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Chairmans Report

I am pleased to report that Vacuum Symposium is now in its 9th year (VS 9).

Although Vacuum Symposium UK is an independent body we welcome the continued support from the IOP, BVC and our Industrial sponsors. Special thanks go to Xmark Media for provision of conference facilities and their tireless efforts to share and support the VS9 technical meetings.

Over the last 9 years the aim of Vacuum Symposium UK has been exactly the same model as the RGA User Group Meetings, but embraces a wider cross-section of vacuum users: regular ‘free to attend’ meetings that allow interaction between academics, industrial users and manufacturers.

Vacuum Symposium provides a series of Technical meetings, Poster Sessions and, Vacuum Training.

This year we are proud to be presenting the 4th Harry Leck Memorial Medal, I would like to congratulate Philip Eames this year’s winner.

We continue to grow our Technical meetings through the support of Meeting Organisers who provide a full day of oral presentations that cover various topics/applications and are delivered by leading scientists, invited speakers and users with practical and extensive knowledge.

Our Training Courses are well attended; the courses are given by trainers chosen by the Vacuum Symposium Committee with attendees receiving a certificate of attendance.

The Poster Session has grown alongside our Technical Meetings, and a Vacuum Poster Prize is awarded each day and is open to all attendees and exhibitors.

I would like to take this opportunity to welcome you all to VS 9, to encourage you to visit the exhibition hall and to thank all the Sponsors and supporters of Vacuum Symposium.

I also feel it appropriate to thank all on the Vacuum Symposium Committee for their hard work and support over the last 9 years. I take great pleasure in working with them and seeing our shared vision going from strength to strength.

I would also like to take this opportunity to thank Sue Waller for all her hard and tireless work, support and valued contribution to Vacuum Symposium.

Sue leaves the Vacuum Symposium committee this year after 9 years, on behalf of all the committee I would like to wish Sue well in her retirement.

Robin Hathaway

Vacuum Symposium Chairman

Vacuum in Food Manufacturing Theatre 6 Media Centre Wednesday 10th October 2018

Meeting Agenda

0900 – 0930 Registration opens in the atrium. 0930 – 0935 Welcome and opening remarks.

Professor Hazel Assender, University of Oxford, UK 0935 – 0940 Introduction to the meeting topic.

Dr Andrew Chew, Atlas Copco Ltd, UK 0940 –1020 Vacuum Cooling: Theorectical background, experience

and trends. Pierre Lantheaume, Leybold GmbH, UK

1020 – 1100 Dairy processing and spray drying. Zachary Glover, University of Southern Denmark.

1100 – 1120 Refreshment Break 1120 – 1200 Vacuum in edible oils and fat processing.

Dr Don Collins, Edwards Vacuum, UK 1200 – 1240 Developing a transparent barrier for food packaging –

from lab to market. Dr Glen West, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

1240 – 1430 Lunch/ Posters A poster prize will be awarded at 16:30 for the best poster

1430 – 1700 Vacuum Expo Exhibition closes.

Thin Films and Coating Technologies for Science & Industry Theatre 2 Ericsson Exhibition HallWednesday 10th October 2018

Meeting Agenda

0900 – 1015 Registration opens in the atrium. 1015 – 1020 Welcome and opening remarks.

Dr Mark Baker 1020 – 1045 Diamond-like carbon: Functional engineering coating.

Dr Tomasz Liskiewicz, University of Leeds, UK 1045 – 1110 Magnetron sputtered coatings reducing friction in extreme

applications. Professor Tomas Polcar, University of Southampton, UK

1110 – 1140 Refreshment Break sponsored by EDWARDS. 1140 – 1205 Novel HIPIMS deposited nanostructured CrN/NbN

coatings for environmental protection of stream turbine components. Professor Papken Hovsepian, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

1205 – 1230 Tantalum CVD films on varying carbon content steels; process, properties and performance.

Hollie Heard, Archer Technicoat Ltd, High Wycombe, UK 1230 – 1255 KEYNOTE: High performance coatings produced using a

novel ion beam sputtering system. Dr Alex Ribeaud, Buhler Alzenau GmBH, Germany

1255 – 1430 Lunch/ Posters1430 – 1455 Smart piezoelectric thin films for flexible and wearable

acoustic wave sensors and lab-on-chip devices. Prof. Richard Fu, Northumbria University, UK

1455 – 1520 Solid-state reflective displays: a new optical interference based technology. Dr Peiman Hosseini, Bodle Technologies Ltd, UK

1520 – 1545 Magnetron-sputtered photocatalytic coatings for water treatment application. Dr Marina Ratova, Manchester Metropolitan University

1545 – 1610 Organic PVD thin films as reference materials for surface analysis. Steve Spencer, National Physical Laboratory, UK

1610 – 1615 Concluding comments Dr Mark Baker

1700 Exhibition closes. A poster prize will be awarded at 16:30 for the best poster. The exhibition remains open until 17:00

16th Technology Plasma Workshop Theatre 6 Media Centre Wednesday 10th October 2018

Meeting Agenda

0900 – 1200 Vacuum Expo Exhibition 1200 – 1300 Registration. 1300 – 1305Welcome, introduction and announcements 1305 – 1345 Challenges & opportunities for Thermal Plasma

Abatement of PFC Gasses Simone Magni, Edwards, UK

1345 – 1405 Plasma-enhanced pulsed laser deposition of metal-oxide thin films. Erik Wagenaars, University of York, UK

1405 – 1425 Crystallization of Diamond and Silicon NCs in an atmospheric pressure microplasmas. Bruno Alessi, University of Ulster, Ireland

1425 – 1445 Refreshment Break 1445 – 1530 Plasma cathode electron generators for 3D printing and

welding applications. Colin Ribton, TWI, UK

1530 – 1550 Texture evolution of Molybdenum for photovoltaic applications deposited. Daniel Loch, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

1550 – 1610 Cryogenic pellet Ablation modelling in hot magnetised plasmas Kyle Martin, University of Glasgow, UK

1610 – 1730 Close of meeting and Poster Session A poster prize will be awarded at 1630

Nanoscale Surface Structure and Dynamics Theatre 9 Lounge South Thursday 11th October 2018

Meeting Agenda

0900 – 0950 Registration opens in the atrium. 0950 – 1000 Opening and prize presentation. 1000 – 1025 John Yarwood Memorial Medal Talk: Low-energy Atoms

for Spectroscopy and Microscopy of Surfaces. Bill Allison, University of Cambridge, UK

1025 – 1050 Controlling and measuring the rotational orientation of molecules in surface scattering experiments. Gill Alexandrowicz, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

1050 – 1110 Refreshment Break 1110 – 1135 Chiral Surfaces – Pathways to Enantioselectivity.

Georg Held, University of Reading, UK 1135 – 1200 STM instigation and control over a single molecule

reaction. Peter Sloan, University of Bath, UK

1200 – 1400 Lunch/ Posters. A poster prize will be awarded at 13:30 for the best poster

1400 – 1425 Modern applications of normal incidence X-ray standing waves.

David Duncan, Diamond Light Source, UK 1425 – 1450 Manipulating neutral helium atom beams for spatial and

dynamical resolution, delivering instruments for nanoscience and understanding contrast formation. David Ward, University of Cambridge, UK

1450 – 1500 Close 1500 – 1600 The exhibition remains open until 1600

Surface Analysis – Innovations and Solutions for Industry Theatre 1 Ericsson Exhibition Hall Thursday 11th October 2018

Meeting Agenda

0900 – 1015 Registration opens in the atrium. 1015 – 1020 Opening and prize presentation. 1020 – 1050 Bridging the pressure and complexity gap with near- ambient XPS and electrospray deposition.

Professor James O’Shea, University of Nottingham, UK 1050 – 1110 Near-Ambient pressure XPS: From surfaces to interfaces.

Dr Alex Walton, University of Manchester, UK 1110 – 1130 Surface phase analysis using XPS.

Dr Robert Palgrave, University College London, UK 1130 – 1150 Refreshment Break 1150 – 1210 Nexsa XPS/Raman multi-technique instrument.

Paul Mack, Fisher Scientific, UK 1210 – 1230 A journey through the sciences: A multidisciplinary

approach to XPS surface analysis. Dr Marc Walker, University of Warwick, UK 1230 – 1400 Lunch/ Posters.

A poster prize will be awarded at 1330 for the best poster. 1400 – 1430 3D OrbiSIMS and applications of SIMS for 2D materials

Dr Barry Brennan, National Physical Laboratory, UK 1430 – 1450 XPS using hard x-rays for materials research.

Dr Tien-Lee, Diamond Light Source, UK 1450 – 1510 Energy, images and clusters: Advances in XPS for

industrial applications. Dr David Morgan, Cardiff University, UK

1510 – 1515 Concluding comments 1515 Close of meeting 1600 The exhibition remains open until 1600

16th Technology Plasma Workshop Theatre 6 Media Centre Thursday 11th October 2018

Meeting Agenda

0900 – 1000 Vacuum Expo Exhibition 1000 – 1020 Antimicrobial efficacy of in situ plasma generated ozone

is effective in inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in drains and water submerged surfaces. Meg Zajac, University of Glasgow, UK

1020 – 1040 Plasma driver epoxidation. Sui Wang, Loughborough University, UK

1040 – 1100 Mixing in liquid treated by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet: The importance of surface tension gradient.

Faraz Montazersadgh, Loughborough University, UK 1100 – 1120 Discussion about future TPW meetings. 1120 – 1150 Refreshment Break 1150 – 1210 Control of electron, ion and neutral dynamics in radio

frequency electrothermal microthrusters. Scott J. Doyle, University of York, UK

1210 – 1230 The observation and effects of the spikes in power caused by modulated DBD plasma. Junchen Ren, Loughborough University, UK

1230 – 1250 Detection and measurement of atomic oxygen in the bulk liquid. Alexander Wright, Loughborough University, UK

1250 – 1300 Close of meeting. 1600 Exhibition closes.

Poster Session

Wednesday 10th & Thursday 11th October 2018| Main Arena

Poster sessions will take place on both days of VS9. Everyone attending this year’s event is invited to present a poster which may be on work related to any of this year’s meeting topics or any aspect of vacuum in general. This year the Vacuum Symposium Poster Prizes (£100 and certificate on both days) will be sponsored by the IOP Vacuum Group and the VS Platinum Sponsor, Leybold Ltd. Posters will be judged on the basis of scientific content, effectiveness of communication and overall appearance.

Poster prizes will be awarded in the main exhibition area at the following times:

Day 1 – 4.30pm Day 2 – 1.30pm

Harry Leck Memorial Medal

Bo Mellor

Hiden Analytical

Each year the organising committee of Vacuum Symposium UK seeks nominations for the Harry Leck Memorial Medal. The Medal is awarded for distinguished contributions to British scientific research and/or related scientific/technical communities, in the field of Vacuum Science and Technology. The medal has been established to honour the memory of Professor John Henry Leck, known to his friends as ‘Harry’.

The medal will be awarded in the Exhibition Hall at 1:30pm on Thursday 11th October 2018 at VS9.

Harry epitomised the ideals of Vacuum Symposium. His warm, friendly personality made vacuum accessible for everyone he met. We all gained knowledge and understanding from Harry at just the right level with him instinctively knowing the individual or audience he was addressing.This great, understated person reveals his background in an interesting interview (recorded 1991) that can be found on the AVS Science and Technology website providing a wonderful insight into the humour and knowledge of the man.

Prof Philip Eames Announced as 2018 Winner of Harry Leck Memorial Medal The winner of the 2018 Harry Leck Memorial Medal is Professor Philip Eames, Director of the Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST), Loughborough University. Presentation of the Medal will be made in the Exhibition Hall at 1:30pm on Thursday 11th October 2018.

Professor Philip Eames has distinguished contributions in vacuum science and technology, specifically the invention of low-temperature vacuum insulated glazings for buildings, electrochromic vacuum insulated glazings and the development of advanced vacuum flat-plate solar thermal collectors. Philip is currently the Lead for Loughborough’s Global Energy Challenge, Director of Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST), and holds the Chair in Renewable Energy at Loughborough University. Over 28 years he has gained a reputation as a well-respected teacher, and is internationally recognised for high quality research in the field of advanced low heat loss glazing, concentrating solar energy systems, energy saving and solar energy harnessing building fabric components, thermal energy storage systems and life cycle analysis. Phil was previously Director of the Warwick Institute for Sustainable Energy and Resources (WISER) at the University of Warwick where he held the Chair of Energy Efficiency and Conservation in the School of Engineering. Prior to this he was Professor of Solar Energy Applications, Director of the Centre for Sustainable Technologies and Director of the Built Environment Research Institute within the School of the Built Environment at the University of Ulster.

Training Courses Wednesday 10th & Thursday 11th October 2018 VTC 1,2,3 & 6 - Jimmy Hill Suite Coventry (time on ticket) VTC 4 & 5 – Exhibition Theatre 1 (time on ticket) VTC7 Jimmy Hill Suite City ( time on ticket)

The purpose of these courses is to present this basic knowledge in a straight forward and accessible way. The principles and practice that are involved in creating and measuring a vacuum will be dealt with and illustrated by worked examples from various applications. Ultra-high vacuum, important in many applications, will be discussed only briefly in courses VTC1 and VTC2, however they will serve as a good introduction to the course “Ultra High Vacuum” VTC3 which addresses the matter of UHV in more detail. These courses are aimed at newcomers to the field, those who wish to refresh their knowledge, and those who wish to go further into UHV practicalities. They will be appropriate for new graduate students in physics, chemistry and engineering for whom vacuum techniques will be a working tool. After attending any of these courses, participants should be able to analyse the behaviour of their own vacuum systems with increased understanding, and have the basis for evaluating the effectiveness of proposed designs. There are four specialist application courses: VTC4 on “Leak Detection”, VTC5 on “The Design and Fabrication of Vacuum Chambers”, VTC6 on Introduction to Residual Gas Analysis (RGA) and VTC7 on “Vacuum Pump Training for Reliable Application Operation, and Maintenance”.

The material is presented in an informal/tutorial style with an effort to address participants’ needs. A copy of the Training Slides on a CD and a Certificate of Attendance will be provided.

Vacuum in Food Manufacturing Theatre 6 Media Centre Wednesday 10th October 2018

Meeting Agenda 0930 – 0935 Welcome and Introduction 0935 – 1100 Session 1 1100 – 1120 Refreshment break 1120 – 1240 Session 2 1240 Lunch/ Posters 1700 Exhibition closes

The food and drink manufacturing industry contributes £28.8bn to UK gross value added annually (DEFRA) and vacuum technologies are applied across many aspects of this substantial industry. This meeting will bring together a range of applications of vacuum in food manufacturing, for example vacuum cooling and drying, deodorization, aseptic processing and sterilization, storage and transport. It will provide a forum to link delegates from the food manufacturing sector with vacuum equipment developers and suppliers, with industrial and academic presentations on developments and the ‘state of the art’ in the various applications of vacuum in food manufacturing. The programme is co-sponsored by the IoP Vacuum Group and the IoP Physics in Food Manufacturing Group. A half-day meeting is being organised leaving plenty of time for networking and a visit to the Vacuum Expo exhibition of vacuum equipment and suppliers.

Vacuum Cooling – Theoretical Background, Experiences and Trends Peirre Lantheaume Leybold GmbH, UK

After processing or harvesting most foodstuff must be cooled to keep it fresh during transport and storage. Cooling the food should be as quick as possible but also energy efficient to safe costs. Next to this, the potential contamination of foodstuff with mold spores or bacteria must be minimized. To reach these targets, in many cases vacuum cooling offers a great potential. The presentation will highlight the physical background of vacuum cooling and will advise for which kind of foodstuff this technique is useful. Other topics will be the sizing of the required vacuum system, the challenges of the different cooling applications and the individual selection of the correct vacuum pump types and their advantages and disadvantages by application.

Practical examples will demonstrate experience gathered during vacuum cooling of salad, grass, cooked meals and baking.

Dairy Processing and Spray Drying

University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

There are many unit operations within dairy processing and spray drying that utilise vacuums. Vacuums are used to fundamentally alter the properties of the food being processed, which can include deaeration, stripping of volatile compounds or a reduction in boiling temperature. Spray drying is an efficient means of converting a liquid feed into powder, with the advantage that short residence times and evaporative cooling keep the drying particle relatively cool. However, for spray drying to be efficient the starting material must be concentrated by removing water. Boiling under vacuum is an effective method to concentrate milk prior to spray drying and can achieve greater solids contents than filtration-based methods. The more powerful a vacuum, the lower the boiling temperature of a liquid will be, which means there is less likelihood of thermally damaging individual components in the milk. In order to deliver a high-quality product, the effects of drying and reconstitution on the powder functionality must be understood.

A combination of Super-resolution imaging and Ultrasound spectroscopy has been applied to obtain an overview of the dynamics, interactions and structural properties of reconstituted dairy products. Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy has been used to image dairy gels from fresh and reconstituted skim milks. Quantitative image analysis has been developed using an empirically validated model to characterise such microstructures. The speed of sound and acoustic attenuation are dependent on a materials physical properties therefore information can be obtained about the dynamic changes in the sample.

Z. J. Glover, C. Ersch, U. Andersen, M. J. Holmes, M. J. Povey, J. R. Brewer & A. C. Simonsen

Vacuum in Edible Oils and Fat Processing Dr Don Collins

Fats and oils are vital nutrients in human and animal diets. They are the most concentrated form of food energy and supply a reserve store of energy. They provide essential fatty acids, and occur naturally in many foods such as fruits, nuts, seeds, dairy products, meats, poultry, marine animals, and in prepared foods, such as baked goods, margarines, dressing and sauces.

Vacuum is used widely in food processing, providing benefits such as reduced processing times, lower utility consumption, reduced risk to heat sensitive products by lowering processing temperatures, enhanced product shelf life, quality and safety by removing oxygen and impurities, and improved product transfer, lifting and packaging.

Vacuum levels which apply in the processing of edible oils and fats vary from 50 -100 mbar for drying, neutralization and bleaching, to much lower pressures of from 5 to 0.0001 mbar in deodorization of vegetable and fish oils and vitamins production, respectively. Pumping speeds can range from a few tens of m3h-1 at high pressures to several hundred thousand m3h-1 at very low pressures.

Vacuum technologies suitable for these processes include “wet” and “dry” pumps which are sometimes combined for optimal system designs. “Wet” pumps, such as steam ejectors, vapour boosters and liquid ring vacuum pumps, have liquid in the pumping chambers. “Dry” pumps, with claw, screw or Roots mechanisms and ice condensers, have no liquid in contact with the process vapours.

Edwards Vacuum, UK

Developing a Transparent Barrier for Food Processing – From Lab to Market Dr Glen West

Demonstrating a functioning solution to an industrial need can often be the first of many steps to providing a commercial product. This presentation discusses the successful development of a vacuum-coated material to address a requirement for barrier in food packaging, and the equally important steps necessary for integration into a manufacturing environment with multiple post-production processes. An industrially-focussed PhD project provided the necessary materials science to create an effective transparent barrier layer intended for food packaging. A follow-up Knowledge transfer Partnership between the University and the commercial partner then took an additional three years for the development of the product for full market readiness. The work discussed provides both a scientific discussion of vacuum-deposited barrier layer materials and an insight into the processes involved in the successful commercialisation of vacuum-based processes; whilst highlighting the benefits of partnerships between academia, industry and government.

Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Thin Films and Coating Technologies Theatre 2 Ericsson Exhibition HallWednesday 10th October 2018

Meeting Agenda 1015 – 1020 Welcome and Introduction 1020 – 1255 Session 1 1255 – 1430 Lunch 1430 – 1610 Session 2 1610 – 1615 Concluding comments 1700 Exhibtion closes

Thin films are used in just about every aspect of our lives, from the optical anti-scratch/anti-reflection lens on our spectacles to those out of sight coating applications in electronics, optical, photovoltaic and other high technology industries. This one-day meeting will bring together scientists and technologists with expertise in the design, development, characterisation and production of thin film materials and integrated devices for a broad spectrum of scientific and industrial applications. The aim being to share knowledge, ideas and experiences.

Diamond-like Carbon: Functional Engineering Coating Dr Tomasz Liskiewicz,

Surface Engineering is an enabling technology for high-value manufacturing industry, and a fundamental element of a modern materials research. Improved adoption of novel Surface Engineering solutions results in wider economic and societal impacts associated with development of functional surfaces for automotive, aerospace, biomedical, healthcare, defence, agriculture, oil & gas and packaging industries. The industry needs innovative coatings and functional surfaces to enhance product performance, exploit efficient materials utilisation and adapt to changes in the business environment.

Plasma Vapour Deposition (PVD) technology is a collective set of processes used to deposit thin layers of material, and it stands out as a modern and efficient way of functionalising engineering components. PVD coatings are applied to improve hardness, wear resistance, frictional properties, oxidation resistance and electrical performance, and are used in engineering applications in aerospace, automotive, material processing, decorative, cutting tools and optics sectors.

In this talk, application of PVD deposited diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings for engineering components is considered. Several case studies are presented including application of DLC coatings in internal combustion engine, oil and gas flow control devices, and surface sensors. Advantages of nano-mechanical characterisation of DLC coatings for quantification and prediction of their performance are discussed.

University of Leeds, UK

Magnetron Sputtered Coatings Reducing Friction in Extreme Applications Prof. Tomas Polcar

Professor Tomas Polcar is a Professor of Materials Science and Tribology at Engineering and the Environment at the University of Southampton. Tomas graduated in 2000 in Engineering with a Master thesis focused on the design of a hot-water boiler burning green wood with a nominal power of 10 MW. Then he completely switched the scale from meters to nanometers when studying for a PhD in Mathematical and Physical Engineering at the Czech Technical University in Prague; the thesis was on the high temperature tribology of protective coatings. After finishing PhD in 2005, he moved to the University of Coimbra, Portugal, as postdoctoral researcher. In 2008, Tomas returned back to CTU in Prague as a lecturer. He launched Advanced Materials Group in 2008 being promoted to associate professor (2012) and full professor (2015) in applied physics. Tomas moved to Southampton as Lecturer in Coatings and Nanotribology in 2011 and was promoted to associate professor in 2014.

University of Southampton, UK

Novel HIPIMS Deposited Nanostructured CrN/ NbN Coatings for Environmental Protection of Steam Turbine Components Professor Pakpen Hovsepian

The main challenges faced by different steel components of the power plant consist of material failure due to high temperature oxidation, and phenomenon such as creep, erosion and descaling after a stipulated period of time.

The novel High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HIPIMS) deposition technology has been used to deposit CrN/NbN with enhanced adhesion and very dense microstructure as demonstrated by XTEM imaging.

P92 coated samples were oxidised at 600°C in 100% high pressure, 50 bar steam atmosphere up to 1500 h. In these conditions CrN/NbN provided reliable protection of the P92 steel.

This research also revealed that unlike other state-of -the-art PVD technologies, HIPIMS does not have an adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the substrate material, which is of paramount importance in case of turbine blade applications. This has been confirmed by various high temperature (650oC) tests such as Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS), Low Cycle Fatigue, and High Temperature Creep tests carried out on CrN/NbN coated P92 steel samples.

The protection properties of the coating against water droplet erosion attack were tested using specialized test rig. The coating shows high resistance against water droplet erosion. After 2.4E6 impacts no measurable weight loss was detected.

Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Tantalum CVD Films on Varying Carbon Content steels; Process, Properties and Performance Hollie Heard

Abstract not available at time of printing.

Archer Technicoat Ltd, UK

High Performance Coatings Produced using a Novel Ion Beam Sputtering System Dr Alex Ribeaud

Ion Beam Sputtering isn’t a recent coating technique, but its field of applications never cease to expand. With the improvement of the technology, IBS coatings are no longer a niche application, and are becoming more and more a “must have” capability. We have developed a new IBS System with different substrate configurations: the High Throughput version (HT) and the High Precision version (HP). The HT version enables the coating of 4 planets of up to 350mm diameter substrates, whereas the HP version allows coating of substrates up to 600mm diameter in a single planet configuration, without the use of a mask. The IBS system is configured with a proprietary Optical Monitoring System for layer termination, a large 22cm RF sputtering source, and a LION plasma source for assist. Optical performance of these IBS coatings, including LIDT, absorption, total loss and residual coating stress, will be presented. Preliminary results of a 1064nm mirror show less than 5ppm absorption, reflectivity’s of 99.994%, and no visible damage in CW LIDT testing up to 10MW/cm². Pulsed laser damage testing is in process and will be reported

Buhler Alzenau GmbH, Germany

Smart Piezoelectric Thin Films for Flexible and Wearable Acoustic Wave Sensors and Lab-on-Chip devices Professor Richard Fu

Thin film acoustic techniques have been used to fabricate surface acoustic wave (SAW) and film bulk acoustic wave (FBAR) applications, which have been used for sample preparation (sorting, mixing, pumping, nebulization and dispensing) as well as gas sensing and bio-sensing. This talk will focus on acoustic wave devices fabricated using piezoelectric thin films (mainly ZnO and AlN) for acoustic wave sensing and microfluidic applications. Engineering of piezoelectric films and their functional properties are analyzed. The fabrication process and characterization of integrated acoustic wave devices using sputtered thin films on various substrates were discussed, but more focusing on recent work of high performance flexible and wearable devices achieved on polymer and metallic foils. The thin film based flexible SAW devices have the potential to be integrated with other microfluidic and sensing technology on a variety of substrates including CMOS integrated circuits to make novel lab-on-chip for bio-detection for wearable and flexible applications.

Northumbria University, UK

Solid State Reflective Displays: A New Optical Interference Based Technology Dr Peiman Hosseini

Abstract not available at time of printing.

Bodle Technologies, UK

Magnetron-Sputtered Photocatalytic Coatings for Water Treatment Application Dr Marina Ratova

As industrialization and urbanization in the modern world increases, so will the amount of waste products contaminating water, air and soil. Consequently, there is an urgent requirement for reliable and efficient methods to treat persistent organic pollutants and microbial contamination. Recently photocatalysis has gained popularity as a safe and sustainable method of air and water decontamination. Following the work of Fujishima and co-workers, TiO2 has been widely used for photocatalytic decontamination and disinfection processes. However, its practical application, particularly in natural sunlight, is limited by a high band gap and low photonic efficiency.

In contrast, bismuth oxide and complex oxides are a relatively new group of photocatalytic materials characterized with low band gap values and high photocatalytic efficiency under sunlight, making them attractive materials for water treatment. The present study describes decontamination and disinfection processes using bismuth-based oxide coatings deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering in a one-step process. Coatings were thoroughly studied by number of analytical techniques. The photocatalytic properties of the samples were studied by their ability to photodegrade various model and “real-life” water pollutants, both in laboratory conditions and under natural sunlight. Antimicrobial properties of the coatings were confirmed by efficient inactivation of common water-borne microorganisms. Importantly, the studied coatings were found to have considerable antifouling effects, preventing the adhesion of microorganisms to the surface and therefore, providing a longer life cycle. Additionally, the coatings were confirmed to have suppressive effect on the hatching of Aedes larvae, responsible for the spread of infectious diseases, such as Zika virus.

Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

Organic PVD Thin Films as Reference Materials for Surface Analysis Steve Spencer

At National Physical Laboratory (NPL) we have developed organic PVD thin films as reference materials for many surface analytical techniques. For example, they have been used to develop and demonstrate the best method for organic depth profiling, assessing depth resolution, constancy of sputtering yield and damage. These materials create a benchmark between different techniques and the establishment of measurement standards. It is therefore essential that these reference films should have known, uniform composition and thickness. This talk will describe the understanding developed at NPL to improve the deposition process and the quality of the coatings. Some of the common pitfalls and issues encountered in creating these materials will be described.

National Physics Laboratory, UK

16th Technology Plasma Workshop Theatre 6 Media Centre Wednesday 10th October 2018

Meeting Agenda 1300 – 1305 Welcome 1305 – 1425 Session 1 1425 – 1445 Refreshment break 1445 – 1610 Session 2 1610 – 1700 Session 3 – Poster Session 1700 Exhibition closes

The Technological Plasma Workshop (TPW) is principally a UK-based international forum on the science and technology of plasmas and gas discharges. Since the EPSRC Technological Plasma Initiative in 1997, technological plasmas have found applications in diverse fields ranging from nano-science energy, through biomedicine and environment, to space exploration. They offer major collaboration opportunities for academic and industrial communities and exciting career prospects for younger scientists and engineers. To support a full realisation of these opportunities, TPW aims to foster academic-industry collaboration and to engage young plasma scientists with a scientific programme anchored by leading plasma scientists. In 2011, TPW became a conference of the Institute of Physics (IOP) Plasma Physics Group and since 2014 TPW has been held in conjunction with the Vacuum Expo and the Vacuum Symposium. The conference is currently co-sponsored by the IOP Plasma Physics Group and the IOP Dielectrics & Electrostatics Group

Challenges and Opportunities for Thermal Plasma Abatement of PFC gases Mike Czerniak1, Simone Magni1, Toshihiko Nishiyama2, Kazuro Sugiura2 Edwards, part of Atlas Copco Vacuum Technique business area, is world leader in vacuum and abatement solutions. We operate in many industrial and R&D sectors and in particular our products are integral to the semiconductors manufacturing process.

For semiconductors fabs the challenges to maintain a high chip throughput has to keep up with the environmental challenges. As a matter of fact, a large number of toxic, flammable or green-house gases (GHG) are employed or generated during the production process. These gas effluents have to be securely "destroyed" to comply with the safety and environmental regulations as well as to reduce the CO2 footprint of these industries. These requirements have driven the installation of many point of use (POU) abatement systems in the sub-fab.

Over the years, abatement combustors have become established as the “best known method” to convert the gas effluent into substances which are no longer noxious or easier to handle and remove. However, more recently, strong market drivers push for non-fuel POU abatement as a complementary choice to the widely-used combustors, which employ natural gas or LPG to sustain the thermal abatement reactions. Thermal plasmas can answer to this quest for a non-fuel abatement solution, particularly for regions where fuel gas is not available or prohibitively expensive. In specific, DC-arc torches can be integrated into affordable POU abatement systems. These systems can achieve significant GHG abatement and have an advantage of easier scalability.

In comparison to other applications of DC-arc torches, the challenge of POU abatement is to guarantee a high electrode lifetime – which in turn results into a high uptime for the abatement systems – in a generally more corrosive environment. Also the thermal efficiency of the assembly comprising the torch and the reaction zone has to be addressed to achieve the lowest cost of operation possible. Hydrogen radicals are widely present as a by-product of combustion in burners and are pivotal for GHG abatement. The inherent lack of these radicals constrains DC-arc torch in a different abatement strategy. Co-generated CF4 from other PFC gases and generally minimizing abatement by-products are challenges worthy to discuss as peculiar to DC-arc torch systems.

1 Edwards Limited, Clevedon, UK 2 Edwards Limited, Japan

Plasma-Enhanced Pulsed Laser Deposition of Metal-oxide Thin Films

David Meehan1, Sudha Rajendiran1, Andrew Rossall2, Erik Wagenaars1

Plasma-Enhanced Pulsed Laser Deposition (PE-PLD) is a novel technique for depositing metal-oxide thin films. It combines traditional PLD of metals with a low-temperature oxygen background plasma to create metal-oxide thin films. Potential advantages of the PE-PLD technique are: the use of metal targets which are cheaper and easier to fabricate than metal-oxide targets, a wider tuning ratio of the stoichiometry and the lack of substrate heating needed to achieve high-quality films, allowing the direct deposition on plastic substrates. So far, the PE-PLD technique has only been investigated numerically [1]. Here we present the first experimental proof-of-concept results for copper oxide and zinc oxide thin films. These are wide-bandgap semiconductors with many (potential) applications, e.g. solar cell fabrication, supercapacitors, touch screens and bio sensors. In our proof-of-concept study we show that using PE-PLD, we can deposit stoichiometric, high-quality, poly-crystalline films of ZnO, Cu2O and CuO. Figure 1(a) shows the Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of the composition of the film. Further analysis of the samples using Medium Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS) confirm these stoichiometries throughout the film [2]. The crystalline phases of the films were investigated with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the results for copper oxide areshown in figure 1(b). These deposited films proof to bepolycrystalline with a mixture of phases of Cu2O and CuO

1 York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK 2 School of Computing & Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK

Crystallization of Diamond and Silicon NCs in an Atmospheric Pressure Microplasma Alessi Bruno, Manuel Macias-Montero, Paul Maguire, Davide Mariotti

Atmospheric pressure micro-plasmas made recently their appearance as valuable tools for nanomaterial synthesis [1]. They offer at the same time a cheap alternative to low pressure plasmas and some unique peculiarities. For example, the non-thermal character makes them suitable for treating temperature sensitive materials as polymers or biomaterials, and the high ratio of energetic electrons allows to activate chemical reactions which are otherwise hard to achieve, as well as a low selectivity from the point of view of employable precursors. Flowing molecular gases through the plasma region usually brings the formation of nanoparticles, and for some elements the crystalline state is reached under gas temperatures which are lower than the expected for crystallization. The high degree of collisionality due to the ion-neutral interactions is responsible for the selective heating of particles surface inside the plasma, allowing to achieve higher effective temperatures on them [2].

In this work we synthesize Silicon nanoparticles from a Silane/H2/Argon plasma and obtain different phases, from purely crystalline 2-3 nm particles to slightly bigger purely amorphous ones and mixed phases in intermediate conditions. Also, ultra-small nanodiamonds have been produced using a metalorganic precursor, ferrocene, usually known for its ability to catalyse the formation of carbon nanotubes in chemical vapour deposition processes. The nanodiamonds produced here are 3-5 nm and the process is faster in respect to previous studies. Then, using mainly optical diagnostics, we obtain the plasma parameters relative to the synthesis processes and test a steady-state model which explains the rise in temperature at nanoparticles surface above the crystallization threshold in the case of Si nanoparticles, and can explain their phase and size distribution.

University of Ulster, Ireland

Plasma Cathode Electron Generators for 3D Printing & Welding Applications C Ribton1, S de Pozo1, A Sandeman1,2

Electron beam guns are widely used for materials processing – vacuum melting, welding and more recently 3D printing using either powder beds or wire. Almost all electron guns in use employ a thermionic emitter as the source of electrons. These emitters are usually a directly heated tungsten filament through which a high current passes to bring the cathode up to a temperature of some 2700K. The emission density at this temperature is some 7Acm-2.

The process reliability depends upon the reproducibility of beam characteristics. Unfortunately, the filaments can distort, wear or evaporate. This has become a significant problem in many applications. Electron beam machines are often used for high value, high integrity components such as aero engine rotors or medical implants. Small changes in the cathode mount position or geometry can lead to significant changes in manufacturing quality. This requires lengthy acceptance testing following cathode changes. Productivity could be improved by extending cathode life. As 3D printing is used for ever larger components, the build time can be several days and the cathode cannot be changed without causing a defect in the part.

Some measures have been taken to extend cathode lifetimes by the use of indirectly heated buttons, which are back-bombarded with an electron or laser beam. Within this work, we have examined the use of a plasma as an alternative source of electrons in a gun, rather than a thermionic cathode.

Fig. 1 shows a comparison of thermionic and plasma cathodes. Plasmas offer a number of advantages over thermionic cathodes. They do not wear and the gas is constantly replenished. They also have a fast response time as they have very low thermal inertia. Thus, they can be used to rapidly pulse the electron beam, which is a requirement for many applications.

1TWI Ltd, Granta Park, Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AL 2 Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU

Texture Evolution of Molybdenum for Photovoltaic Applications Deposited by HIPIMS

Daniel A. L. Loch, Arutiun P. Ehiasarian

The back contact of photovoltaic devices has a major influence on the efficiency of the cells. Back contacts need to have low resistivity to reduce energy losses and need to be as reflective as possible to allow more photons to be absorbed. Molybdenum has been identified as a good candidate that fulfils both these requirements. The influence of HIPIMS on the coating properties of Molybdenum on soda lime glass is not known. In this study the effect of HIPIMS deposition parameters on the microstructure, texture, resistivity and reflectivity are examined and plasma parameters will be correlated with the coating properties. A voltage-pulse time matrix was devised varying the voltage from 800 - 1500 V and the pulse time was increased from 60 - 1000 μs in 5 steps. Processes were operated at 0.22 Pa (LP) and 0.44 Pa (HP). The Mo II / Mo I ratio shows that the intensity is constant over all pulse time settings between 1150 V and 1350 V at LP, while for HP the ratio is constant over all voltages and decreases rapidly between 60-125 μs. Mass spectroscopy measurements taken in the middle of the pulse; show a broad Mo2+ peak between 1 - 10 eV, which with increasing pulse time has a tail with an energy of up to 25 eV Single layer deposition at LP resulted in poor adhesion and low resistivity. At HP the adhesion was good with high resistivity. Multilayer coatings with a HP base layer and LP top layer were found to have good adhesion with lower resistivity than single HP layers. SEM micrographs revealed that for increasing voltage the size of the rice like grain structure reduces with increasing voltage These results show that HIPIMS can be used effectively to deposit tailored Mo back contacts with good adhesion and low resistivity.

Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Cryogenic Pellet Ablation Modelling in Hot Magnetised Plasmas

Martin F K1, Wilson A D1, Diver D1

The development of efficient refuelling schemes for tokamaks is essential for the success of fusion as an energy source. There are several techniques for replenishing the fuel, and one of the most promising is pellet injection, in which a cryogenic pellet of fuel is fired at speeds of a few 100 m/s into the tokamak plasma.

This solid structure is ablated by the ambient plasma, dispersing fuel through the chamber. The ablation of this pellet creates a dense cloud of neutral particles which interacts with the background plasma, creating strong transient ionization and density gradients and making the evolution of the pellet-plasma system a complex gas-plasma problem. We attempt to model this process holistically by extending evaporative surface models (e.g. the “D2” law [1]) and collisional plasma processes (informed by cloud profile diagnostics) in order to infer the ablation rate, density structure, cloud terminal radius and pellet size as a function of time, balancing mass-transfer and ionization rates, diffusion and sheath evolution. Fluid instabilities may play a role in the strongly sheared flows between contrasting density media. This project brings a combination of theoretical and computational modelling to bear on a fusion technology problem

University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

Nanoscale Surface Structure and Dynamics Theatre 9 Lounge South Thursday 11th October 2018

Meeting Agenda 0900 – 1000 Opening and prize presentation 1000 – 1050 Session 1 1050 – 1110 Refreshment break 1110 – 1200 Session 2 1200 – 1400 Lunch/ Posters 1400 – 1450 Session 3 1600 Exhibition closes

Investigating the structure and dynamics of surfaces with high spatial and/or temporal resolution is a rich field of fundamental science with strong technological implications. A detailed understanding of the nanoscale structure and dynamics of surfaces lies at the heart of innovation in areas as diverse as materials growth and self-assembly; nanoscale control of the electronic and magnetic properties of materials (which increasingly includes control at the quantum level); and chemical processes such as catalysis and sensing. Cutting edge developments in instrumentation and analysis techniques have always underpinned our ability to probe ever smaller and faster; e.g. the invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) provided the capability to "see" individual atoms, while the invention of quasi-elastic helium atom scattering (QHAS) provided the ability to probe dynamics at surfaces with picosecond time resolution.

John Yarwood Memorial Medal Talk: Low Energy Atoms for Spectroscopy and Microscopy of Surfaces Bill Allison

For several years, the scattering of low-energy helium atoms has been used as a powerful tool for surface studies. Technical developments continue to made as vacuum technology advances and there are several experimental approaches being explored, two of which I will address in this talk. Specifically, I will first demonstrate how Helium Spin-echo (HeSe) allows us to understand fine details of adsorbate dynamics. For example, we have observed intercellular hopping, typically on a nano-second timescale and over a few Ångströms, as well as intra-cellular motion in sub-picosecond times and sub-Ångström distances. Importantly, the behaviour we observe occurs in thermodynamics equilibrium and the dynamics we observe is not influenced to any significant degree by the probing atom beam. Secondly, I will outline recent advances in helium-atom microscopy, where the strong atom-surface interaction coupled with low incident energy give an image that is purely surface sensitive.

Atom microscopy and Spin-echo are both under active development and they have related technical challenges, such as the need for low-noise, high-sensitivity detectors. Future developments in detector technology combined with an extension of magnetic spin-processing, in the case of the Spin-echo method, will broaden the impact of the measurements allowing experiments with larger, more complex molecular systems as well as providing a deeper understanding of the dynamic aspects of the interaction between adsorbate and substrate.

University of Cambridge, UK

Controlling and Measuring the Rotational Orientation of Molecules in Surface Scattering Experiments Gill Alexandowisz Israel Institute of Technology, Israel andSwansea University, UK.

In this talk I will describe a new technique which allows controlling and measuring the rotational orientation of a molecule during a collision with a solid surface[1]. The technique is based on coherent magnetic manipulation of molecular beams and can be applied to ground state molecules which cannot be studied with existing quantum-state-selection experimental techniques. Initial results of molecular hydrogen scattering from various solid surfaces will be presented, and the future developments and applications of this new technique will be briefly discussed.

[1] Godsi et al. Nat. Comm. 8, 15357 (2017)

Chiral Surface Systems- Pathways to Enantioselectivity Georg Held University of Reading and Diamond Light Source, UK

The importance of chiral molecules in all biological systems makes it highly desirable to find ways of producing such molecules by heterogeneous catalysis. As a consequence, the last decade has seen a dramatic increase in research into chiral surface systems. Achiral surfaces can be modified with chiral organic molecules to create enantio-selective reaction environments, which lead to the production of only molecules of one chirality. We use synchrotron-based spectrocopies, such as XPS and NEXAFS, alongside LEED and temperature-programmed desorption to characterize the thermal stability, bond coordination and orientation of modifier molecules on achiral and intrinsically chiral model catalyst surfaces. The talk will concentrate on small chiral amino acids (e.g. alanine, serine) on Cu and Ni surfaces and discuss approaches to model more realistic (ambient-pressure) reaction environments.

STM Instigation and Control Over a Single Molecule Reaction Peter Sloan

Atomic manipulation with the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope is one of the limits of nanoscience. In general the tip is seen as a passive actor simply proving a convenient source of spatially well defined electrons. Here I’ll report on a new finding [1] whereby the proximity of the tip to the target molecule (toluene molecules on the Si(111)-7x7 surface) changes the excited state dynamics of the electron induced reaction – an example of dynamics induced by electronic transition. The core experiment result was that turning up the current did not lead to the usual increase in reaction rate. In this talk I will briefly outline what we think is really going on.

[1] Regulating the femtosecond excited-state lifetime of a single molecule, K. R. Rusimova, R. M. Purkiss, R. Howes, F. Lee, S. Crampin, P. A. Sloan, Science 07 Sep 2018, 361, pp. 1012-1016, DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9688

University of Bath, UK

Modern Applications of Normal Incidence X-Ray Standing Waves David Duncan Diamond Light Source, UK

Normal incidence X-ray standing waves (NIXSW) is one of a relatively small pantheon of quantitative surface structural tools, however, in contrast to quantitative low energy electron diffraction, energy scanned photoelectron diffraction and surface X-ray diffraction, the data analyses of NIXSW is direct and model free. In this talk I will introduce NIXSW and the I09 beam line, before discussing some of the more recent results in the field.

Manipulating Neutral Helium Atom Beams for Spatial and Dynamical Resolution, Delivering Instruments for Nanoscience and Understanding Contrast Information David Ward University of Cambridge

Atom scattering techniques have long been used for static scattering experiments. I will be talking about atom scattering in Cambridge, both in measuring dynamics with the Surface spin-echo spectrometer, and then the latest instrument in the helium scattering family: A neutral beam helium atom microscope.

The helium spinecho instrument measured its first spectra in 2005, and since then has been used to investigate a wide range of processes and systems, from quantum motion of hydrogen to more complex molecules such as Ionic Liquids, largely by the local research group. The strength of the technique allows a variety of dynamical concepts to be explored such as atomic scale friction, surface – adsorbate potential energy landscapes, bound state resonances and quantum tunnelling rates. The technique has proven itself with its capabilities in providing experimental measurements to benchmark theoretical works in areas otherwise inaccessible. Helium Spinecho and atom scattering for structural studies have been established as a facility operating in the Cavendish Laboratory, I will outline the mechanisms for getting instrument time at the facility and the model for it’s use and growth.

In the second part of my talk I will discuss the Helium atom microscope, an instrument that delivers uniquely surface sensitive images and critically produces no surface damage. Helium microscopy is suitable for measuring a variety of samples including insulator, semiconductor, explosive, biological and 3D self-assembled materials and being a real space technique does not involve complicated post processing techniques. While significant advances have been made in the measurement of topography with the currently instruments, it has become clear that the contrast mechanisms that the technique affords are not well understood, I will discuss the currently understand of contrast formation and the avenues we are exploring.

Surface Analysis: Innovations and Solutions for Industry Theatre 1 Ericsson Exhibition HallThursday 11th October 2018

Meeting Agenda 1015 – 1020 Welcome 1020 – 1130 Session 1 1130– 1150 Refreshment break 1150 – 1230 Session 1 continues 1230 – 1400 Lunch/ Posters 1400 – 1520 Session 2 1600 Exhibition closes

This meeting is arranged with the intention of improving the knowledge of surface analysis techniques and the awareness and benefits for industry. Surface analysis is of particular importance for examining adhesion, composition, corrosion, coatings, contaminants, semiconductors, structures and tomography. This meeting addresses all aspects of Surface Analysis with a special focus on challenges currently being addressed and recent improvements in technologies. The meeting will look at methods; XPS, SIMS, AES, AFM and other surface analysis equipment and instrumentation.

Bridging the pressure and complexity gap with near-ambient pressure XPS and electrospray deposition Professor James O’Shea

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the mostpowerful techniques for studying the chemical and electronicstructure of surfaces. In order to avoid scattering of photoelectronsand to maintain atomically clean surfaces XPS typically operatesunder ultra-high vacuum conditions (UHV). This has led to thepressure gap – between the pristine UHV environment of thetechnique and the ambient pressures of typical operating conditions.The UHV environment has led to a complexity gap, in whichtypically only atoms or small molecules are thermally evaporatedonto surfaces for the study of model interfaces.

Until recently, surface science at elevated pressures, and of large, complex fragile adsorbates were inaccessible. The pressure gap has been bridged to a large extent by near-ambient pressure XPS (NAP-XPS), allowing surfaces to be studied in-situ under pressures up to 30 mbar. This has facilitated studies of fuel cells, batteries, atomic layer deposition and catalysis under much more realistic conditions. The development of in-situ vacuum electrospray deposition has further bridged the complexity gap to complex, fragile, non-volatile molecules on surfaces. This has enabled studies of dye-sensitised solar cells and photoelectrochemical water splitting in addition to organic solar cells, macromolecules, polymers and nanoparticles.

University of Nottingham

Near-Ambient Pressure XPS: From Surfaces to Interfaces Dr Alex Walton

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the mostpowerful and versatile probes of surface composition and chemistryand is in routine usage in many sectors such as battery technology,corrosion protection, surface coatings and heterogeneous catalysis.

However, XPS is performed in high vacuum conditions, restricting it to a post-mortem technique. In many applications, for example catalysis, understanding the state of the surface during operation is critical. Recent developments in instrumentation have allowed XPS measurements to be taken on a sample in a Near-Ambient Pressure environment (NAP-XPS). For the first time this allows XPS to follow surface chemistry in-situ under realistic conditions and take operando measurements from devices, materials and catalysts. In this talk I will present an overview of research undertaken using the University of Manchester’s NAP-XPS, focussing on the operando study of catalysts (solid/gas interface) and work towards operando electrochemical measurements (solid/liquid interface).

University of Manchester, UK

Surface Phase Analysis using XPS

Dr Robert Palgrave

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a technique commonly used to quantify surface elemental composition and measure the surface chemical environments present. Both of these applications make use of photoemission from the core atomic orbitals. The valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom, and interact strongly with those of neighbouring atoms, forming chemical bonds. Valence band photoemission spectra thus contain information on the bonding and spatial arrangement of atoms. It is well known that different polymorphs, such as diamond and graphite, or anatase and rutile titania, can be qualitatively distinguished by measuring the valence band spectra. In this talk I will describe how valence band XPS and UPS can be used to quantitatively measure the crystallographic phase fraction of a range of inorganic and organic materials. The phase fractions determined by XPS are shown to be surface phase fractions, and in the TiO2 system, correlate strongly with surface photocatalytic activity.

University College London, UK

Nexsa XPS/Raman Multi-technique Instrument

Paul Mack

Abstract not available at time of printing.

Fischer Scientific, UK

A Journey Through the Sciences: A Multi-disciplinary Approach to XPS in Surface Analysis Dr Marc Walker

In this presentation I will give several examples of how x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a technique for analysing surface composition and compound identification, can be useful in industrially-relevant projects in conjuction with other scientific techniques. Several examples will be given, including oil refinery, photovoltaics for solar cells, nanoparticle applications and semiconductors for electronic devices. Our journey will cover biology, chemistry, physics and engineering, while also introducing both the XPS Facility and Research Technology Platforms which are available for industrial usage at The University of Warwick.

University of Warwick, UK

3D OrbiSIMS and Applications of SIMS for 2D Materials Dr Barry Brennan

Barry Brennan received a PhD from the Surface and Interfaces Research Lab at Dublin City University in 2010, and subsequently carried out a three-year postdoc at the University of Texas at Dallas. His principal area of research was the chemical and interfacial characterisation of high-k dielectric materials on InGaAs, and various other semiconductor materials, using photoemission based techniques. He has authored or contributed to more than 50 peer-reviewed publications in this area. The research led to similar studies relating to high-k oxide growth on graphene and other 2D materials. Barry joined the Surface & Nanoanalysis Group at NPL in 2014, and is principally working on SIMS of graphene and 2D materials to develop methods for removal of surface contamination without generating defects, as well as 3D SIMS depth profiling of organic layers using argon clusters.

National Physical Laboratory, UK

XPS using hard x-rays for materials research

Dr Tien-Lin Lee

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a powerful tool for investigating chemical properties and electronic structures of materials. Owing to the rapid reduction of photoionisation cross sections with increasing excitation energy, conventional PES experiments have been mostly conducted at photon energies below 1.5 keV with the majority of the detected photoelectrons being emitted from within a depth of approximately 1 nm, leading to superb surface sensitivity of this technique but also severe limitation of its applications. The recent development of high-brilliance radiation sources and high-throughput electron analysers has enabled high-energy (2 to 10 keV) PES studies to probe beyond 10 nm into materials with no or minimal surface preparation of the samples. Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) is nowadays performed routinely at third generation synchrotrons like Diamond Light Source with a high photon flux and an overall energy resolution of ~200 meV at 6 keV. The extended information depth of HAXPES allows the access of true bulk properties of complex materials (e.g., Li ion batteries) and electronic structures at buried interfaces (e.g., functionalised oxide heterostructures), and opens up the possibilities of in operando PES studies of samples in device geometries or under reaction conditions

Diamond Light Source, UK

Energy, Images and Clusters: Advances in XPS for Industrial Applications Dr Dave Morgan

Surface analysis is paramount in elucidating an understanding of a materials surface and composition and hence its properties and performance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the most common of the analysis techniques employed, however in many commercial areas XPS is commonly seen solely as a method of obtaining chemical state information, or even as a form of ‘quality control’. Such vision means advancements in both the application of XPS based techniques and in data processing is all too often overlooked.

Herein, we highlight some advances in XPS and focus on areas which are not routinely used or are historically thought of as too timing consuming for industrial applications; specifically, XPS imaging and high energy XPS. Together with information obtained from ancillary techniques, which are now commonplace on XPS instrumentation, we show how these advancements can generate a more informed picture of a materials surface.

Cardiff University, UK

16th Technology Plasma Workshop Theatre 6 Media Centre Thursday 11th October 2018

Meeting Agenda 1000 – 1120 Session 4 1120 – 1150 Refreshment break 1150 – 1250 Session 5 1600 Exhibition closes

The Technological Plasma Workshop (TPW) is principally a UK-based international forum on the science and technology of plasmas and gas discharges. Since the EPSRC Technological Plasma Initiative in 1997, technological plasmas have found applications in diverse fields ranging from nano-science energy, through biomedicine and environment, to space exploration. They offer major collaboration opportunities for academic and industrial communities and exciting career prospects for younger scientists and engineers. To support a full realisation of these opportunities, TPW aims to foster academic-industry collaboration and to engage young plasma scientists with a scientific programme anchored by leading plasma scientists. In 2011, TPW became a conference of the Institute of Physics (IOP) Plasma Physics Group and since 2014 TPW has been held in conjunction with the Vacuum Expo and the Vacuum Symposium. The conference is currently co-sponsored by the IOP Plasma Physics Group and the IOP Dielectrics & Electrostatics Group

Antimicrobial Efficacy of in situ Plasma Generated Ozone is Effective in Inactivation of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Biofilms in Drains and Water Submerged Surfaces. Meg Zajac University of Glasgow, UK

Abstract not available at time of printing.

Plasma Driven Epoxidation Wang Sui1,2, Alexander Wright3, Benjamin R. Buckley4, Liu Dingxin2, Wang Xiaohua2, Felipe Iza1

Epoxides are key building blocks in organic synthesis and are important intermediates in the preparation of many natural products [1]. Epoxides are typically prepared by reacting alkenes with sacrificial mono-oxygen donors, such as peracides. The ultimate scheme for synthesizing epoxides would be the direct reaction of alkenes with pure oxygen as this would eliminate the waste stream altogether. In this work we explore the feasibility of synthesizing epoxides using oxygen as the source of oxygen and cold atmospheric-pressure plasma as the means to drive the epoxidation.Cold atmospheric pressure He+O2 plasma provides an economic and efficient way for producing atomic oxygen [2]. Treated liquid samples were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) to identify and quantify products. Benzaldehyde and trans-stilbene epoxide are the main two products and their concentration increase with the duration of the treatment as well as with the fraction of O2 in the feed gas. Formation of benzaldehyde is attributed to the well documented ozonolysis reaction of trans-stilbene with ozone produced in the plasma. Increasing the oxygen concentration in the feed gas favours the formation of ozone over atomic oxygen [2] and therefore the epoxide to benzaldehyde ratio decreases with increaeing oxygen fraction in the feed gas. These results demonstrate the feasibilty of tunable plasma-driven ozonolysis and epoxidation of alkenes.

1Loughborough University, UK 2 Xi’an Jiaotong University, China 3 Loughborough University, UK 4Loughborough University, UK

Mixing in Liquid Treated by an Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet: The Importance of Surface Tension Gradient Faraz Montazersadgh1, Abdulkadir Hussein Sheik2, Alexander Wright2, Alex Shaw1, H. C. Hemaka Bandulasena2, Felipe Iza1

Recent advancements in plasma-liquid interaction ranges from chemical disinfection, medicine and agriculture to nano-material fabrication and analytical chemistry [1][2]. While there is a rapid growth in plasma-liquid applications, guidelines for system design and reactor optimization are limited. To study the main mechanisms affecting the mass transfer between an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and a liquid medium, a batch reactor was designed and investigated. Computational and experimental results show that while the external gas flow and the natural convection imposed by temperature gradients play a more significant role in the liquid mixing patterns than electrically driven forces, the surface tension gradient can completely reverse the flow patterns and local velocity magnitude if the surface tension increases locally as a result of the chemical reactions triggered by the plasma (figure 1). This can significantly affect the mixing efficiency and treatment time in various applications. For small-scale batch reactors, long and deep vessels enhance mass transfer in cases where the liquid shows surfactant characteristics and the local surface tension is increased by the plasma while wide and shallow containers are more suitable in cases where the gas flow is the main factor governing the liquid flow pattern

1 Wolfson Loughborough University, Loughborough, 2 Chemical Engineering Dept., Loughborough University, UK.

Control of Electron, Ion and Neutral Dynamics in Radio-frequency Electrothermal Microthrusters Scott J. Doyle1, Andrew R. Gibson1, Teck. S. Ho2, Rod W. Boswell2, Christine Charles2, Mark J. Kushner3 and James P. Dedrick1

The development of low-power and compact propulsion sources is of significant interest for meeting the increasingly demanding challenges of space missions [1]. Radio-frequency (rf) hollow cathode plasma thrusters operate by heating the neutral propellant gas and therefore do not require a space-charge neutralizer. To maximise thrust-power efficiency, it is important to control the spatial and temporal deposition of electrical power into the plasma. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms for electron, ion and neutral heating in the recently developed Pocket Rocket electrothermal microthruster [2, 3]. Fluid-kinetic simulations undertaken with the Hybrid Plasma Equipment Model [4] corroborate measurements of the electron-impact excitation rate via phase-resolved optical emission spectroscopy. This enables the mechanisms for power deposition to the propellant to be investigated with respect to an α-γ mode transition and pressure gradient on-axis [5]. Prospects for achieving enhanced control of charged and neutral-particle dynamics, and thereby the thrust-power efficiency, via dual-frequency ‘tailored’ voltage waveforms are also discussed. We wish to thank J. Flatt, R. Armitage, K. Niemi and P. Hill for their technical assistance and acknowledge financial support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/M508196/1). The participation of M. J. Kushner was supported by the US National Science Foundation and the US Department of Energy Office of Fusion Energy Science.

1,University of York, UK 2, The Australian National University, Australia 3,University of Michigan, USA

The Observation and Effects of the Spikes in Power Caused by a Modulated DBD Plasma Junchen Ren1, Faraz Montazersadgh1, Alexander Wright1,2, Alexander Shaw1, Hemaka Bandulasena2, Felipe Iza1

Ozone is often a key reactive species produced from a plasma discharge with systems developed to maximise the production of the gas. To keep the gas temperature low and thus maximise the efficiency the discharge can be modulated with the ratio of the on to off-time (duty cycle) examined [1]. This study investigates the effect when the duty cycle is fixed at 30 % and the on-time varied between 1 ms, 10 ms and 100 ms. Results were collected from both experimental analysis and from a 0D numerical model. It was found that when modulating the plasma, there is a sharp peak in power at the beginning of each pulse which produced high energy electrons promoting an increased production of ozone. Shorter on-times were also found to aid in the production of ozone as the reduced off-time meant a high level of atomic oxygen could be maintained producing ozone without any applied power.

1 Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK

Detection and Measurement of Atomic Oxygen in the Bulk Liquid Alexander Wright Loughborough University, UK

Abstract not available at time of printing.

VS9 Posters

Number Title Author(s) Day(s) Presenting

1 The role of nanodefects in oxide-coated polymer gas barrier layers

Hazel Assender 10th

2 Ultra High Vacuum for

Velocity Map Imaging Maria Pintea 10th and 11th

3 Roll to Roll Flexo Printing for

Selective Metallization of Flexible Electronics.

Bryan Stuart 10th and 11th

4 Advanced engineering of

nanomaterials using atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ)

Avishek Dey, Paheli Ghosh, Gauthaman Chandrabose, Satheesh Krishnamurthy, Nicholas Braithwaite

10th and 11th

5 Surface production of negative

ions from nitrogen doped diamond using hydrogen and deuterium plasmas

Gregory J. Smith, Roba Moussaoui, Alix Gicquel, Jocelyn Achard, James Ellis, Timo Gans, James P. Dedrick, and Gilles Cartry

10th and 11th

6 Investigation on the RONS and

bactericidal effects induced by He+O2 cold plasma jets: in

Han Xu, Dingxin Liu, Weitao

10th and 11th

open air and in an airtight chamber

Wang, Michael G Kong

7 Investigation of pseudospark

plasma-sourced sheet electron beam for application in high power millimetre wave radiation generation

H. Yin, L. Zhang, W. He, and A. D. R. Phelps and A.W. Cross

10th and 11th

8 The interaction of gas-plasma

jets with liquids: modelling and experiments

Chinasa J. Ojiako, Dmitri Tseluiko, Roger Smith, Hemaka Bandulasena

10th and 11th

9 Investigation of the physico-

chemical properties of an atmospheric-pressure DBD operating in two distinct homogenous modes

K McKay, D Donaghy, F He, J Bradley

10th and 11th

10 Surface treatment for adhesion

improvement of glass and PMMA adherends for optical applications in hostile environments

V. Bagiatis, G.W. Critchlow, D. Price

10th and 11th

11 Carboxylation in Flow

Chemistry using a DC Plasma System

M. Shaban, A. Randi, B.R. Buckley and F. Iza

10th and 11th

12 Plasma liquid interface for CO2

Conversion and Utilization Muhammad Shaban, A. Randi, A. Shaw, B.R. Buckley, F. Iza

10th and 11th

13 Space Averaged Mathematical Model of Pulse Powered Atmospheric Pressure Air Plasma

Faraz H. Montazersadgh Alexander Wright, Alexander Shaw, Felipe Iza

10th and 11th

14 Plasma effects on microbubble

formation in gas-liquid interface across a microfluidic plasma reactor

O. Ogunyinka, A. Wright, G. Bolognesi, F. Iza, H. Bandulasena

10th and 11th

15 Pre-treatment of a faecal

simulant for bio-ethanol production with a novel microbubble enhanced DBD plasma reactor

A. Wright, A. Marsh, A. Shaw, G. Shama, F. Iza, H. Bandulasena

10th and 11th

16 Atmospheric – pressure plasma

device for CO2 conversion and utilization

A.Randi, A. Shaw, U. Wijayantha, F. Iza, B.R. Buckley

10th and 11th

17 Extension of the range of primary

vacuum calibration methods with the use of nonevaporable getters

Sefer Avdiaj 11th

18 Fabrication of silicon dased

cathode-targets for ion-plasma evaporative devices

Ihar Ivanou 11th

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Vacuum in Food ManufacturingTheatre 6 Media Centre- Wednesday 10th October 20180930 – 0935 Welcome and Introduction0935 – 1100 Session 11100 – 1120 Refreshment break1120 – 1240 Session 21240 Lunch/ Posters1700 Exhibition closes

Thin Films and Coating TechnologiesTheatre 2 Ericsson Exhibition Hall- Wednesday 10th October 2018 1015 – 1020 Welcome and Introduction 1020 – 1255 Session 1 1255 – 1430 Lunch / Posters1430 – 1610 Session 2 1610 – 1615 Concluding comments 1700 Exhibition closes

16th Technological Plasma WorkshopTheatre 6 Media Centre - Wednesday 10th October 20181300 – 1305 Welcome 1305 – 1425 Session 1 1425 – 1445 Refreshment break 1445 – 1610 Session 2 1610 – 1730 Session 3 –Poster Session1700 Exhibition closes

Surface Analysis – Innovations and Solutions for industry Theatre 1 Ericsson Exhibition Hall -Thursday 11th October 2018 1015 – 1020 Welcome 1020 – 1130 Session 1 1130 – 1150 Refreshment break 1150 – 1230 Session 1 continues 1230 – 1400 Lunch/ Posters 1400 – 1520 Session 2 1600 Exhibition closes

Nanoscale Surface Structures and DynamicsTheatre 9 Lounge South - Thursday 11th October 2018 0900 – 1000 Opening and prize presentation 1000 – 1050 Session 1 1050 – 1110 Refreshment break 1110 – 1200 Session 2 1200 – 1400 Lunch/ Posters 1400 – 1450 Session 3 1600 Exhibition closes

16th Technological Plasma WorkshopTheatre 6 Media Centre - Thursday 11th October 20181015 – 1020 Welcome 1020 – 1120 Session 1 1120– 1140 Refreshment break 1140 – 1220 Session 1 continues 1220 – 1400 Lunch/ Posters 1400 – 1515 Session 2 1600 Exhibition closes