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GSM Radio network planning principle
ZTE University
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Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to:Describe the contents of information collectionState capacity planningState coverage planningDescribe steps to notices of site surveyMaster frequency planning and anti-interferencetechnology
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Contents
Netwo rk p lann ing inform at ion co l lec t ion Capacity PlanningCoverage Planning
Site layout & SurveyCoverage EmulationFrequency Planning
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Overview
Mobile service forecastSubscriber forecast, distribution
Network equipment &
operation profileMSC,BSC,BTSTraffic statistic, quality
City planningCity type, mapPopulationEconomic development planRoad and transport condition
Information Collection
Radio propagation surveyGeographic environmentPlantation
Network traffic distributionIndustrial, commercial, residential
area
Coverage and quality analysisCoverage and quality (DT)Statistic of A, Abis and OMCR
Interference analysisFrequency allocationFrequency scanning test
Analysis and survey
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Frequency Other Traffic ModelCapacityCoverage
Limited
frequency
Available
bandwidth
Frequency
resources
Coverage
KPI
Traffic
distributing
Coverage
size
Redundancy
and other
requirements
traffic
distributing
Traffic and
systemcapacity
Data traffic
model
Voice traffic
model
Site
configuration
Propagation
environment
Electronic
map exists ?
Requirement analysis
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Contents
Network planning information collectionCapaci ty P lann ing
Coverage Planning
Site layout & SurveyCoverage EmulationFrequency Planning
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Basic concepts
Traffic volumeTraffic modelErlandCall loss rate
Erlang B table
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Erlang B table2% 5%
1 0.020 0.053
2 0.223 0.3813 0.602 0.899
4 1.092 1.525
5 1.657 2.218
6 2.276 2.960
7 2.935 3.738
8 3.627 4.543
9 4.345 5.370
10 5.084 6.21611 5.842 7.076
12 6.615 7.950
13 7.402 8.835
14 8.200 9.730
15 9.010 10.633
16 9.828 11.544
17 10.656 12.461
18 11.491 13.335
19 12.333 14.315
20 13.182 15.249
21 14.036 16.189
22 14.896 17.132
23 15.761 18.080
24 16.631 19.030
25 17.505 19.985
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Capacity Planning Procedures
Confirm subscriber number
Site numbers andconfiguration
Traffic distributionratio
Site distribution andtheir latitude and longitude
Reach target of capacity planning
1 2 3 4 5
Network scaleCapacity informationcollection
Site layoutTraffic distributionanalysis
Site type andnumber
Capacity Planning
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Information collection
Network type: GSM900, DCS1800, dual-band network or WLL network System capacity requirement. No of subscriber and thetraffic?Traffic model of the voice service?Equipment type: V2/V3? Model? Indoor or outdoor? DPCTapplied in V3 or not?Data service required? EDGE TRX? Data servicepenetration rate? Traffic model of data service?
Frequency resource range ? Is there frequency that areprohibited? Maximum site configuration ?Forecast and investigation traffic density and define trafficdistribution ratio.
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Traffic density distribution
Traffic distribution analysis is to categorize the planningarea into areas of different service levels based onforecast and survey of traffic density distribution
● how many phases and what is the ratio of
subscribers in each phase
● what is the planning area range and the
traffic distributing ratio in DU/MU/SU/RU.
●Provide existing sites and their configuration and performance statistics
report data
1
41%
2
26%
3
15%
4
11%
5
7%
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Service level by radio propagation environment
Area Topographic features
Denseurban
Average height of surrounding buildings is more than 30 metres (over 10 storey)and average distance between buildings is 10-20 metres. Usually the buildingsare crowded around the site with the height of 10-20 stories and the ambientroads are not considerably wide.
urban
Average height of surrounding buildings is about 15-30 metres (5-9 storey) andaverage distance between buildings is 10-20 metres. The buildings are evenlydistributed around the site. Mostly are below 9 stories and some are over 9stories and the ambient roads are not considerably wide.
suburb
Average height of surrounding buildings is about 10-15 metres (3-5 storey) andaverage distance between buildings is 30-50 metres. The buildings are evenlydistributed around the site. Mostly are 3-4 stories and some are over 4 stories.
Roads around are wide.
rural Average height of surrounding buildings is below 10 metres. They are dispersedand mainly are 1-2 storey high. There are spacious space between.
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Number of BTS sites-1
No. of BTS for capacity limited areaMaximum site type by frequency reuse patternTraffic per site by traffic model, Erlang-B table
Total number of BTS: Total traffic / single sitetraffic
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Number of BTS sites-2
No. of BTS for coverage limited areaTotal area / single site coverage (according to servicelevel)Cell traffic = Cell coverage * traffic density
TCH number (Erlang-B table)SDCCH number TRX number
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Start
Frequency resources
Capacity of each cell
Capacity per siteSite configuration& number
Frequency reusepattern
MaximumSite type
Channel planning& data service
Erlang B table
Traffic model
Site configuration
Traffic &distribution
Network Scale Coverage Planning
Site type and number
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No of SDCCH
Suppose SDCCH average process time is 3s Location updatingprocess is 9s,BHCA=2
The traffic of SDCCH per subscriber is:
(3×2 + 9) / 3600 = 0.0042 Erlang
4SDCCH call loss=2% can support 1.092Erlang (1.092 / 0.0042 = 260sub) ×0.025 Erlang = 6.5Erlang
look up in Erlang-B call loss=2% 6.5Erlang need 12TCH(2TRX)
8SDCCH call loss=2% can support 3.627Erlang
(3.627 / 0.0042 = 863sub) ×0.025 Erlang = 21.6ErlangLook up in Erlang-B call loss=2% 21.6Erlang need 30TCH(4TRX)
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LA planning
LA border Paging capacity in LAPaging capacity calculationInfluence by Short message
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LA border
Avoid dense city with high traffic area Avoid area with high mobility of subscribersCross the road slantwiseConsider traffic expansion
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Paging capacity
IMSI/TMSISecond paging local paging global paging Paging group
(BS-AG-BLK-RES)
(BS_PA_MFRAMS)Paging blocks/ per second = 9-AGB /0.2354Paging number / per paging block : B = 2 or 4
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Influence by short message
3/per sub/per day30% retransmitConvergence factor:0.12
Subscriber in LA:100000SM number in busy hour
100000×3×0.12×(1+30%)=46800Consider holiday case: 8 times
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CoveragePlanning
CapacityPlanning
NetworkScale
Summary
Capacity planning is just an initial plan, Add or reduce sitesbased on radiocoverage planningand analysis.Capacity planning isa repeated, gradualprocess helping todecide site number and type.
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Contents
Network planning information collectionCapacity PlanningCov erage Plann ing
Site layout & SurveyCoverage EmulationFrequency Planning
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Coverage Planning flow
Set parametersEstimatedcoverage radius of each site
Allowable max pathloss
Information of sitedistribution ,latitude & longitude
of sites
Target of coverage
1 2 3 4 5
Network scaleNetwork parameter
Site layout &coverage emulationLink budget Coverage radius
estimate
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2
Link Budget
Link budget
Definition:Link budget is the calculation of loss and gains on one
communication link.
Target:Maximum power of the site, avoid invalid downlinkcoverage, reduce interference and system noise.
Allowable maximum indoor & outdoor path loss of uplinkand downlink Uplink Downlink
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PA
Feeder loss Transmissionloss
Antenna gain Penetration loss
Site sensitivity
Fading margin
Body lossMS power
Link budget
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Link budget-Equipments
MS transmission power is showed as follows
Power class
GSM 900Nominal
Maximum outputpower
DCS 1800Nominal
Maximum outputpower
PCS 1900Nominal
Maximum outputpower
1 1 W (30 dBm) 1 W (30 dBm)
2 8 W (39 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm)
3 5 W (37 dBm) 4 W (36 dBm) 2 W (33 dBm)
4 2 W (33 dBm)
5 0.8 W (29 dBm)
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Link budget-EquipmentsSeries Modulation Transmission power Reception
sensibilityBiggest site
BTSV3
B8018GMSK 60 W 47.78 dBm
-112 dBm S18/18/188PSK 31 W 45 dBm
B8112GMSK 60 W 47.78 dBm
-112 dBm S12/12/128PSK 31 W 45 dBm
M8202GMSK 30 W 44.78 dBm
-110 dBm S2/2/2 or O68PSK 20 W 43 dBm
BTSV2
GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S12/12/12
GMSK 80W 49 dBm -110 dBm S6/6/6
8PSK 30W 44.78 dBm -110 dBm S12/12/12
(EDGE) GMSK 60W 47.7 dBm -110 dBm S12/12/12
OB06 GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S6/6/6
BS30 GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S2/2/2
BS21GMSK 40W 46 dBm -110 dBm S2/2/2
GMSK 80W 49 dBm -112 dBm S1/1/1
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Link budget-Loss
Path lossBody lossVehicle lossPlantation lossBuilding penetration lossFeeder and connector lossCombining anddistributing unit loss
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Link budget-Loss
Path lossRadio wave loss caused by the transmission distance.
Body lossVoice service, body loss 3 dBData service, 0dB.
Vehicle lossUsually it is 8~10dB.
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Link budget-Loss
Plantation lossInside the forest, the loss of 900MHz is 0.2dB/m; theloss of 1800MHz is 0.3dB/mThrough forest or diffraction, the loss is 20dB/dec
Forest around the antenna and the antenna is lower than the forest, around 10dB
Building penetration loss Averagely it’s 10 – 20 dB relying on building materialand thickness.
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Link budget-Loss
Feeder cable loss
Type loss dB/100m
900M 1800/1900M
1/2 soft jumper 7.22 11.3
7/8 feeder 3.89 6.15
15/8 feeder 2.34 3.84
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Link budget-Margin
Fast fading & deterioration storagewalking 2.0--5.0dBfast moving 0dBIn GSM system, fast fading for voice and data service is
supposed to be 3dB.Interference margin
The interference margin is generally supposed to be3dB.
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Link budget-Margin
Slow fading (shadow fading) marginshadow fading is based on
standard deviation
margin coverage probability.
slow fading standard deviation is related to propagation
condition. In cities, it’s about 8~10 dB, while in suburbs
or rural areas 6 8dB.Marginal coverage
probability(%)70 75 80 85 90 95 98
Slow fading margin/dB 0.53σ 0.68σ 0.85σ 1.04σ 1.29σ 1.65σ 2.06σ
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Link budget
Parameter Symbol
MS transmitting power A
Body loss B
Building loss C
MS reception sensibility D
MS antenna gain E
TMA gain FDiversity gain G
Feeder loss H
Combiner/divider unitloss
I
Fast fading margin J
Slow fading margin K
Noise margin L
Path loss indoor M=A-B-C-D+E+F+G-H-I-J-K-L
Path loss outdoor N=M+C
Path loss difference
between uplink and
downlink is 3-5dB
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3
Coverageradius estimate
Estimate coverage radius
Maximum allowable path loss
Propagation modelOkumura-Hata model
Cost231-Hata model
Universal model
Cost231-Walfish-Ikegami model
Estimatecoverageradius
Max allowable loss Propagation model selection
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4 Site layout &coverage emulation
Sitedistribution
Electronic mapPlanning area sizePlanning site number Link budgetradius estimate
Distribution mapDistribution infoLatitude & longitude
Site layout & emulation
****Input Output
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Coverage &emulation
****Input Output
Electronic mapPlanning map
latitude & longitude Antenna height/direction angle Antenna selectionPropagation modelLink budgetExisting network data
Site distribution mapSite coverage effect mapHeight info mapExisting network coverage mapCoverage probability statistics table
4 Site layout &coverage emulation
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5Network scale
Coverageplanning
Capacityplanning
Networkscale
Summary
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Site layout & survey procedure
coverage planning
+ capacity planning
=>network scale
Distribute site on Mapinfo
or PLANET/EET E-map,
decide site theoretic
location, latitude &
longitude and other para of
sites
Based on theoretic location of
sites, make sites survey.
Confirm site location, site type &
location, antenna type, height,
direction angle, downtilt, CDU,
TTA and feeder etc.
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Site survey
Optical measurementConstruction environment and naturalenvironment
Frequency spectrum measurementElectromagnetism environment
Site investigateInstallation condition of antenna and equipmentPower and transmission supply
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Site layout & survey
When select site location, take the following aspects into
considerationPrevious Network conditionPopulation distribution and habitsCity layout and distributionMain streets and traffic volume
Natural environment such as Hills, lakes, rivers and coastlineGrowing trend
Select high traffic area and
dense population area
population
Traffic distribution
Customer mobility trend
Principles of site selection
Surrounding environment
Signaling transmission
quality
Careful select high hills, radar,
radio station, gas station, forest
and power plant
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CDU
Feeder design
Antenna
Height, directionFrequency range,
gainPolarization3dB beam widthDown tilt
To increasereceiving sensitivity of BTS
TMA Feeder
Antenna and feeder
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City site
Suburbsite
Antenna selection
Site in citySelect directional antenna with horizontal 3dB bandwidth of 6065°Select medium gain antenna of about 15dBiBest to select antenna with electrical tiltdown of 3 6°
Recommend dual-polarized antennaSite in suburb
Select direction antenna with horizontal 3dB bandwidth of 65°or 90°Generally select medium or high gain antenna 15~18dBiPreset downtilt or not based on actual conditionSelect dual polarized or vertical polarized antenna
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City site
Suburbsite
Antenna selection
Site in rural areaSelect directional antenna of 90° 120°or omni antennaHigh gain of directional antenna 16 18dBi Generally don’t select downtilt antenna. For high sites, zero fillingantenna is the best choice.
Vertical polarized antenna is recommendedRoad site
Select narrow-beam, high gain directional antenna. 8-shapeantenna, omni antenna or deformation omni antenna based onactual conditionGenerally don’t select downtilt antenna because road site hashigher requirements to coverage distance.Vertical polarized antenna is recommended.
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Principle for antenna height
Antenna of different cell of the same site can be differentdue to installation conveniences or cell planningrequirements.For flat urban area, height of antenna is around 25m.For suburbs, antenna height can be elevated to 40m.
Antenna can not be too highReduce coverage level near the antenna especially for omni
antennaEasy cause problems affecting network quality like over coverage,
co-channel interference or adjacent-channel interference.
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Principles of antenna tiltdown
Antenna tiltdown is the basic method to enhancefrequency reuse ability.Control coverage and reduce interferenceElectrical or mechanical tiltdown.Mechanical tiltdown angle < 15°
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Space diversity distance
Distance between two receiving antenna is 12 18λwhenantenna is diversified by space.Generally distance between diversity antenna is 0.11 timesof the antenna height.To achieve the same effect, distance of vertical diversitymust be 5 to 6 times of horizontal diversity.To reduce the interaction of the two antennas, horizontaldistance of diversity antenna should be over 3 m
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Coverageemulation
****Input Output
Coverage emulation
Electronic mapPlanning areaLatitude & longitude of sites
Antenna height & direction angel Antenna model
Link budgetExisting network data
Sites distribution map
Site coverage effect map
Height information map
Existing network
coverage map
Coverage rate statistics
table
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Contents
Network planning information collectionCapacity PlanningCoverage Planning
Site layout & SurveyCoverage EmulationFrequ enc y Plann ing
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GSM working frequency band
GSM900Uplink 890 915 MHzDownlink 935 960 MHzduplex separation is 45MHzcarrier frequency separation is200KHzEGSMUplink 880 890 MHzDownlink 935 935 MHzduplex separation is 45MHz carrier frequency separation is200KHz
DCS1800Uplink 1710 1785 MHzDownlink 1805 1880 MHzduplex separation is 95MHz carrier frequency separation is200KHz
P-GSM900Fl (n) = 890 + 0.2 n MHz
Fu (n) = Fl(n) + 45 MHz 1 n
124n stands for ARFCNE-GSM900Fl (n) = 890 + 0.2 (n-1024) 975 n 1023Fu (n) = Fl(n) + 45 MHz 0 n
124DCS1800Fl (n) = 1710.2 + 0.2 (n-512) MHzFu (n) = Fl(n) + 95 MHz 512 n
885
ARFCN
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Frequency reuse distance
The following equation is used to estimate frequency reusedistance:
D = 3 N * R
D —— frequency reuse distanceR —— cell radiusN - frequency reuse factor.
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Definition of C/I and C/A
Co-channel Interference C/I
C/I refers to the interference of another cell using thesame frequency to the current cell. The ratio of carrier to interference is called C/I.
GSM specification regulates that C/I >9dB. Inimplementing, it requires C/I>12dB.
Adjacent channel interference C/A
C/A refers to interference of adjacent channel to thecurrent channel. The ratio is called C/A. The GSMspecification regulates that C/A>-9dB.
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Calculation of C/I
Where, Pown_cell is the signal strength of currentcell; Pi_BCCH is BCCH signal strength of interferingcell i measured by MS.
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l l
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Multiple reuse pattern MRP
BCCH can use 4 3 or higher reuse coefficient toensure the BCCH quality, while the TCH will userelatively dense reuse mode.The division of BCCH and TCH layer frequencybands reduces the planning workload andfacilitate the layered planning.Reserve some frequency for the micro cell.Simplify the configuration of BA tables
The relative independence of the BCCH and TCHlayers facilitates the maintenance and expansionof each layer.
MRP
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TCH2
FRF=6
BCCH FRF=12
TCH1 FRF=9
For MicrocellFRF: Frequency reuse factor
Bandwidth=6 MHz
MRP
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A li i f MRP
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Application of MRP
China mobile: MRPFrequency bandwidth: 7.2MHz
AFN: 60 95 Divide 36 carrier frequencies into 4 group as per
12/9/8/7
Channeltype
Logic channel TCH1 servicechannel
TCH2 servicechannel
TC3 servicechannel
Channelnumber
60 61 62 63 64 6566 67 68 69 70 71
72 73 74 75 76 7778 79 80
81 82 83 84 8586 87 88
89 90 91 9293 94 95
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IUO
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IUO
IUO has the same network structure as ordinaryconcentric, consisting of Overlay and Underlay.Underlay and Overlay of IUO both use the sametransmitting power.IUO adopts a handover algorithm based on C/IIt’s very suitable for absorbing traffic inside building.
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TCH frequency plan
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TCH frequency plan
The frequency in same site can not be reusedIn same cell, the frequency distance between BCCH andTCH is at least 400khzFrequency can not be reused in its directly adjacent sites if it is not 1*3 patternOpposite cells should not be co-channel and avoidadjacent channel.High hill in the middle shall not be considered asneighboring sites while broad water in the middle shall beconsidered as neighboring sites.
Avoid to set same BSIC to BCCH with same frequency
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Attention
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Attention
Reserve frequencies for
Test in propagation,Replacement frequency in the interference test,Micro cell frequency in hot spot area.
Generally BCCH should use higher continuous frequencies.
Allocate frequency based on different areas. Allocate frequency for sites in different areas such as urban,suburb and rural.Focus should be put on cities to avoid interference.Make planning in urban areas before suburbs and rural areas.Divide urban area into small areas if there are many sites.
Check manually after frequency assignment via automatic frequencyplanning.
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Discontinuous transmit (DTX)
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Discontinuous transmit (DTX)
DTX encodes the voice at 13kbit/s during thevoice active period, it encodes the comfortnoise at 500bit/s during the quiet period.
DTX
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DTX
DTX contributes very little to the interferenceduring the quiet period, its power can beregarded as 0 (inactive state).
Suppose the DTX active factor is , then thegain
log10log10log10)(/ I C I C dB I C
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FH
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FH
Frequency hopping is to avoid externalinterference. In other words, it is to prevent or greatly reduce co-channel interference andfrequency selective fading effect by
converting frequencies to an extent thatinterference cannot catch up with.Baseband and synthesized FH
ParametersHSN hopping sequence number MAIO mobile assignment index offset
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Interference diversity gain
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Interference diversity gain
In consideration of the above figure, suppose the MS talks byusing fk at the time t, in this case, the probability of theinterfered cell fk is
mn
I C
pI C
dB I C log10log10log10)(/
nmC C p mnmn //11
Hopping set MA },...,,,{ 321 n f f f f ,
TRX number m (m n)
Interfering cell
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