Drugs & SocietySOC 204

Chapter 1 Drugs in Perspective

Introductions Fill out your answers to the

questions. Partner up with someone. Discuss the first three questions. Find someone new and discuss the

next three questions. Find someone new and discuss the

last four questions. In your last partnership, prepare to:

Introduce yourselves to the group. Share one insight you had from

discussing the questions.

Happy second day! How are you?

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B. I feel nervous.C. I feel overwhelmed.D. I feel blah.

Why are you taking this class?A. Going into criminal

justice.B. Going into social

service (psychology, social work, counseling)

C. I have personal experience with addiction

D. My advisor told me to.

Going into cr

iminal ju

stice.

Going into so

cial se

rvice...

I have perso

nal exp

erien..

My advisor t

old me to

.

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What do you hope to learn in this class?

Expectations Syllabus

Writing Assignments Discussion Assignments Attendance Group Project Extra Credit Quizzes

Confidentiality Canvas Clickers

In this class, late homework:

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Canvas

Michelle’s office hours are:

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in

For class discussions:

A. I participate on Canvas

B. I must do written prep work and participate

C. I participate during class

I parti

cipate on Canva

s

I must

do writt

en prep wo..

I parti

cipate durin

g class

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If 80% of the class gets a clicker question right, each person earns an extra credit point.

A. TrueB. False

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Definitions We define a drug as any substance that alters

one’s ability to function emotionally, physically, intellectually, financially, or socially

A psychoactive drug is a substance that has the capability of altering mood, perception, or behavior

Definitions Misuse

Unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs

Which of these is not an example of drug misuse?

A. Mixing drugs B. Taking medication

with foodC. Taking double the

prescribed doseD. Saving or using old

medications

Mixing d

rugs

Taking medica

tion with

...

Taking double the prescr

...

Saving o

r usin

g old medic.

..

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Definitions Abuse

Intentional and inappropriate use of a drug resulting in physical, emotional, financial, social or intellectual consequences.

Socially Acceptable vs Deviant

Which of these is NOT an example of drug abuse?

A. Taking medication in the morning

B. Crushing pills to smoke them

C. Buying someone else’s prescription medication

D. Taking a drink in the morning to cure a hangover Taking m

edication in

th...

Crush

ing pills to

smoke

...

Buying s

omeone else’s p

r...

Taking a drink in

the m

o...

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Definitions Addiction/Dependency

Physical Dependence Tolerance Withdrawal

Psychological Dependence Cravings Preoccupation

OLD LANGUAGE New: Substance Use Disorder (mild, moderate, severe)

Which of these is NOT a sign of dependency?

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Definitions Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders V Substance Use Disorder

Mild Moderate Severe

A psychiatrist can diagnose someone with addiction according to the DSM-5.

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Definitions Any definition is limited and is influenced by

one’s experiences and background – and is arbitrary

Drugs Around the World in 80 Minutes

Historical Perspective A historical perspective on drugs provides

insight into the role that drugs have played over time

The problem with drugs/alcohol….

The problem with the previous slide is:

A. There are no statistics

B. It doesn’t say where the info came from

C. Correlation does not equal causation

D. All of the above There are no statisti

cs

It doesn

’t say w

here the ...

Correlation does n

ot equ..

All of th

e above

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Categories of Psychoactive DrugsDepressantsSuppress CNSAlcohol, benzodiazepines, inhalants

StimulantsAccelerate CNSCocaine, amphetamines, nicotine

NarcoticsRelieve pain, induce euphoriaHeroin, OxyContin

HallucinogensDistort the sensesLSD, peyote, psilocybin

MarijuanaCrosses several categoriesOften classified as hallucinogen or depressant

Psychotherapeutic drugsControl symptoms of mental disordersAntidepressants, antipsychotics

Alcohol Beverages may have been fermented

intentionally as early as about 10,000 BC

Early Egyptians, Hebrews, Chinese, Greek, and Romans were fond of alcohol

Egyptians developed distillation, which produces a higher alcohol content than fermentation

The Irish, Scots, Dutch, Russians, and French all developed characteristic alcoholic beverages

Alcohol Alcohol played a significant role in early US

history: Alcohol was used as a preservative Yeast in beer and wine supplied important

nutrients Rum was a central commodity in the slave trade Farmers made more money from whiskey than

from grain Excise tax on whiskey sparked the

Whiskey Rebellion Temperance Movement developed

in the 1830s 1919: national prohibition legislation

went into effect; repealed in 1933

Alcohol

Marijuana Marijuana has been cultivated for

its fiber since 8000 BC

Chinese Emperor Shen Nung prescribed marijuana for many aliments 4,700 years ago

Marijuana was used in India for festive and religious purposes by the 2nd century BC

Greeks, Romans, Persians and Assyrians all used marijuana for medical purposes

Marijuana In the 13th century, Marco Polo

recounted how hashishiyya terrorized people while under the influence of hashish

Marijuana seeds and leaves dating back to 500 BC were found near Berlin, Germany

Napoleon’s troops returned to France with hashish, and soon after other Europeans began using marijuana

Marijuana Use of marijuana was noted in the

Americas in 1545 English settlers grew marijuana

(hemp) to make clothing, rope, linens, and blankets

By the late 1800s numerous reports detailed cannabis use for many medical reasons

In the early 1900s, marijuana was used primarily by Hispanics in the Southwest and by Blacks in ghettos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbjHOBJzhb0

Marijuana has been used in all of the following ways except:

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depressionD. For its fibers

Narcotics The term

narcotics is used interchangeably with the terms opiates or opioids

Opiate refers to opium and the derivatives of opium

1500 BC: Egyptians used opium for medical purposes

Narcotics The Poppy

Papavar somniferum

A 6,000 year old Sumerian tablet referred to the opium poppy as the “joy plant”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1mdn-5E-Ao

Narcotics - Opium Opium was a staple in ancient Greece

and Rome

In the Arab world, opium was widely used because the Koran forbids alcohol use

Opium was the central factor in a war between the Chinese and the British governments

Medical uses of opium became widespread in Europe in the 16th century, when laudanum was developed

Narcotics – Morphine & Heroin In 1805, the active ingredient in opium was identified and

called morphine

During the Civil War, morphine dependency was so common that it was called soldier’s disease

An estimated 1 million Americans were dependent on morphine and other narcotics by the end of the 19th century

In 1874 a “wonder drug” was developed to relieve pain and treat morphine dependency – it was called heroin

Opium was once legal and readily available over-the-counter.

A. TrueB. False

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Which of these is a naturally occurring part of the opium plant?

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89% A. MorphineB. CodeineC. HeroinD. OxyContin

Cocaine People were chewing coca

leaves prior to the rise of the Incan Empire, as early as 3000 BC

The first verified use of coca has been traced to a gravesite in Peru from around 500 AD

When Spaniards conquered the Incas, they realized the importance of the coca leaves to the natives

In the 19th century, a French chemist developed a popular red wine which included active ingredients from coca leaves

Cocaine Early proponents of cocaine

included Sigmund Freud, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Originally, Coca-Cola contained cocaine, and was promoted as a “Nerve Stimulant”

Cocaine became a popular recreational drug in the 1970s

Variations that were smoked emerged: first freebase, then inexpensive crack cocaine

The earliest known use of cocaine was:

A. In Coca-Cola as a “nerve stimulant”

B. In ancient Greece in red wine

C. By smoking itD. Chewing coca

leaves by the Incas

In Coca-Cola as a “n

erve ...

In ancient G

reece in

red ...

By smoking it

Chewing coca

leaves b

y t..

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Amphetamines Amphetamines, first synthesized in 1887,

enlarge nasal passages, raise blood pressure, and stimulate the CNS

During World War II, troops used amphetamines to overcome fatigue and increase their endurance

Benzedrine was available over-the-counter in 1932 for treating asthma and nasal congestion

Methamphetamines appeared in the 1960s

Amphetamines are:

A. DepressantsB. Pain killersC. StimulantsD. Hallucinogens

Depressants

Pain ki

llers

Stimulants

Hallucin

ogens

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Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs Barbiturates

Barbituric acid, a class of drugs that have depressant effects

Barbital, a sedative-hypnotic drug used to treat anxiety and nervousness; the original barbiturate

Nonbarbiturate Sedatives Bromides, sedatives used to treat epileptic

convulsions Chloral hydrate, induces sleep Paraldehyde, used with severely disturbed

mental patients

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs Minor tranquilizers, or

antianxiety agents Meprobamate, also used for

treating psychosomatic conditions

Benzodiazepines such as Librium and Valium

Inhalants Solvents, gases, and aerosols Nitrous oxide (lauhing gas) Ether, developed for medical

purposes

Medical uses of depressants include all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Relieving anxiety

B. Inducing sleepC. Increasing

attentionD. Controlling

seizures

Relieving anxie

ty

Inducing sle

ep

Increasin

g attention

Controllin

g seizu

res

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Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs - Inhalants Inhalants are

among the first drugs used by young children

Huffing Sudden death

syndrome https://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Avcz9Z1ekcM

Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that

induce perceived distortions in time and space LSD, derived from a fungus Psilocybin, found in certain mushrooms Peyote, contains mescaline isolated from cactus Over 6000 plants can alter consciousness

LSD originated from ergot fungus, which grows on grain, and causes the condition ergotism

Hallucinogens:

A. Distort the sensesB. Are usually derived

from plantsC. Have been used to

access the unconscious in therapy

D. Are thought to enhance creativity

Distort t

he sense

s

Are usuall

y derived fro

m ...

Have been used to acce

ss...

Are thought to

enhance ...

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GROUP PROJECT FORM A GROUP OF 4, organize your group on

Canvas Select a subject, decide what you want to learn Review the syllabus to be sure we are not covering it in

class SUBMIT PROPOSAL to dropbox by October 30 PRESENT your research to the class

(December 4, 7, 8, or 10 – 20 minute presentation) TURN IN

Copy of your 2-page handout (Dec 4) Your visual aids (Dec 4) Your group and self evaluation (Dec 11)

This presentation is your final exam!