up to above 100!
![Page 15: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Medical sources
![Page 16: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
13081308
332332
2020
482482
Radio-diagnostic proceduresAverage annual frequency per 1000
Radio-diagnostic proceduresAverage annual frequency per 1000
HighHealth-care
HighHealth-care
MediumHealth-care
MediumHealth-care
LowHealth-care
LowHealth-care
Global averageGlobal average
![Page 17: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
1.881.88
0.320.32
0.030.03
0.610.61
HighHealth-care
HighHealth-care
MediumHealth-care
MediumHealth-care
LowHealth-care
LowHealth-care
Global averageGlobal average
Annual average per-caput dose(in mSv)
![Page 18: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
CT scans by year in US (millions
18.3 19.521.0
22.625.1 26.3
30.6
34.9
39.6
45.4
50.1
53.9
57.6
62.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
No
. o
f p
roce
du
res
(mill
ion
s)
Annual growth of >10% per yea
Computerized tomography (CT)
Annual growth > 10%/yr
U.S. population < 1%/yr
procedures by year (millions)
![Page 19: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Military activitiesMilitary activities
![Page 21: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Nuclear weapons tests
Atmospheric testsUnderground tests
1945100
50
0
50
100
150
NU
MBE
R
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
![Page 22: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Doses due to atmospheric nuclear testing
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Year
Annu
al e
ffect
ive
dose
(mSv
)
![Page 23: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Civil nuclear power
![Page 24: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Global average levels
Source: UNSCEAR 2000 Report
Nuclear power<0.01%
Chernobyl accident
<0.1%
Weapons fallout<0.2%
Natural sources
80%
Medical examinations
20%
![Page 25: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Occupational exposures
![Page 26: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Nucle
ar in
dust
ry
Defen
ce
Medici
neCoa
l min
ing
Other
min
ing
Aircre
wOth
er w
orkp
laces
Ann
ual e
ffect
ive
dose
(mSv
)Man-made sources Natural sources
0 10 20 30
Millionsexposed
ArtificialNatural
![Page 27: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Global annual per caput dose (mSv)
![Page 28: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Annual per caput dose (mSv) for USA
![Page 29: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
In summary:Patients are
being exposed to increased
radiation levels
In summary:Patients are
being exposed to increased
radiation levels
![Page 30: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
(3)Recent Developments on the epistemology of
Radiation Health Effects(Method, validity and scope of the scientific knowledge
on the detrimental effects of radiation exposure)
(3)Recent Developments on the epistemology of
Radiation Health Effects(Method, validity and scope of the scientific knowledge
on the detrimental effects of radiation exposure)
30WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 31: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
3131WNU-Summer Institute
Chromosomes
DNA
26 July, 2012
![Page 32: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
3232WNU-Summer Institute26 July, 2012
![Page 33: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
3326 July, 2012
0.2 meters!
2 nanometers
1400nanometers
Chromosomes
are a
condensed
packing of
DNA
Chromosomes
are a
condensed
packing of
DNA
![Page 34: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
343426 July, 2012
![Page 35: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
3535WNU-Summer Institute
The The EnciclopedyEnciclopedy of Lifeof LifeBases Bases LettersLetters
CodonsCodons Words Words
IntronsIntrons Interruptions Interruptions
ExonsExons ParagraphsParagraphs
Genes Genes ChaptersChapters
Chromosomes Chromosomes VolumesVolumes
26 July, 2012
![Page 36: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36WNU-Summer Institute 36
Radiation harm to DNA
26 July, 2012
![Page 37: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37WNU-Summer Institute26 July, 2012
Mutation!Mutation!
![Page 38: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Many other
mutations occur due
to DNA miscopying,
thermal agitation, etc.
Usually they can be
correctly repaired by
copying the DNA
template.
Many other
mutations occur due
to DNA miscopying,
thermal agitation, etc.
Usually they can be
correctly repaired by
copying the DNA
template.
39WNU-Summer Institute26 July, 2012
![Page 40: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
4141WNU-Summer Institute
What is the
problem then?:
the chromosome is
a very complex
packing of DNA
What is the
problem then?:
the chromosome is
a very complex
packing of DNA
nucleosomesnucleosomesnucleosomes
26 July, 2012
![Page 42: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
![Page 43: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
10 nm
0.5 0.5 MevMev
2nm
43WNU-Summer Institute26 July, 2012
![Page 44: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
4444WNU-Summer Institute26 July, 2012
![Page 45: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45WNU-Summer Institute 45
Chromosomes deletions
26 July, 2012
![Page 46: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46WNU-Summer Institute 46
Chromosomes Translocations
26 July, 2012
![Page 47: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
4848WNU-Summer Institute
Chromosomal aberrations are easily identifiable in the microscope
Chromosomal aberrations are easily identifiable in the microscope26 July, 2012
![Page 49: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
4949WNU-Summer Institute
radiation hits a cell nucleus!
radiation hits a cell nucleus!
No changeNo change
DNA mutationDNA mutation
26 July, 2012
![Page 50: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
5050WNU-Summer Institute
Probability of mutationProbability of mutation
DoseDose
p = a D + b D2p = a D + b D2
p = a D p = a D
pD (a D + b D2) e-cDpD (a D + b D2) e-cD
26 July, 2012
![Page 51: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
5151WNU-Summer Institute
DNA mutation pD a D
DNA mutation pD a D 3)Cell survives
but mutated
Stochasticeffects
1) Mutation repaired
Deterministic Effects (>~1Sv)
No effects
2) Cell dies
26 July, 2012
![Page 52: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52WNU-Summer Institute 52
Mutation repaired
Viable Cell
First possible outcome:mutation is repaired
26 July, 2012
![Page 53: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53WNU-Summer Institute 53
Unviable Cell
Second possible outcome:cell killing (apoptosis)
26 July, 2012
![Page 54: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54WNU-Summer Institute 54
Cell killingat around 1000mSv deterministic effects:burns, organ failure,
death!
Acute dose
Probability
> ~1000 mSv
100%
26 July, 2012
![Page 55: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
Radiation accidents involving masive cell killing are rare
Since 1944 there were around 400 accidents
worldwide.
Approximately 3000 persons were injured,
with 120 fatalities (including 28 Chernobyl
victims).
Since 1944 there were around 400 accidents
worldwide.
Approximately 3000 persons were injured,
with 120 fatalities (including 28 Chernobyl
victims).
![Page 56: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
![Page 57: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
![Page 58: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
![Page 59: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
![Page 60: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60WNU-Summer Institute 60
Cell survives but mutated
Altered process
Third possible outcome:viable but mutated cell
26 July, 2012
![Page 61: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61WNU-Summer Institute 61
Normal process
26 July, 2012
![Page 62: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62WNU-Summer Institute 62
Altered process
26 July, 2012
![Page 63: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
WNU-Summer Institute 63
Cell survives but mutated
Stochastic effects
26 July, 2012
![Page 64: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64WNU-Summer Institute 64
Stochastic effects
Cancer
Hereditable
Antenatal
Cancer
Hereditable
Antenatal
26 July, 2012
![Page 65: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
6565WNU-Summer Institute
CancerCancer
26 July, 2012
![Page 66: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
6666
Prevalent opinion onradiation-induced cancer
Radiation Radiation
mutates DNAmutates DNA
Failure to Failure to
repair DNA repair DNA
Viable cell withViable cell with
carcinogenescarcinogenes
TumourTumour
promotionpromotion
Malignant Malignant
conversion conversion
Metastasis of Metastasis of
malignancymalignancy
26 July, 2012
INMUNE SYSTEMINMUNE SYSTEM
![Page 67: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
![Page 68: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
6868WNU-Summer Institute
Estimates of the Risk of Cancer due to
Radiation Exposure
Estimates of the Risk of Cancer due to
Radiation Exposure
26 July, 2012
![Page 69: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
6969WNU-Summer Institute
Radioepidemiology
(Epidemia (Gk): prevalence of disease)(Epidemia (Gk): prevalence of disease)
26 July, 2012
![Page 70: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
7070WNU-Summer Institute
Control group“N” people“C” cancers“n” probability of ‘natural’ cancer
Control group““NN”” peoplepeople““CC”” cancerscancers““nn”” probability of probability of ‘‘naturalnatural’’ cancercancer
Exposed group“N” people“E” cancers“n” probability of ‘natural’cancer‘pD’ probability of ‘radiation’ cancer
Exposed group““NN”” peoplepeople““EE”” cancerscancers““nn”” probability of probability of ‘‘naturalnatural’’cancercancer‘‘ppDD’’ probability of probability of ‘‘radiationradiation’’ cancercancer
26 July, 2012
![Page 71: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
7171WNU-Summer Institute
E= n N
+ pd D N
Numberof
cancersin
exposedgroup
C=n N
Numberof
cancersin
controlgroup
C=n N
Numberof
cancersin
controlgroup
E-C
Difficult to assess!
26 July, 2012
![Page 72: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
7272WNU-Summer Institute
UNSCEAR has reviewed many many
epidemiological data on effects of radiation in
exposed populations
UNSCEAR has reviewed many many
epidemiological data on effects of radiation in
exposed populations
26 July, 2012
![Page 73: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73WNU-Summer Institute 73
The radium dial painters,…
26 July, 2012
![Page 74: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74WNU-Summer Institute 74
…the early x-rays doctors and patients……the early x-rays doctors and patients…
26 July, 2012
![Page 75: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75WNU-Summer Institute 75
..the Mayak cohort of workers…
MAYAK
26 July, 2012
![Page 76: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
7676WNU-Summer Institute
..the survivors of Hiroshima y Nagasaki....the survivors of Hiroshima y Nagasaki..
26 July, 2012
![Page 77: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
7777WNU-Summer Institute
…all these victims of radiation exposure have
unwillingly contributed to the
UNSCEAR’s epidemiological assessments.
…all these victims of radiation exposure have
unwillingly contributed to the
UNSCEAR’s epidemiological assessments.
26 July, 2012
![Page 78: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78WNU-Summer Institute 78
Slide 6
Cohort of Hiroshima & Nagasaki(LIFE SPAN STUDY, LSS)
Mt.HijiMt.Hiji
26 July, 2012
![Page 79: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
7979
Solid Cancer Mortality47 years of follow-up (1950-1997)
Exposed population: 9,335 (10,127) cancer deaths
Reference population: 8,895 (9,648) cancer deaths
~440 (479) cancers attributable to radiation (5%)
Exposed population: 9,335 (10,127) cancer deaths
Reference population: 8,895 (9,648) cancer deaths
~440 (479) cancers attributable to radiation (5%)
Preston et al, Radiat Res 160:381-407, 2003(updated figures)Preston et al, Radiat Res 160:381-407, 2003(updated figures)
26 July, 2012
![Page 80: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80WNU-Summer Institute 80
Lifetime cancer mortality risk (after 1000 mSv acute dose)
~ 0.6-1.0%. for leukæmia
and
~4.3–7.2% for all solid cancers combined, (lower for men than for women)
Lifetime cancer mortality risk (after 1000 mSv acute dose)
~ 0.6-1.0%. for leukæmia
and
~4.3–7.2% for all solid cancers combined, (lower for men than for women)
Lifetime cancer risk estimates for those exposed as children might be a factor of 2 to 3 times higher than the estimates for a population exposed at all ages.
Lifetime cancer risk estimates for those exposed as children might be a factor of 2 to 3 times higher than the estimates for a population exposed at all ages.
26 July, 2012
UNSCEAR Estimates of NOMINAL Cancer Risk
![Page 81: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
8181WNU-Summer Institute
Hereditable EffectsHereditable Effects
26 July, 2012
![Page 82: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82WNU-Summer Institute 82
Prevalent opinion on the induction of hereditable effects from radiation exposure
Radiation Radiation
Mutes the DNA Mutes the DNA
of a Germinal of a Germinal
CellCell
Failure to Failure to
RepairRepair
Viable Sperm Viable Sperm
or Ovum or Ovum
Containing Containing
Defective GenesDefective Genes
26 July, 2012
![Page 83: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83WNU-Summer Institute 83
The risk is so low that the estimation has to be based on animal studies
The risk is so low that the estimation has to be based on animal studies
26 July, 2012
![Page 84: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84WNU-Summer Institute 84
Hereditable Effects
Total risk to first generation following parental exposure:
~ 0.2% per Sv
>1/10 the risk of fatal carcinogenesis
constitutes 0.5% of baseline
Total risk to first generation following parental exposure:
~ 0.2% per Sv
>1/10 the risk of fatal carcinogenesis
constitutes 0.5% of baseline
26 July, 2012
![Page 85: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
8585WNU-Summer Institute
Antenatal EffectsAntenatal Effects
26 July, 2012
![Page 86: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86WNU-Summer Institute 8626 July, 2012
![Page 87: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
WNU-Summer Institute 87
1000mSv1000mSv
26 July, 2012
= IQ= IQ
![Page 88: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
WNU-Summer Institute 88
Shift in the IQ curve:30 IQ units per 1000 mSv incurred during the 8-15 weeks
1000mSv1000mSv
26 July, 2012
= IQ= IQ
![Page 89: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89
Latest newsLatest news
![Page 90: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
![Page 91: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91
![Page 92: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
![Page 93: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93
Summary
of the scientific knowledge
Summary
of the scientific knowledge
![Page 94: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94
Dose (Sv)
Likelihoodof health effects
100%(certainty)
~0,1
Approx. lower bound
of pathological knowledge
~ 5%(UNSCEAR estimate)
~1 ~10
Tissue reactionsClinical diagnosis
(individual pathology)
Approx. lower bound of epidemiological
knowledge
Cytogenetic exposure indicators
radiation
syndromes
and death
~ 10%
~ 1%
General radiobiological information
Increase incidence of malignanciesStatistical estimates (epidemiology of populations)
Frequentist(Bernoullian)estimation
Frequentist(Bernoullian)estimation
Subjective(Bayesian)
estimation
Subjective(Bayesian)
estimation
Estimated likelihood of cancer
Estimated likelihood of cancer
![Page 95: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95
Dose (Sv)
Likelihoodof health effects
100%(certainty)
~0,1
Approx. lower bound
of pathological knowledge
~ 5%(UNSCEAR estimate)
~1 ~10
Approx. lower bound of epidemiological
knowledge
Increased
syndromes
and death
~ 10%
~ 1%
TypicalB
ackground
Estimated likelihood of cancer
Estimated likelihood of cancer
Region of individualattribution of effects
Region of inference of radiation risks
Region of collective attribution of effects
![Page 96: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
96
Dose (Gy)
Likelihoodof health effects
100%(certainty)
~0,1
Approx. lower bound
of pathological knowledge
~ 5%(UNSCEAR estimate)
~1 ~10
Approx. lower bound of epidemiological
knowledge
Increased
syndromes
and death
~ 10%
~ 1%
TypicalB
ackground
Estimated likelihood of cancer
Estimated likelihood of cancer
Region of individualattribution of effects
Region of inference of radiation risks
Region of collective attribution of effects
![Page 97: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
97
Totalbackground incidence of effects
Background annual dose
(average 2.4, typical 10 mSv y-1)
Postulated likelihood of health effects
Dose
Radiation-unrelatedbackground
incidence
Presumedradiation-related
background incidence
Nominal incrementallikelihoodof health effects
Incremental dose
0.005%/mSv0.005%/mSv
![Page 98: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
9898WNU-Summer Institute
Take away pointsTake away points
26 July, 2012
![Page 99: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Activity bequerel
Dose sievert (1 Sv = 1000 milliSieverts)
(mSv)
Background 2.4 mSv/y (up to above 100 mSv)
Medical
Nuclear
Activity Activity bequerelbequerel
Dose Dose sievertsievert (1 (1 SvSv = 1000 = 1000 milliSievertsmilliSieverts) )
((mSvmSv))
Background Background 2.4 2.4 mSv/ymSv/y ((up to above 100 up to above 100 mSvmSv))
Medical Medical
Nuclear Nuclear
26 July, 2012 WNU-Summer Institute 99
![Page 100: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
100
Probable observable increase in the incidence of cancer, if the exposed group is more than a few hundred
people
Nausea, vomiting possible, mild bone marrow
depression;subsequent additional
cancer risk of about 10%
Moderate dose:towards
1000 mSv (acute whole body dose)
Observable increase in theincidence of cancer
Certain nausea, likely bone marrow syndrome; high risk
of death from about 4000 mSv (without medical treatment).
Significant additional cancer risk!
High dose:above 1000 mSv (acute
whole body dose)
Possible observable increase in the incidence of cancer, if the exposed group is very
large (e.g., >100,000 people)
No acute effects; subsequent additional
cancer risk of less than 1%
Low dose:towards 100 mSv
No observable increase in the incidence of cancer, even
in a large exposed group
No acute effects;extremely small additional
cancer risk
Very low dose:about 10 mSv or less
Consequences for an exposed population
Effects on individualsDose
![Page 101: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
101101WNU-Summer Institute
… above the prevalent background dose,
an increment in dose
is assumed to result (for rad. prot. purposes)
in a proportional increment
in the probability of stochastic effects of
0.005% per mSv
… above the prevalent background dose,
an increment in dose
is assumed to result (for rad. prot. purposes)
in a proportional increment
in the probability of stochastic effects of
0.005% per mSv
26 July, 2012
![Page 102: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
102
Remember!
1. Radiation exposure at high acute levels, e.g. above several thousand of millisievertsis very dangerous.
2. Radiation exposure at low chronic levels, e.g. towards tens of millisieverts per year, presents an extremely low risk.
3. Radiation exposure at very low chronic levels, e.g. < 1 millisievert per year, is not an individual health issue.
1. Radiation exposure at high acute levels, e.g. above several thousand of millisievertsis very dangerous.
2. Radiation exposure at low chronic levels, e.g. towards tens of millisieverts per year, presents an extremely low risk.
3. Radiation exposure at very low chronic levels, e.g. < 1 millisievert per year, is not an individual health issue.
26 July, 2012 WNU-Summer Institute 102
![Page 103: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
103103WNU, ,
[email protected]@arn.gob.ar
+541163231758
Av. del Libertador 8250Buenos Aires
Argentina
Thank you!Thank you!
26 July, 2012
![Page 104: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
104
Additional information to the FIRST PART
Additional information to the FIRST PART
26 July, 2012 104
![Page 105: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
105105WNU-Summer Institute
The Health Effectsof Radiation
A close book?A close book?
26 July, 2012
![Page 106: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
106106WNU-Summer Institute
10-15s. 10-9s. 10-3s. 10 2 m. 100 years
PhysicsPhysicsandand
chemistrychemistryEpidemioEpidemio--
logylogyBiologyBiology
Time
ExposureExposureManifestationManifestation
ofof
effectseffects
Physiology?
The time scale of the phenomena limits knowledge.The time scale of the phenomena limits knowledge.26 July, 2012
![Page 107: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
107107WNU-Summer Institute26 July, 2012
![Page 108: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
108WNU-Summer Institute 108
New UNSCEAR’s assessments
Epidemiological evaluation of cardiovascular disease
Non-targeted and delayed effects of radiation exposure
Effects of ionizing radiation on the immune system
Epidemiological evaluation of cardiovascular disease
Non-targeted and delayed effects of radiation exposure
Effects of ionizing radiation on the immune system
26 July, 2012
![Page 109: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
109109WNU-Summer Institute
Cardiovascular diseasesCardiovascular diseases
26 July, 2012
![Page 110: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
110110WNU-Summer Institute
Chernobyl workers,
atomic bomb survivors, and
radiotherapy patients …
… seem to suffer a higher risk of
cardiovascular diseases.26 July, 2012
![Page 111: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
111111WNU-Summer Institute
‘Non-targeted’and
delayed effectsof radiation exposure
‘Non-targeted’and
delayed effectsof radiation exposure
26 July, 2012
![Page 112: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
112WNU-Summer Institute 112
Adaptive Response
+
Mutation
Mutations
Mutations
26 July, 2012
![Page 113: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
113WNU-Summer Institute 113
Adaptive responseconditioningconditioning
dosedose responseresponse
challengingchallengingdosedose
responseresponse
conditioningconditioningdosedose
challengingchallengingdosedose
responseresponse++
26 July, 2012
![Page 114: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
114WNU-Summer Institute 114
The role of apoptosis(cell killing by mutations)
If at low doses, apoptosis >> carcinogenesis...
..then.. hormesis!
If at low doses, If at low doses, apoptosis >> carcinogenesis......
..then.. ..then.. hormesishormesis!!
26 July, 2012
![Page 115: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
115115115WNU-Summer InstituteWNU-Summer Institute
ApoptosisApoptosis
Dose rateDose rate
Mutation RateMutation Rate
ApoptosisApoptosis
CarcinogenesisCarcinogenesis
hormesishormesis
26 July, 201226 July, 2012
![Page 116: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
116WNU-Summer Institute 116
Genomic instability …Genomic instability …
… or … increased rate of acquisition of
alterations in the genome.
… or … increased rate of acquisition of
alterations in the genome.
26 July, 2012
![Page 117: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Basic paradigms of radiobiology
Effects occur in cells whosenucleus crossed by radiation
Damage fixed in DNA of irradiated cell, if not lethal, transmitted to descendant
![Page 118: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
MicronucleusMicronucleus
Mitotic failure: aneuploid
Mitotic failure: aneuploid
MutationMutation Chromosomalaberration
Chromosomalaberration
Cellular death
Cellular death
Challenge to the paradigm
Genomic instabilityGenomic instability
![Page 119: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
119119WNU-Summer Institute26 July, 2012
![Page 120: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
120120
Bystander effects
The so-called “bystander” effect is the ability of irradiated
cells to convey damage to neighbouring cells
not directly irradiated.
The so-called “bystander” effect is the ability of irradiated
cells to convey damage to neighbouring cells
not directly irradiated.
26 July, 2012
![Page 121: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
121121
“Bystander” effect
26 July, 2012
![Page 122: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
122
Signals via intercellular unions(Azamm 2001)
Signals via intercellular unions(Azamm 2001)
Signals via medium/plasmaSignals via medium/plasma
ROSNitric oxideCytokinesTGF
(Lehnert 1997)
ROSNitric oxideCytokinesTGF
(Lehnert 1997)
26 July, 2012
![Page 123: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
123WNU-Summer Institute 123
Clastogenic plasma factors
There is a large body of evidence that blood plasma from
irradiated animals and humans can contain so-called
“clastogenic plasma factors” capable of inducing
chromosomal damage in unexposed cells.
There is a large body of evidence that blood plasma from
irradiated animals and humans can contain so-called
“clastogenic plasma factors” capable of inducing
chromosomal damage in unexposed cells.
26 July, 2012
![Page 124: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
124124WNU-Summer Institute26 July, 2012
![Page 125: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
125WNU-Summer Institute 125
Abscopal effects
An abscopal effect is said to occur if there is a significant
response in a tissue that is physically separate from the
region of the body exposed to radiation.
An abscopal effect is said to occur if there is a significant
response in a tissue that is physically separate from the
region of the body exposed to radiation.
Human & Experimental Toxicology, Volume 23, Issue 2, 1 February 2004, ArnoldHuman & Experimental Toxicology, Volume 23, Issue 2, 1 February 2004, Arnold
26 July, 2012
![Page 126: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
126126WNU-Summer Institute
Irradiation ofan organ
Irradiation ofan organ
Effects in another organ
26 July, 2012
![Page 127: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
127127WNU-Summer Institute
Effects of ionizing radiation on the
immune system
Effects of ionizing radiation on the
immune system
26 July, 2012
![Page 128: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
128WNU-Summer Institute 128
Infections
Cancer
Immune
system
Does radiation exposure affect the immune system?
26 July, 2012
![Page 129: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
129
SECOND PART
Protection Paradigm:
The International Radiation Protection System
SECOND PART
Protection Paradigm:
The International Radiation Protection System
26 July, 2012 129
![Page 130: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
13026 July, 2012 130
(1)
The International Organizations
(1)
The International Organizations
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 131: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
13126 July, 2012 131
Epistemology of radiationMethod, validity and scope of the scientific
knowledge on radiation
Radiation Protection ParadigmConceptual model for keeping people protected
Global Radiation Safety RegimeEstablishing international safety standards and
providing for their global application
![Page 132: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
13226 July, 2012 132
UNSCEARUNSCEAR
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 133: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
133133
The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)
Established by the UN General Assembly in 1955 Assess levels & effects of ionizing radiation Reports findings to Assembly Scientists from 21 UN Member States Other States provide relevant data Holds annual sessions in Vienna UNEP arranges secretariat and provides support
Established by the UN General Assembly in 1955 Assess levels & effects of ionizing radiation Reports findings to Assembly Scientists from 21 UN Member States Other States provide relevant data Holds annual sessions in Vienna UNEP arranges secretariat and provides support
![Page 134: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
134134
Member States on UNSCEAR
Argentina Brazil Mexico Peru Australia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Pakistan Canada USA
Argentina Brazil Mexico Peru Australia China India Indonesia Japan Korea Pakistan Canada USA
Egypt Sudan Belgium Belarus Finland France Germany Poland Russia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK Ukraine
Egypt Sudan Belgium Belarus Finland France Germany Poland Russia Slovakia Spain Sweden UK Ukraine
![Page 135: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
135
WNU-Summer InstituteWNU-Summer Institute 135135
The latest UNSCEAR reportsThe latest UNSCEAR reports
SourcesSources EfectsEfects HereditableHereditable
26 July, 201226 July, 2012
UNSCEAR 2000 Report (sources): http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1.html
UNSCEAR 2000 Report (effects): http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2.html
UNSCEAR 2001Report (hereditary): http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2001.html
UNSCEAR 2006 Report (new): http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2006_1.html
UNSCEAR 2000 Report (sources): http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_1.html
UNSCEAR 2000 Report (effects): http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2000_2.html
UNSCEAR 2001Report (hereditary): http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2001.html
UNSCEAR 2006 Report (new): http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications/2006_1.html
NewNew
![Page 136: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
![Page 137: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
13726 July, 2012 137
ICRPICRP
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 138: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
13826 July, 2012 138
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
WNU-Summer Institute
Registered charity established to advance
radiological protection for the public benefit
by providing recommendations and guidance.
Registered charity established to advance
radiological protection for the public benefit
by providing recommendations and guidance.
![Page 139: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
139
First ICRP meeting 1928First ICRP meeting 1928
![Page 140: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
140
![Page 141: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
141
![Page 142: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
14226 July, 2012 142
IAEAIAEA
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 143: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
14326 July, 2012 143
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 144: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
14426 July, 2012 144
The IAEA is the only organ within the UN system with specific statutory responsibilities
on radiation protection and safety
The IAEA is the only organ within the UN system with specific statutory responsibilities
on radiation protection and safetyWNU-Summer Institute
![Page 145: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
14526 July, 2012 145
to establishstandards
to establishstandards
to provide for their applicationto provide for
their application
to service international conventionsto service international conventions
IAEAstatutory safety functions
IAEAstatutory safety functions
![Page 146: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
146
IAEA Safety Standardshttp://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/
IAEA Safety Standardshttp://www-ns.iaea.org/standards/
![Page 147: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
147
International Labour Organisation
![Page 148: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
148
Radiation Protection Convention No. 115(1960) Date of entry into force: 17.6.1962
48 ratifications Argentina 15.6.1978 Azerbaijan 19.5.1992 Barbados 8.5.1967 Belarus 26.2.1968 Belgium2.7.1965 Beliz 15.12.1983 Brazil 5.9.1966 Chile 14.10.1994 Czech Rep. 1.1.1993 Denmark 7.2.1974 Djibouti 3.8.1978 Ecuador 9.3.1970 Egypt 18.3.1964 Finland 16.10.1978 France 18.11.1971 Germany 26.9.1973
Argentina 15.6.1978 Azerbaijan 19.5.1992 Barbados 8.5.1967 Belarus 26.2.1968 Belgium2.7.1965 Beliz 15.12.1983 Brazil 5.9.1966 Chile 14.10.1994 Czech Rep. 1.1.1993 Denmark 7.2.1974 Djibouti 3.8.1978 Ecuador 9.3.1970 Egypt 18.3.1964 Finland 16.10.1978 France 18.11.1971 Germany 26.9.1973
Ghana 7.11.1961 Greece 4.6.1982 Guinea 12.12.1966 Guyana 8.6.1966 Hungary 8.6.1968 India 17.11.1975 Iraq 26.10.1962 Italy 5.5.1971 Japan 31.7.1973 Kyrgyzstan 31.3.1992 Latvia 8.3.1993 Lebanon 6.12.1977 Luxembourg 8.4.2008 Mexico 19.10.1983 Netherlands 29.11.1966 Nicaragua 1.10.1981
Ghana 7.11.1961 Greece 4.6.1982 Guinea 12.12.1966 Guyana 8.6.1966 Hungary 8.6.1968 India 17.11.1975 Iraq 26.10.1962 Italy 5.5.1971 Japan 31.7.1973 Kyrgyzstan 31.3.1992 Latvia 8.3.1993 Lebanon 6.12.1977 Luxembourg 8.4.2008 Mexico 19.10.1983 Netherlands 29.11.1966 Nicaragua 1.10.1981
Norway 17.6.1961 Paraguay 10.7.1967 Poland 23.12.1964 Portugal 17.3.1994 Russian Fed. 22.9.1967 Slovakia 1.1.1993 Spain 17.7.1962 Sri Lanka 18.6.1986 Sweden 12.4.1961 Switzerland 29.5.1963 Syrian A. R. 15.1.1964 Tajikistan 26.11.1993 Turkey 15.11.1968 Ukraine 19.6.1968 U.K. 9.3.1962 Uruguay 22.9.1992
Norway 17.6.1961 Paraguay 10.7.1967 Poland 23.12.1964 Portugal 17.3.1994 Russian Fed. 22.9.1967 Slovakia 1.1.1993 Spain 17.7.1962 Sri Lanka 18.6.1986 Sweden 12.4.1961 Switzerland 29.5.1963 Syrian A. R. 15.1.1964 Tajikistan 26.11.1993 Turkey 15.11.1968 Ukraine 19.6.1968 U.K. 9.3.1962 Uruguay 22.9.1992
![Page 149: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
149
(2)The International Radiation
Protection Recommendations
The conceptual model for keeping people safe from radiation exposure
(2)The International Radiation
Protection Recommendations
The conceptual model for keeping people safe from radiation exposure
26 July, 2012 149
![Page 150: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
150
In paradigm choice there is no standard higher
than the assent of the relevant community
Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, p. 93 (1960).
In paradigm choice there is no standard higher
than the assent of the relevant community
Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, p. 93 (1960).
![Page 151: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
151
Totalbackground incidence of effects
Background annual dose
(average 2.4, typical 10 mSv y-1)
Postulated likelihood of health effects
Dose
Radiation-unrelatedbackground
incidence
Presumedradiation-related
background incidence
Nominal incrementallikelihoodof health effects
Incremental dose
0.005%/mSv0.005%/mSv
![Page 152: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
152
ICRP had to introduce the concept of
‘detriment-adjusted’
‘nominal’ risk coefficients
ICRP had to introduce the concept of
‘detriment-adjusted’
‘nominal’ risk coefficients
![Page 153: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
153
Detriment-adjusted Nominal Risk Coefficients
Risk Coefficient: A numeral, expressed in % Sv-1, which –multiplied by dose– quantifies the plausibility of harm.
Nominal: The stated numeral does not necessarily correspond to its real value: it relates to hypothetical (no real) people who are averaged over age and sex.
Detriment-adjusted: The numeral is multidimensional, expressing plausible expectation of harm, and includinginter alia the weighted plausibility of fatal and non-fatal harm, and life-lost should the harm actually occur.
Risk Coefficient: A numeral, expressed in % Sv-1, which –multiplied by dose– quantifies the plausibility of harm.
Nominal: The stated numeral does not necessarily correspond to its real value: it relates to hypothetical (no real) people who are averaged over age and sex.
Detriment-adjusted: The numeral is multidimensional, expressing plausible expectation of harm, and includinginter alia the weighted plausibility of fatal and non-fatal harm, and life-lost should the harm actually occur.
![Page 154: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
154
4.20.14.1Adult
5.70.25.5Whole
TotalHereditableCancer &
leukæmia
Nominal Population
Detriment-adjusted nominal risk coefficients[% Sv-1]
Rounded value used in RP standards~5%Sv-1Rounded value used in RP standards~5%Sv-1
![Page 155: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
155
Protection basic dogma
Time
Shielding
Distance
……..but…..it depend on the situation!
Time
Shielding
Distance
……..but…..it depend on the situation!
![Page 156: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
156
Time?
![Page 157: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
?
![Page 158: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
?
![Page 159: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
The principles of
radiological protection
The principles of
radiological protection
![Page 160: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
The principles of radiological protectionThe principles of radiological protection
• The Principle of Justification
• The Principle of Optimization of Protection
• The Principle of Dose Limits
• The Principle of Protection of Future
Generations and the Environment
• The Principle of Justification
• The Principle of Optimization of Protection
• The Principle of Dose Limits
• The Principle of Protection of Future
Generations and the Environment
![Page 161: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
The Principle of JustificationThe Principle of Justification
• Any decision that alters the radiation exposure
situation should do more good than harm.
• Any decision that alters the radiation exposure
situation should do more good than harm.
![Page 162: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Justification
Good > bad
![Page 163: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Electricity) (good)
Is the installation justied?good > bad?
radioactive discharges(bad)
![Page 164: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Was evacuation justified?Was evacuation justified?
![Page 165: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Justification!
![Page 166: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
The Principle of Optimization of ProtectionThe Principle of Optimization of Protection
• Best protection under the
prevailing circumstances (The likelihood of incurring exposure, the number of
people exposed, and the magnitude of their individual
doses should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable,
taking into account economic and societal factors.)
• Best protection under the
prevailing circumstances (The likelihood of incurring exposure, the number of
people exposed, and the magnitude of their individual
doses should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable,
taking into account economic and societal factors.)
![Page 167: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
167
DetrimentSocial cost
Detriment +Social cost
RP levelRP levelOptimalOptimal
![Page 168: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
The Principle of Dose LimitationThe Principle of Dose Limitation
• The total dose to any individual should not
exceed appropriate limits, constraints or
reference levels.
• The total dose to any individual should not
exceed appropriate limits, constraints or
reference levels.
![Page 169: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
26 July, 2012 169
Naturalbackground
radiation
ExpectedExpectedadditional additional
dose dose
Activity introducedActivity introduced
RestrictionsRestrictions: dose limits and constraints: dose limits and constraints
![Page 170: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
17026 July, 2012 170Wastes
Hospitals
IndustryTransport
Mining
Nuclear power
Industry
Dose limit
![Page 171: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
17126 July, 2012 171
Source constraint
![Page 172: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
172
26 July, 2012
172
Averteble
dose
Averteble
dose
Referencelevel
Extant
dose
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 173: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
173
The principle of protection of future generations and the environment
The principle of protection of future generations and the environment
Future generations must be protected against radiation.
The environment must also be protected in order to:
maintain biological diversity,
ensure the conservation of species, and
protect the health and status of natural habitats, communities,
and ecosystems
Future generations must be protected against radiation.
The environment must also be protected in order to:
maintain biological diversity,
ensure the conservation of species, and
protect the health and status of natural habitats, communities,
and ecosystems
![Page 174: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
How to protect the future?How to protect the future?
![Page 175: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
17526 July, 2012 175
Doses after 1 year of operation
D
t1st year 2ndyear 3rd year …. … …. nth year
![Page 176: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
17626 July, 2012 176
Doses after 2 years of operation
D
t1st year 2ndyear 3rd year …. … …. nth year
2ndyear3rdyear
4thyear …. … ….
![Page 177: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
17726 July, 2012 177
Doses after 3 years of operation
D
t1st year 2ndyear 3rd year …. … …. nth year
2ndyear3rdyear
4thyear …. … ….
3rd year
4th year5th year
….…
![Page 178: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
178
CONTROL
EQUILIBRIUM: BUILDEQUILIBRIUM: BUILD--UPUP
![Page 179: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
Types of exposure situationsTypes of exposure situations
![Page 180: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
Types of exposure situationsTypes of exposure situations
• Planned exposure situations
• Emergency exposure situations
• Existing exposure situations
• Planned exposure situations
• Emergency exposure situations
• Existing exposure situations
![Page 181: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
Planned exposure situations,Planned exposure situations,
are situations involving the planned
introduction and operation of sources.
(…previously categorised as practices.)
are situations involving the planned
introduction and operation of sources.
(…previously categorised as practices.)
![Page 182: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
18226 July, 2012 182
Natural background
Effective Effective dosedose
PracticePractice
Regulatory controlRegulatory control
Planned exposure situationPlanned exposure situation
![Page 183: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
Emergency exposure situations,Emergency exposure situations,
• are unexpected situations such as those
that may occur during the operation of a
planned situation, or from a malicious act.
• are unexpected situations such as those
that may occur during the operation of a
planned situation, or from a malicious act.
![Page 184: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
Existing exposure situations,Existing exposure situations,
• are exposure situations that already exist
when a decision on control has to be taken,
such as those caused by natural background
radiation.
• are exposure situations that already exist
when a decision on control has to be taken,
such as those caused by natural background
radiation.
![Page 185: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
18526 July, 2012 185
Avertable
dose
Avertable
dose
Regulatory ambition
Extant
dose
Emergency exposure situations
2009 WNU-Summer Institute
Existing exposure situations
Existing exposure situations
![Page 186: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
18626 July, 2012 186
3 systemshomogeneous, coherent and consistent….but distinct
Patients
Occupational
Public
Patients
Occupational
Public
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 187: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
18726 July, 2012 187
Source constraint
Doses to be constrained arethose committed in a year
rather than those incurred in a year!
Doses to be constrained arethose committed in a year
rather than those incurred in a year!
![Page 188: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
18826 July, 2012 188
Patients(The exposure is voluntary, beneficial for the individual exposed and measurable)(The exposure is voluntary, beneficial for the individual exposed and measurable)
• Radiodiagnosis
• Radiotherapy
• Radiodiagnosis
• Radiotherapy
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 189: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
189
Doses in mSvDoses in mSv
100 100
~~ 10 10
~~ 11
TYPICALLY HIGHTYPICALLY HIGH
TYPICALTYPICAL
MINIMALMINIMAL
HIGHHIGHFluoroscopFluoroscopyy
Vertebral Vertebral
TTooraxrax
Guidance for the Guidance for the protection of protection of patients in patients in
radioradio--diagnosisdiagnosis
![Page 190: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
190
TRAINING..!!TRAINING..!!
![Page 191: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
![Page 192: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
![Page 193: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
19326 July, 2012 193
Occupational exposure:
ALL exposure of workers incurred in the course of
their work.
Occupational exposure:
ALL exposure of exposure of workers incurred workers incurred in the course of in the course of
their work.their work.
Workers(voluntary and individually monitored exposure)
Monitored workerMonitored worker
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 194: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
19426 July, 2012 194
Maximum Maximum (except life saving)(except life saving)
mSv in a year
1000
500
100
50
20
OccupationalDose
Restrictions
OccupationalDose
Restrictions
OptimizationOptimizationofof
ProtectionProtection
Annual dose limitAnnual dose limit
Average dose limitAverage dose limit
EEvery effort novery effort nott to to exceedexceed itit
RREESSCCUUEE
All reasonable All reasonable efforteffortssnonot to t to exceedexceed itit
NNOORRMMAALL
![Page 195: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
19526 July, 2012 195
The female worker:
protecting the
unborn and
the infant
The female worker:
protecting the
unborn and
the infantWNU-Summer Institute
![Page 196: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
19626 July, 2012 196
Members of the Public(involuntary no-individually monitored exposure)
![Page 197: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
19726 July, 2012 197
Members of the Public(involuntary no-individually monitored exposure)
Planned exposure situations
(Practices) restrict
the expectedadditional doses
belowindividual dose limitsand source constraints
Planned exposure situations
(Practices) restrict
the expectedadditional doses
belowindividual dose limitsand source constraints
Existing & emergency exposure situations
(Interventions) reducethe extant
avertable dosesbelow
reference levels
Existing & emergency exposure situations
(Interventions) reducethe extant
avertable dosesbelow
reference levels
![Page 198: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
(planned)‘Practices’
(planned)‘Practices’
![Page 199: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
19926 July, 2012 199
Naturalbackground
radiation
ExpectedExpectedadditional additional
dose dose
Activity introducedActivity introduced
(planned) ‘Practices’
RestrictionsRestrictions: dose limits and constraints: dose limits and constraints
![Page 200: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
20026 July, 2012 200Wastes
Hospitals
IndustryTransport
Mining
Nuclear power
Industry
Dose limit
![Page 201: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
20126 July, 2012 201
Source constraint
WNU-Summer Institute
Doses to be constrained arethose committed in a year
rather than those incurred in a year!
Doses to be constrained arethose committed in a year
rather than those incurred in a year!
![Page 202: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
202
mSv in a year
1
0.01
1
0.01
Restrictions on the dose
attributable to practices
(additional annual dose)
Restrictions on the dose
attributable to practices
(additional annual dose)
Optimization of protection
Optimization of protection
Source constraintSource constraint
Regulatory limitRegulatory limit
Regulatory exemptionRegulatory exemptionWNU-Summer Institute
![Page 203: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
203
‘Interventions’(in existing and emergency situations)
‘Interventions’(in existing and emergency situations)
![Page 204: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
20426 July, 2012 204
AvertableDose
Howmuch?
AvertableDose
HowHowmuch?much?
Referencelevel
Extant Dose
Should Should it be it be
reduced?reduced?
‘Interventions’(in existing and emergency situations)
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 205: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
205
INTERVENTIONINTERVENTIONALMOST ALWAYS ALMOST ALWAYS
JUSTIFIABLE JUSTIFIABLE
mSv in a year100
10
1
CRITERIA FOR INTERVENING (Extant Annual Dose)
CRITERIA FOR INTERVENING (Extant Annual Dose)
INTERVENTIONINTERVENTIONIS NOT LIKELY TO BE IS NOT LIKELY TO BE
JUSTIFIABLEJUSTIFIABLE
INTERVENTIONINTERVENTIONMAY BEMAY BE
JUSTIFIABLEJUSTIFIABLE
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 206: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
206
Simplified summary of dose
restrictionsand reference
levels(in mSv in a year)
Simplified summary of dose
restrictionsand reference
levels(in mSv in a year)
NO INDIVIDUAL/SOCIETAL BENEFIT ABOVE THIS Emergency workers Emergency workers Evacuation/relocation in emergenciesEvacuation/relocation in emergencies High levels of existing controllable exposuresHigh levels of existing controllable exposures Information, training, monitoringInformation, training, monitoring
DIRECT OR INDIRECT BENEFIT TO THE INDIVIDUALOccupational exposureSheltering, stable iodine, in emergenciesExisting exposures such as radon Comforters and carers to patients Information, training, monitoring or assessment
SOCIETAL, BUT NO INDIVIDUAL DIRECT BENEFITNormal situations No information or training, No individual dose assessment
Exclusion, exemption, clearance
100100
2020
11
0.010.01
![Page 207: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
207
The use of a reference
level in an existing
exposure situation and
the evolution of the
distribution of
individual doses with
time as a result of the
optimization process
The use of a reference
level in an existing
exposure situation and
the evolution of the
distribution of
individual doses with
time as a result of the
optimization process
![Page 208: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
20826 July, 2012 208
In paradigm choice there is no standard higher than the assent of the relevant community
DecisionDecision--aiding Processaiding Processbased on radiation protection consideration
DecisionDecision--making Processmaking Process
involving relevant ‘stakeholders’
searching for their informed consent
![Page 209: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
209
(4)
The International
Regime
(4)
The International
Regime
26 July, 2012 209WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 210: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
21026 July, 2012 210
The IAEA is the only organ within the UN system with specific statutory responsibilities
on radiation protection and safety
The IAEA is the only organ within the UN system with specific statutory responsibilities
on radiation protection and safetyWNU-Summer Institute
![Page 211: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
21126 July, 2012 211
“For their efforts
[i] to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and
[ii] to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is
used in the safest possible way“
“For their efforts
[i] to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and
[ii] to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is
used in the safest possible way“
The Nobel Peace Prize2005
TheThe NobelNobel PeacePeace PrizePrize20052005
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 212: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
21226 July, 2012 212
to establishstandards
to establishstandards
to provide for their applicationto provide for
their application
to service international conventionsto service international conventions
IAEAstatutory safety functions
IAEAstatutory safety functions
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 213: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
213
Legally Binding
ConventionsLegally Binding
Conventions
![Page 214: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
214
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident
![Page 215: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
215
Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency
![Page 216: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
216
Convention on Nuclear Safety
![Page 217: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
217
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the
Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
![Page 218: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
218
Convention on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material
![Page 219: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
21926 July, 2012 219
International
Radiation Safety
Standards
International
Radiation Safety
Standards
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 220: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
22026 July, 2012 220
Commissionon Safety Standards
(CSS)
Nuclear Safety StandardsCommittee(NUSSC)
Radiation Safety StandardsCommittee(RASSC)
Waste Safety StandardsCommittee(WASSC)
Transport Safety StandardsCommittee(TRANSSC)
Expert Groups Expert Groups Expert Groups Expert Groups
IAEA Board of Governors
![Page 221: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
22126 July, 2012 221
Long experience
1962: first
international
standards.
Long experience
1962: first
international
standards.
![Page 222: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
22226 July, 2012 222
A large corpus of
International
Safety Standards
is available
A large corpus of
International
Safety Standards
is available
![Page 223: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
22326 July, 2012 223
Safety Standards Hierarchy
Safety GuidesSafety Guides
Safety RequirementsSafety Requirements
Safety FundamentalsSafety Fundamentals
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 224: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273c_web.pdf
![Page 225: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
225
Safety Principles 1: Responsibility for safety 2: Role of government 3: Leadership and management for safety 4: Justification of facilities and activities 5: Optimization of protection 6: Limitation of risks to individuals 7: Protection of present and future generations 8: Prevention of accidents 9: Emergency preparedness and response 10: Protective actions to reduce existing or
unregulated radiation risks
1: Responsibility for safety 2: Role of government 3: Leadership and management for safety 4: Justification of facilities and activities 5: Optimization of protection 6: Limitation of risks to individuals 7: Protection of present and future generations 8: Prevention of accidents 9: Emergency preparedness and response 10: Protective actions to reduce existing or
unregulated radiation risks
![Page 226: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
![Page 227: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/227.jpg)
26 July, 2012 227
![Page 228: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/228.jpg)
22826 July, 2012 228
rendering APPRAISAL SERVICES
coordinating RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
fostering INFORMATION EXCHANGE
providing TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Provisionsfor the
application of the
standards:IAEA
mechanisms
promoting EDUCATION & TRAINING
![Page 229: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/229.jpg)
22926 July, 2012 229
Example on how the system for
establishing standards works:Example on how the system for
establishing standards works:
The Regulations for Safe TransportThe Regulations for Safe Transport
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 230: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/230.jpg)
230230WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 231: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/231.jpg)
23126 July, 2012 231
to Geneva
WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 232: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/232.jpg)
232
![Page 233: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/233.jpg)
233
![Page 234: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/234.jpg)
234
![Page 235: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/235.jpg)
235
![Page 236: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/236.jpg)
236
![Page 237: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/237.jpg)
237
![Page 238: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/238.jpg)
238
Take away points
1. Additional doses to members of the public should not exceed 1 millisievert in a year
2. Total doses to workers should not exceed 20 millisievert in a year, except for emergency workers () and pregnant workers ()
3. Existing doses to members of the public of several tens of millisieverts, e.g. following an accident, will justify intervention with special protective measures, but if the doses are around 1 millisievert intervention may not be justifiable.
1.1. Additional doses to members of the public Additional doses to members of the public should not exceed should not exceed 1 millisievert in a year
2.2. Total doses to workers should not exceed Total doses to workers should not exceed 20 millisievert in a year, except for , except for emergency workers (emergency workers () and pregnant workers () and pregnant workers ())
3.3. Existing doses to members of the public of Existing doses to members of the public of several tens of millisieverts, e.g. following an , e.g. following an accident, will justify intervention with special accident, will justify intervention with special protective measures, but if the doses are around protective measures, but if the doses are around 1 1 millisievertmillisievert intervention may not be justifiable.intervention may not be justifiable.
26 July, 2012 WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 239: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/239.jpg)
239
Take away points
1. There is a growing international safety regime
2. Obey the international conventions
3. Comply with the international requirements
4. Follow the international guides
5. Use the IAEA application mechanisms
1.1. There is a growing international safety regimeThere is a growing international safety regime
2.2. Obey the international conventionsObey the international conventions
3.3. Comply with the international requirementsComply with the international requirements
4.4. Follow the international guidesFollow the international guides
5.5. Use the IAEA application mechanismsUse the IAEA application mechanisms
26 July, 2012 WNU-Summer Institute239
![Page 240: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/240.jpg)
Download into your computer
the file
González_Reading Material
Download into your computer
the file
González_Reading Material
![Page 241: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/241.jpg)
241WNU, ,
[email protected]@arn.gob.ar
+541163231758
Av. del Libertador 8250Buenos Aires
Argentina
Thank you!Thank you!
26 July, 2012
![Page 242: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/242.jpg)
242
Additional information to the SECOND PART
Additional information to the SECOND PART
26 July, 2012 242
![Page 243: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/243.jpg)
243
Epilogue
Policy Implications:
plausibility of effects at low dosesversus
their attributability
Policy Implications:Policy Implications:
plausibility of effects at low dosesversus
their attributability
26 July, 2012 243WNU-Summer InstituteS
![Page 244: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/244.jpg)
Policy Implications on effects at low doses :The effects are
probable and, therefore,plausible
but, they are notprovable!
Policy Implications Policy Implications on effects at low doses ::The effects areThe effects are
probable and, therefore,plausible
but, they are notprovable!
26 July, 2012 244S
Low-dose effects cannot be attributed
to radiation exposure!
Low-dose effects cannot be attributed
to radiation exposure!
![Page 245: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/245.jpg)
245WNU, , 2008
Dose (mSv)
Likelihood of Health Effect
Certainty(100%)
epidemiology pathology
Limit of epidemiology
Limit of epidemiology
Limit ofpathologyLimit of
pathology
26 July, 2012
![Page 246: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/246.jpg)
246WNU, , 2008
Dose (mSv)
Certainty(100%)
Epidemiology Pathology
PlausiblePlausible Collective estimate
Collective estimate
Individual diagnosisIndividual diagnosis
26 July, 2012
Likelihood of Health Effect
![Page 247: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/247.jpg)
247
Dose (mSv)
Certainty(100%)
Epidemiology Pathology
No attribution
No attribution
Collective attributionCollective attribution
Individual attributionIndividual attribution
26 July, 2012
Likelihood of Health Effect
![Page 248: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/248.jpg)
248
Dealing with uncertainties
Is it plausible that there is a risk at low doses?
Dealing with uncertainties
Is it plausible that there is a risk at low doses?
PlausibilityApparently reasonable or probable,
without necessarily being so.from L. plausibilis, from plaus-, plaudere ‘applaud’.
PlausibilityApparently reasonable or probable,
without necessarily being so.from L. plausibilis, from plaus-, plaudere ‘applaud’.
26 July, 2012 248WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 249: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/249.jpg)
249249WNU-Summer Institute
ICRP Publication 99
Low - Dose Extrapolation
of Radiation Related
Cancer Risk
2006
ICRP Publication 99
Low - Dose Extrapolation
of Radiation Related
Cancer Risk
2006
26 July, 2012
Charles E Land; Uncertainty, lowCharles E Land; Uncertainty, low--dose extrapolation and the threshold hypothesis; dose extrapolation and the threshold hypothesis; J. J. RadiolRadiol. Prot. . Prot. 22 22 (2002) 1(2002) 1––77
![Page 250: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/250.jpg)
250WNU-Summer Institute250
Nominal statistical uncertainty distribution for excess lifetimerisk of solid cancer mortality among atomic-bomb survivors
Confidence limits 7.5–12.5% Sv-1
26 July, 2012
![Page 251: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/251.jpg)
251WNU-Summer Institute251
Uncertainty distribution for excess lifetime risk(taking into account extrapolation to another population)
confidence limits 1.2–8.8% Sv-1
approximately approximately loglog--normal normal
15 M a y , 2004 IR P A11: S ie vert L ecture 134
1 .0 -
0 .8 -
0 .6 -
0 .4 -
0 .2 -
‘2
‘4
‘6
‘8
‘10
‘12
‘14
R isk (% )/S v
C u m u la tivep ro b ab ility
95 % u p per lim it
5%
26 July, 2012
![Page 252: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/252.jpg)
252252WNU-Summer Institute
1.0-
0.8-
0.6-
0.4-
0.2-
‘2
‘4
‘6
‘8
‘10
‘12
‘14
Risk (%)/Sv
Cumulativeprobability
95% upper limit
5%
Assuming a 20%
probability of threshold8.8%/Sv
26 July, 2012
![Page 253: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/253.jpg)
253253WNU-Summer Institute
1.0-
0.8-
0.6-
0.4-
0.2-
‘2
‘4
‘6
‘8
‘10
‘12
‘14
Risk (%)/Sv
Cumulativeprobability
95% upper limit
5%
Assuming a 50%
probability of threshold
7%/Sv
8.8%/Sv
26 July, 2012
![Page 254: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/254.jpg)
254254WNU-Summer Institute
1.0-
0.8-
0.6-
0.4-
0.2-
‘2
‘4
‘6
‘8
‘10
‘12
‘14
Risk (%)/Sv
Cumulativeprobability
95% upper limit
5%
Assuming a 80%
probability of threshold
5%/Sv
8.8%/Sv
26 July, 2012
![Page 255: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/255.jpg)
255WNU-Summer Institute255
… Namely …
…ICRP considers that due to the
uncertainties in the radiation risk estimates,
it should presume a nominal radiation risk at low
doses and recommends to limit such nominal risk
with radiation protection measures.
…ICRP considers that due to the
uncertainties in the radiation risk estimates,uncertainties in the radiation risk estimates,
it should presume a nominal radiation risk at low
doses and recommends to limit such nominal risk
with radiation protection measures.26 July, 2012
![Page 256: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/256.jpg)
Policy Implications:
plausibility of effects at low dosesversus
their attributability
Policy Implications:Policy Implications:
plausibility of effects at low dosesversus
their attributability
26 July, 2012 256WNU-Summer InstituteS
![Page 257: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/257.jpg)
257WNU-Summer Institute 257
Likelihood of radiation health effects
Doses Doses
Likelihood
Certainty(100%)
0.005%/mSv for cancer0.0002%/mSv for hereditable
0.005%/mSv for cancer0.0002%/mSv for hereditable
Uncertainty!Uncertainty!
26 July, 2012
![Page 258: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/258.jpg)
258
AttributabilityAttributability
Attribute: regard something as being caused by.
from L. attribut- ‘allotted’: both from attribuere, from ad- ‘to’ + tribuere
‘assign’.
Attribute: regard something as being caused by.
from L. attribut- ‘allotted’: both from attribuere, from ad- ‘to’ + tribuere
‘assign’.
26 July, 2012 258WNU-Summer Institute
![Page 259: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/259.jpg)
259259WNU-Summer Institute
Epistemological limits in radioepidemiologyEpistemological limits in radioepidemiology
26 July, 2012
![Page 260: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/260.jpg)
260260WNU-Summer Institute
Control group“N” people“C” cancers“n” probability of ‘natural’ cancer
Control group““NN”” peoplepeople““CC”” cancerscancers““nn”” probability of probability of ‘‘naturalnatural’’ cancercancer
Exposed group“N” people“E” cancers“n” probability of ‘natural’cancer‘pD’ probability of ‘radiation’ cancer
Exposed group““NN”” peoplepeople““EE”” cancerscancers““nn”” probability of probability of ‘‘naturalnatural’’cancercancer‘‘ppDD’’ probability of probability of ‘‘radiationradiation’’ cancercancer
26 July, 2012
![Page 261: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/261.jpg)
261261WNU-Summer Institute
E= n N
+ pd D N
Numberof
cancersin
exposedgroup
C=n N
Numberof
cancersin
controlgroup
C=n N
Numberof
cancersin
controlgroup
E-C
Difficult to detect!
26 July, 2012
![Page 262: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/262.jpg)
262WNU-Summer Institute262
Limitation of knowledge in epidemiology
The standard deviation is
= 2 n N + pd D N If the excess cancers are to be detected with a statistical
confidence of 95%
E – C > 2
The standard deviation is
= 2 n N + pd D N If the excess cancers are to be detected with a statistical
confidence of 95%
E – C > 2
26 July, 2012
![Page 263: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/263.jpg)
263WNU-Summer Institute263
Epidemiological limit
Operating algebraically and as n >> pd D,
N > constant / D2
which is the equation giving the number of people, N, needed for detecting excess cancers at dose D.
Operating algebraically and as n >> pd D,
N > constant / D2
which is the equation giving the number of people, N, needed for detecting excess cancers at dose D.
(Constant = 8 n / pd2)
26 July, 2012
![Page 264: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/264.jpg)
264264WNU, ,
10 2
10 1
10-0
10-1 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8
Dose (Dose (mSvmSv))
PeoplePeople
knowledgeknowledge
unprovableunprovable
1 1 mSvmSv10 9 p.
SOLID CANCERS
26 July, 2012
![Page 265: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/265.jpg)
265265WNU, ,
10 2
10 1
10-0
10-1 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8
Dose (Dose (mSvmSv))
PeoplePeople
~1 ~1 mSvmSv
HEREDITABLE EFFECTS
~10~1012 12 people!people!
knowledge(very limited)
knowledge(very limited)
unprovableunprovable
26 July, 2012
![Page 266: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/266.jpg)
C H E R N O B Y LC H E R N O B Y L
![Page 267: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/267.jpg)
267
![Page 268: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/268.jpg)
268
Radiation Doses
Average over 10 years 8 mSv
For life 13 mSv
Average over 10 years 8 mSv
For life 13 mSv
![Page 269: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/269.jpg)
269
annual dosemSv/year
~100
~ 10
~ 2.4
~ 1
Natural Background
TYPICALLY HIGHTYPICALLY HIGH
AVERAGE AVERAGE
MINIMUM MINIMUM
VERY HIGHVERY HIGHFew peopleIn few areas
Many peopleIn many areas
Majority of peoplearound the world
Chernobyl for life Chernobyl for life
![Page 270: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/270.jpg)
270270WNU, ,
10 2
10 1
10-0
10-1 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8
Dose (Dose (mSvmSv))
PeoplePeople
SOLID CANCERS in Chernobyl(except thyroid cancers in children)
Chernobyl doses Chernobyl doses ~10 ~10 mSvmSv
Chernobyl residents residents in strict control areas in strict control areas
~300 000~300 000
knowledgeknowledgeunprovableunprovable
26 July, 2012
![Page 271: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/271.jpg)
![Page 272: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/272.jpg)
272272WNU, ,
10 2
10 1
10-0
10-1 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8
Dose (Dose (mSvmSv))
ChildrenChildren
Thyroid Cancer
knowledge(very expanded)knowledge
(very expanded)
unprovableunprovable
26 July, 2012
![Page 273: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/273.jpg)
273
![Page 274: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/274.jpg)
274WNU, , 274
Thyroid cancer in children in Belarus
Thyro id cancer in ch ild ren in B elarusThyro id cancer in ch ild ren in B elarusThyroid ca ncer in children in Be la rus
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Num
ber o
f cas
es
Total
0-4
5-9
10-14
26 July, 2012
![Page 275: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/275.jpg)
275
The ‘liquidators’“ЛIКВIДАТОРИ”
The ‘liquidators’“ЛIКВIДАТОРИ”
![Page 276: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/276.jpg)
![Page 277: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/277.jpg)
![Page 278: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/278.jpg)
278278WNU, ,
10 2
10 1
10-0
10-1 10 2 10 4 10 6 10 8
Dose (Dose (mSvmSv))
PeoplePeople
LiquidatorsLiquidators’’ av.doses av.doses ~10 ~10 mSvmSv
Chernobyl liquidators liquidators ~160 000~160 000
DETECTABILITY OF LEUKÆMIAS
knowledgeknowledge
unprovableunprovable
26 July, 2012
![Page 279: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/279.jpg)
279WNU, ,
Dose (mSv)
Likelihood of Health Effect
Certainty(100%)
epidemiology pathology
Limit of epidemiology
Limit of epidemiology
Limit ofpathologyLimit of
pathology
26 July, 2012
![Page 280: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/280.jpg)
280WNU, ,
Dose (mSv)
Certainty(100%)
epidemiology pathology
PlausiblePlausible Collective estimate
Collective estimate
Individual diagnosisIndividual diagnosis
26 July, 2012
Likelihood of Health Effect
![Page 281: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/281.jpg)
281WNU, ,
Dose (mSv)
Certainty(100%)
epidemiology pathology
No attribution
No attribution
Collective attributionCollective attribution
Individual attributionIndividual attribution
26 July, 2012
Likelihood of Health Effect
![Page 282: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/282.jpg)
282
Take away points
1. It is plausible that radiation exposure at low
doses be detrimental to public health and,
therefore: people shall be protected against
radiation exposure at any dose however small.
2. It is impossible and therefore incorrect to
attribute health effects to low-dose radiation
exposure situations.
1. It is plausible that radiation exposure at low
doses be detrimental to public health and,
therefore: people shall be protected against
radiation exposure at any dose however small.
2. It is impossible and therefore incorrect to
attribute health effects to low-dose radiation
exposure situations.26 July, 2012 WNU, ,
![Page 283: Gonzalez Radiation WNU Oxford 2012 Abel... · 2012-11-11 · 1 Radiation Protection 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International Paradigms 1. Epistemology of Radiation 2. International](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022053001/5f05a7ef7e708231d4140bb2/html5/thumbnails/283.jpg)
283WNU, ,
[email protected]@arn.gob.ar
+541163231758
Av. del Libertador 8250Buenos Aires
Argentina
Thank you!Thank you!
26 July, 2012