Gog and Magog

Dhul-Qarnayn with the help of some jinn, buildingthe Iron Wall to keep the barbarian Gog andMagog from civilized peoples. (16th centuryPersian miniature).

Gog and MagogFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaGog and Magog (Hebrew: Gog u-Magog; Arabic: Yajj wa-Majj; Persian: yagug va Magug) arenames that appear in the OldTestament, and in numeroussubsequent references in otherworks, notably the Book ofRevelation, as well as in thescripture of Islam, the Qur'an.They are sometimes individuals,sometimes peoples, andsometimes geographic regions.Their context can be eithergenealogical (as Magog inGenesis 10:2) or eschatologicaland apocalyptic, as in the Bookof Ezekiel and Revelation. Thepassages from Ezekiel andRevelation in particular haveattracted attention due to theirprophetic descriptions ofconicts said to occur near the"end times".

Contents1 Etymology2 Texts

2.1 Genesis andChronicles2.2 Ezekiel2.3 Intertestamentalperiod2.4 Book ofRevelation

Gog and Magog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gog_a...

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2.5 Qur'an3 Historicalidentications

3.1 Classical andmedieval worlds3.2 Europe3.3 Middle Ages3.4 Russia3.5 Gunon andHinduism3.6 George W. Bush

4 Britain and Ireland4.1 Giants4.2 Oak trees4.3 Gog Magog Hills4.4 Magog in Ireland

5 Rock formations5.1 WesternAustralia5.2 Tasmania5.3 New Zealand5.4 Colorado5.5 British Columbia

6 References6.1 Citations6.2 Bibliography

7 External links

EtymologyThe etymology of both the names Gog and Magog remains uncertain. The ma- atthe beginning of Magog may indicate a land, or it may mean "from", so thatMagog means "of the land of Gog" or "from Gog". Gog may originate as theHebrew version of the name of Gyges of Lydia, who made his kingdom a great


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power in the early 7th century BC, but this explanation, although common, is notuniversally accepted.[1] A dierent theory is that "Magog" might be a reference toBabylon, by turning BBL ("Babylon" in Hebrew script, which originally had novowel-signs) into MGG (Magog), but this account, like the others, has problems.[2]

TextsGenesis and Chronicles

For more details on this topic, see Magog (Bible).Chapter 10 of the Book of Genesis, commonly called the "Table of Nations", namessome 70 descendants of Noah from whom "the nations spread out over the earthafter the Deluge." Noah has three sons, Shem, Ham and Japheth; Magog is thesecond son of Japheth:

This is the account of Shem, Ham and Japheth, Noahs sons, whothemselves had sons after the ood. The sons of Japheth: Gomer,Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech and Tiras.[3]

1 Chronicles begins with a list of genealogies repeating that in the Table ofNations but continuing well beyond. In chapter 5, among the many descendants ofReuben, rst of the twelve sons of the patriarch Jacob, it mentions an individualnamed Gog.[4]

EzekielThe two names rst appear together in chapters 38 and 39 of the Book of Ezekiel,but here Magog is a place and not an individual:[5]

Son of man, direct your face towards Gog, of the land of Magog, theprince, leader of Meshech and Tubal, and prophesy concerning him.Say: Thus said the Lord: Behold, I am against you, Gog, the prince,leader of Meshech and Tubal.[6]

Ezekiel lived in the rst half of the 6th century BC, and the earliest possible datefor the prophecy is c. 585 BC.[7] Scholars disagree, however, as to whetherEzekiel 38-39 was part of the original text (compare, for example, JosephBlenkinsopp, who believes it to be a late addition,[8] and Daniel Block, who arguesfor its original status).[9] Its prophecy of a savage foe from the north is based onJeremiah 1:3-16, where Jeremiah is talking about the Babylonians;[8] Ezekiel turnsthis into an eschatological enemy who will come "in the latter years," an


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apocalypse at the end of time.[1]Gog's alliesMeshech and Tubal, Persia, Cush and Put, and "Gomer with all itstroops, and Beth Togarmah from the far north"are all, with the exception ofPersia, taken from the Table of Nations.[8] Meshech, Tubal, Gomer and BethTogarmah can be identied with real 8th- and 7th-century peoples, kings orkingdoms of Anatolia, modern Turkey,[10] while Gomer probably refers to theCentral Asia (though ethnically Indo-European) horse nomads, the Cimmerians."Why the prophet's gaze should have focused on these particular nations isunclear," says Daniel Block in a recent study of Ezekiel 25-48, but suggests thattheir remoteness and reputation for violence and mystery "made Gog and hisconfederates perfect symbols of the archetypal enemy, rising against God and hispeople."[11] Cush (Sudan or Ethiopia; but there is also a Cush in the Persianplateauthe land of the Kassites[12]) and Put (from Punt: Somalia) are sons ofHam according to Genesis 10, while Persia is located to the east, and is notmentioned in Genesis 10 at all. Since Ezekiel insists on a northerly situation ofGog and his allies, many commentators believe that these three names wereadded later, although this too is disputed.[13]

Gog is to be defeated and buried in the Valley of Hamon-Gog, Israel.[14]

Intertestamental periodAround the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Sibylline Oracles mention the "landof Gog and Magog" as "situated in the midst of Aethiopian rivers", but in a secondmention links it with the "Marsians and Dacians", in eastern Europe; in both casesthey are about to receive "woe," and according to Boe, "there can be little doubtabout the direct use of Ezekiel's oracles" in their composition.[15]The Book of Jubilees, known from about the same time, mentions Magog as a sonof Japheth to whom land is allocated, while Gog is a region on Japheth'sborders.[16] 1 Enoch tells how God stirs up the Medes and Parthians (instead ofGog and Magog) to attack Jerusalem, where they are destroyed; an indebtednessto Ezekiel 38-39 has also been asserted.[17] In the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Messiahwill rule "over all the peoples and Magog,"[18] and Magog is allocated land next toGomer, the rst son of Japheth.[19] The sole fragment where the two names arecombined as "Gog and Magog" is too small to be meaningful.[17] The 1st-centuryLiber Antiquitatum Biblicarum is notable for listing and naming seven of Magog'ssons, and mentions his "thousands" of descendants.[20]The Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, made during this period, occasionallyintroduces the name of Gog where the Hebrew original has something else. Thus


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The Monster of Gog andMagog, by Zakariyaal-Qazwini (12031283).

at Numbers 24:7 it replaces Agag, a mysterious but clearly powerful gure, withGog, and at Amos 7:1 the Greek has Gog as the leader of a threatening locust-likearmy.[1] The Greek translation of Ezekiel takes Gog and Magog to be synonymsfor the same country, a step which paved the way for the Book of Revelation toturn "Gog from Magog" into "Gog and Magog."[2]

Book of RevelationBy the end of the 1st century, Jewish tradition had long since changed Ezekiel'sGog from Magog into Gog and Magog, the ultimate enemies of God's people, to bedestroyed in the nal battle.[21] The author of the Book of Revelation tells how hesees in a vision Satan rallying Gog and Magog, "the nations in the four corners ofthe Earth," to a nal battle with Christ and his saints:

When the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from hisprison and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of theEarthGog and Magogand to gather them for battle. In number theyare like the sand on the seashore.[22]

Ezekiel's Gog from Magog was a symbol of the evil darkness of the north and thepowers hostile to God,[1] but in Revelation, Gog and Magog have no geographiclocation, and instead represent the nations of the world, banded together for thenal assault on Christ and those who follow him.[23]

Qur'anThe story of Gog and Magog (also known as Yajujand Majuj in the Qu'ran) is mentioned in theQur'an in two occasions. First, in the 18th chapter[The Cave 18:83-98] and second in the 21stchapter [The Prophets 21:95-96]. In Surat Al-Kahf("The Cave", 18:8398) of the Qur'an, a piouswarrior king called Dhul-Qarnayn whom Allah gavepower journeys to the place between the East andthe West. On his journey to the West, he comesacross a people who live near a murky water(identied as modern day Black Sea). He thendecrees to punish those who were found to havedone acts of Dhulm (i.e. injustice and oppression)and reward those who have faith and do gooddeeds. And then he sets out to the direction of theEast until he comes upon people who have noshield against the sun and left themundisturbed(Chapter 18. verse 90). On his third


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journey (towards north, identied as the Caucasus Mountains) he meets "a peoplewho scarcely understood a word". They seek his help by building a barrier thatseparate them from the people of Gog and Magog who "do great mischief onearth" and live across the mountain. He agrees to build it for them, and warnsthat when the time comes (Last Age commences), Allah "will make it to dust" andthe people of Gog and Magog will breach through the barrier. The clue of thattime could be found in chapter 21:95-96.Surat Al-Kahf ("The Cave", 18:8398) [83] They ask thee concerning Dhu'l-Qarnayn. Say, "I will rehearse to you something of his story. [84] Verily Weestablished his power on earth, and We gave him the ways and the means to allends. [85] One (such) way he followed, [86] Until, when he reached the setting ofthe sun, he found it set in a spring of murky water: Near it he found a People: Wesaid: "O Dhu'l-Qarnayn! (thou hast authority,) either to punish them, or to treatthem with kindness. [87] He said, "As for one who does acts of Dhulm (i.e.injustice and oppression), we will punish him. Then he will be returned to hisLord, and He will punish him with a terrible punishment. [88] But as for one whobelieves and does righteousness, he will have a goodly reward, and we will speakto him from our command with ease. [89] Then followed he (another) way, [90]Until, when he came to the rising of the sun, he found it rising on a people forwhom We had provided no covering protection against the sun. [91] (He leftthem) as they were: We completely understood what was before him. [92] Thenfollowed he (another) way, [93] Until, when he reached (a tract) between twomountains, he found, beneath them, a people who scarcely understood a word.[94] They said: "O Dhu'l-Qarnayn! the Gog and Magog (People) do great mischiefon earth: shall we then render thee tribute in order that thou mightest erect abarrier between us and them? [95] He said: "(The power) in which my Lord hasestablished me is better (than tribute): Help me therefore with strength (andlabour): I will erect a strong barrier between you and them: [96] "Bring me blocksof iron." At length, when he had lled up the space between the two steepmountain-sides, He said, "Blow (with your bellows)" Then, when he had made it(red) as re, he said: "Bring me, that I may pour over it, molten copper. [97] So(Gog and Magog) were unable to pass over it, nor were they able to dig throughit. [98] He said: "This is a mercy from my Lord: But when the promise of my Lordcomes to pass, He will make it into dust; and the promise of my Lord is true."[24]Surat Al-Anbiya ("The Prophets", 21:9596) reads "And there is prohibition upon[the people of] a city which We have destroyed that they shall not return, Until theGog and Magog (people) are let through (their barrier), and they swiftly swarmfrom every hill"

Historical identicationsClassical and medieval worlds


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Separate passages in the "Jewish Antiquities" and "Jewish War" of the 1st-centuryJewish historian and scholar Josephus show that Jews of that time identied Gogand Magog with the Scythians: Alexander the Great, Josephus said, had lockedthese horse-riding barbarians of the far north behind the Caucasus mountainswith iron gates.[25] This gate is situated in Georgia, near the Russian border inthe Caucasus mountains. Georgian kings were mentioned as guards of the Gogand Magog gate in various historical sources, both antique and Medieval.Jordanes, a Goth himself, identied Magog as one of the ancestors of the Goths inhis book "Getica". The Goths, according to Isidore of Seville, were thought to bedescended from Gog and Magog, and of the same race as the Getae.[26][27] Someearly Christian writers (e.g. Eusebius) identied Gog and Magog with theRomans.[28] After the Roman Empire became Christian, this was no longerpossible, and attention switched to Rome's northern barbarian enemies. Ambrose(d.397) identied them with the Goths,[29] and Isidore of Seville conrmed thatpeople in his day supposed that the Goths were descended from Magog "becauseof the similarity of the last syllable".[30] The idea that Gog and Magog wereconnected with the Goths was longstanding; in the mid-16th century, Archbishopof Uppsala Johannes Magnus traced the royal family of Sweden back to Magogson of Japheth, (Magnus identied two of Magog's sons as Suenno, progenitor ofthe Swedes, and Gethar (also known as Gog or Gogus), ancestor of the Goths).[31]In the 6th century, the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea (d. after 562)saw Attila and the Huns as the nation locked out by Alexander, and a little later,other Christian writers identied them with the Saracens.[32] Still later, Gog andMagog became identied with the Khazars, whose empire dominated Central Asiain the 9th and 10th centuries. In his 9th-century work Expositio in MatthaeumEvangelistam, the Benedictine monk Christian of Stavelot referred to them asdescendants of Gog and Magog, and says they are "Circumcised and observing all[the laws of] Judaism";[33] the 14th-century Sunni scholar Ibn Kathir alsoidentied Gog and Magog with the Khazars,[34][35] as did a Georgian tradition,which called them "wild men with hideous faces and the manners of wild beasts,eaters of blood".[36] According to the famous Khazar Correspondence (c. 960),King Joseph of Khazaria claimed to be a descendant of Magog's nephewTogarmah.[37]The Mongols were the next barbarians. Early in the 13th century reports began toreach Europe of a mysterious and invincible horde from the east that destroyedMuslim empires and kingdoms, leading kings and popes to take them for PresterJohn, marching to save Christians from the Saracens; but when they enteredPoland and Hungary and annihilated Christian armies, a terried Europeconcluded that they were "Magogoli", the ospring of Gog and Magog, releasedfrom the prison Alexander had constructed for them and heralding


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Armageddon.[38]The Mongolian armies decided to turn back because of the death of gdei Khanback in the East and their defeat in the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine. Gog andMagog became the subject of literature. The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, a14th-century best-seller, associated the Jews with Gog and Magog, saying thenation trapped behind the Gates of Alexander comprised the Ten Lost Tribes ofIsrael.[39] Marco Polo located Gog and Magog as regions of Tenduk, a provincebelonging to the legendary Prester John, and governed by one George, fourth indescent from the original John. According to this account Gog (locally Ung) isinhabited by a tribe called the Gog, whilst Magog (or Mongul) is inhabited byTatars. The 14th-century Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta reported that "the rampartof Yajuj and Majuj" was "sixty days' travel" from the city of Zeitun;[40] thetranslator notes that Ibn Battuta has confused the Great Wall of China with thatbuilt by Dhul-Qarnayn.[41]A German tradition claimed a group called the Red Jews would invade Europe atthe end of the world; the "Red Jews" became associated with dierent peoples,but especially the Eastern European Jews and the Ottoman Turks.[42]

EuropeThe Ahmadiyya Community present the view that Gog and Magog represent oneor more of the European nations. They associate European imperialism after theAge of Discovery with the reference to Gog and Magog's rule at the "four cornersof the world" in the Christian Book of Revelation. The Ahmadiyya founder MirzaGhulam Ahmad (18351908) linked Gog and Magog to the European nations andRussia.[43] His son and second successor, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmadfurther expounds the connection between Europe and the accounts of Gog andMagog in the Bible, the Qur'an, and the hadith in his work Tafseer-e-Kabeer..[44]According to this interpretation of Mahmood Ahmad in his commentary on SurahAl-Kahf (Urdu),[44] Gog and Magog were the descendants of Noah who populatedeastern and western Europe long ago,[45] the Scythians.[46] According toAhmadiyya teachings, the period of the Cold War between the two superpowers,USA and the Soviet Union (identied as Gog and Magog) or the inuence ofCommunism and capitalism, the conict and rivalry between the two and theeventual collapse of the Soviet Union all occurred in accordance with theprophecies concerning Gog and Magog.[47] Ahmadis also cite the folkloric Britishinterpretation of Gog and Magog as giants (see below) as support for theirview.[48]Ahmadis point out that the Arabic words for Gog and Magog i.e. Yjj and Mjj


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derive from the root word ajja (to burn, blaze, hasten) which suggests that Gogand Magog will excel all nations in harnessing re to their service and shall ghttheir battles with re. In his commentary of Surah-Al-Masadd, Mirza MahmoodAhmad, the Second Ahmadiyya leader has interpreted the two hands of Abu-lahab(the father of ame) as Gog and Magog, the nations opposed to Islam that willultimately be destroyed by the 're' of their own making.[49]

Middle AgesJewish scholars of the Middle Ages, including Rashi, Radak and others, associatedno specic nation or territory with Magog, beyond locating it to the north ofIsrael.[50] According to the medieval rabbi Radak, Zechariah 14 refers to the warof Gog and Magog, when at the end of days Jerusalem will be the battleground.[51] In the early 19th century some Chasidic rabbis identied Napoleon'sinvasion of Russia as "The War of Gog and Magog" which would precede thecoming of the Messiah, so that the Emperor lled the role of Gog.[52] In the 20thcentury Hitler was seen as a likely candidate.[28]

RussiaDuring the Cold War the idea (rst advanced by Wilhelm Gesenius in themid-1800s) that Russia itself had the role of Gog gained popularity (sinceEzekiel's words describing him as "prince of Meshek"rosh meshek in Hebrewsounded suspiciously like Russia and Moscow).[8] This interpretation has beentaken up by several Christian authors and preachers since then (such as HalLindsey's The Late Great Planet Earth; Grant R. Jerey's Armageddon:Appointment with Destiny; M. R. De Haan's The Signs of the Times; Tim LaHaye'sAre We Living in the End Times?).[citation needed]The popularity of this theory during the Cold War can be seen in that it wasopenly advocated in 1971 by the then Governor of California, Ronald Reagan.During a dinner address to state legislators Reagan said "Ezekiel tells us thatGog, the nation that will lead all of the other powers of darkness against Israel,will come out of the north. Biblical scholars have been saying for generations thatGog must be Russia. What other powerful nation is to the north of Israel? None.But it didnt seem to make sense before the Russian revolution, when Russia wasa Christian country. Now it does, now that Russia has become Communistic andatheistic, now that Russia has set itself against God. Now it ts the description ofGog perfectly."[53]With the closing of the Cold War, some Christian thinkers who accepted thisinterpretation altered it after the fall of the Soviet Union (such as Pat Robertsonwho advocated it in his 1982 book The Secret Kingdom, but in 1992 suggested


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Gog was "Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan").[54] OtherChristian thinkers do not consider the fall of communism to have any relevance inmaintaining their interpretation that Russia is Gog (such as Chuck Missler in hisbook Magog Invasion).[citation needed]The biblical interpretation that Russia is Gog, is one that some Russians believethemselves according to historian Christopher Marsh. He writes "Russians andUkrainians, [are] two peoples with a long history of looking to the Bible for cluesto their past and future. At least as far back as the Primary Chronicle, the Rus'looked to scripture for such clues and found them from Genesis to Revelations.They were the descendants of Noah's third son, Japheth, giving themselves directlineage to the diluvian period, and they were of the tribe of Magog (or Gog), inthe land of Rosh. The implications of such identity as expressed in Revelations,where the Gog and Magog were both thrown out of heaven, apparently didn'tmatter to those drawing these lines. Ancestors were found in the Bible, and thatwas enough."[55]Some members of the Bah' Faith believe the Qur'anic prophecy of Gog andMagog was fullled during the Russo-Turkish Wars of the beginning of the 19thcentury. Russia conquered Crimea, the European part of the Ottoman Empire(including Adrianople), Iran's Caucasian provinces and Central Asia.[56]

Gunon and HinduismIn his 1945 book "The Reign of Quantity and The Sign of Times" metaphysicianand author Ren Gunon has a full chapter on the subject of Gog and Magog("The ssures of the great wall"). Gog and Magog are related to their Hinducounterpart called demon brothers Koka and Vikoka "whose names are obviouslysimilar", and refer symbolically, according to Gunon, not to groups of people onearth, but to entities belonging to the "subtle world" and having an existencepresently hidden from the human realm and symbolically described assubterranean.George W. BushIn 2007, the former French president, Jacques Chirac said that in the prelude tothe 2003 Invasion of Iraq, the US president George W. Bush told the Frenchpresident that "Gog and Magog are at work in the Middle East."[57] The Frenchpresidency consulted Prof. Thomas Rmer, of the Faculty of Theology andReligious Studies of the University of Lausanne (Switzerland), to understandBush's reference.[58][59][60]

Britain and Ireland


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Gog and Magog gureslocated in the Royal Arcade,Melbourne (Australia)

GiantsMain article: Gogmagog (folklore)

Despite their generally negative depiction in theBible, Lord Mayors of the City of London carryimages of Gog and Magog (depicted as giants) in atraditional procession in the Lord Mayor's Show.According to the tradition, the giants Gog andMagog are guardians of the City of London, andimages of them have been carried in the LordMayor's Show since the days of King Henry V. TheLord Mayor's procession takes place each year onthe second Saturday of November.The Lord Mayor's account of Gog and Magog saysthat the Roman Emperor Diocletian had thirty-three wicked daughters. He foundthirty-three husbands for them to curb their wicked ways; they chafed at this, andunder the leadership of the eldest sister, Alba, they murdered their husbands. Forthis crime they were set adrift at sea; they washed ashore on a windswept island,which they named "Albion"after Alba. Here they coupled with demons and gavebirth to a race of giants, whose descendants included Gog and Magog.[61]An even older British connection to Gog and Magog appears in Georey ofMonmouth's inuential 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae, which states thatGoemagot was a giant slain by the eponymous Cornish hero Corin or Corineus.The tale gures in the body of unlikely lore that has Britain settled by the Trojansoldier Brutus and other eeing heroes from the Trojan War. Corineus supposedlyslew the giant by throwing him into the sea near Plymouth; Richard Carew notesthe presence of chalk gures carved on Plymouth Hoe in his time. Wace (Romande Brut), Layamon (Layamon's Brut) (who calls the giant Goemagog), and otherchroniclers retell the story, which was picked up by later poets and romanciers.John Milton's History of Britain gives this version:

The Island, not yet Britain, but Albion, was in a manner desert andinhospitable, kept only by a remnant of Giants, whose excessive Force andTyrannie had consumed the rest. Them Brutus destroies, and to his peopledivides the land, which, with some reference to his own name, hethenceforth calls Britain. To Corineus, Cornwall, as now we call it, fell by lot;the rather by him lik't, for that the hugest Giants in Rocks and Caves weresaid to lurk still there; which kind of Monsters to deal with was his oldexercise.


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And heer, with leave bespok'n to recite a grand fable, though dignify'd by ourbest Poets: While Brutus, on a certain Festival day, solemnly kept on thatshore where he rst landed (Totnes), was with the People in great jollity andmirth, a crew of these savages, breaking in upon them, began on the suddenanother sort of Game than at such a meeting was expected. But at length bymany hands overcome, Goemagog, the hugest, in hight twelve cubits, isreserved alive; that with him Corineus, who desired nothing more, might tryhis strength, whom in a Wrestle the Giant catching aloft, with a terrible huggbroke three of his Ribs: Nevertheless Corineus, enraged, heaving him up bymain force, and on his shoulders bearing him to the next high rock, threwhim hedlong all shatter'd into the sea, and left his name on the cli, calledever since Langoemagog, which is to say, the Giant's Leap.

Michael Drayton's Poly-Olbion preserves the tale as well:Amongst the ragged Cleeves those monstrous giants sought:Who (of their dreadful kind) t'appal the Trojans broughtGreat Gogmagog, an oake that by the roots could teare;So mighty were (that time) the men who lived there:But, for the use of armes he did not understand(Except some rock or tree, that coming next to land,He raised out of the earth to execute his rage),He challenge makes for strength, and oereth there his gage,Which Corin taketh up, to answer by and by,Upon this sonne of earth his utmost power to try.

Oak treesTwo ancient oak trees near Glastonbury Tor in Somerset, southern England, arenamed Gog and Magog.[62][63]There are also a pair of very old oak trees named Gog and Magog anking a roadnear Glanvilles Wootton in Dorset, Southern England.[64][65]

Gog Magog HillsMain article: Gog Magog Downs


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"Gog and Magog givingPaddy a Lift Out of the Mire."From Punch magazine, 1849.Here the giants stand forLondon, said to be assistingIreland after the famine bypurchasing land to improvetrade.[67]

The Gog Magog Downs are about three miles south of Cambridge, said to be themetamorphosis of the giant after being rejected by the nymph Granta (i.e. theRiver Cam). The dowser Thomas Charles Lethbridge claimed to have discovered agroup of three hidden chalk carvings in the Gogmagog Hills. This allegeddiscovery is described at length in his book Gogmagog: The Buried Gods,[66] inwhich Lethbridge uses his discoveries to extrapolate a primal deity named 'Gog'and his consort, 'Ma-Gog', which he believed represented the Sun and Moon.Although his discovery of the chalk gures in the Gogmagog Hills has beendogged by controversy, there are similarities between the name and nature of thepurported 'Gog' and the Irish deity Ogma, or the Gaulish Ogmios.Magog in IrelandWorks of Irish mythology, including the LeborGabla renn (the Book of Invasions), expand onthe Genesis account of Magog as the son ofJapheth and make him the ancestor to the Irishthrough Partholn, leader of the rst group tocolonize Ireland after the Deluge, and adescendant of Magog, as also were the Milesians,the people of the 5th invasion of Ireland. Magogwas also the progenitor of the Scythians, as well asof numerous other races across Europe andCentral Asia. His three sons were Baath, Jobhath,and Fathochta.[68]

Rock formationsWestern AustraliaMt Magog, the third-highest peak in WesternAustralia's Stirling Range, stands near Mt Gog, asmaller peak.[69]

TasmaniaIn northern Tasmania, two large dolerite hillsoverlooking the Mersey River are named Gog andMagog. They form part of Gog Range, and mark the opening of the gorge throughwhich the river ows.New Zealand


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On Stewart Island/Rakiura, New Zealands third largest island, is the RakiuraNational Park. There are two large granite exfoliation domes named Gog andMagog, part of the remote Fraser Peaks.ColoradoTwo rock outcroppings visible from Manitou Springs, Colorado, are named afterthe two giants.British ColumbiaGog and Magog are also names given to two rock formations near Friendship Col,2000 feet above the Alpine Club of Canada's Fairy Meadows hut in the northernSelkirk Mountains of British Columbia, Canada.

ReferencesCitations

^ a b c d Van der Toorn, p.3741.^ a b Van der Toorn, p.5362.^ Genesis 10(http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+10&version=NIV)

3.

^ 1 Chronicles 5(http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1%20Chronicles%205&version=NIV)

4.

^ Boe, p.765.^ Ezekiel 38-39(http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel%2038-39&version=NIV#en-NIV-21465). Fordiscussion of uncertainties over thetranslation of this passage, see Block,pp.432 .

6.

^ Boe, p.927.^ a b c d Blenkinsopp, p.1788.^ Block, pp.426-4279.

^ Eichrodt, p.518 fn.e, and Block,p.439

10.

^ Block, p.43611.^ Speiser, E.A. (1968) Oriental andBiblical Studies.

12.

^ Block, pp.439-44013.^ Ezekiel 39:1114.^ Boe, pp.144-15015.^ Boe, p.15316.^ a b Boe, p.17817.^ Boe, p.17318.^ Boe, pp.175-17619.^ Boe, p.187, 18920.^ Boring, p.20921.^ Revelation 20:7-10(http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation%2020&version=NIV)

22.

^ Mounce, p.37223.^ Qur'an, Surat 18, Al-Kahf (The Cave)(http://quran.com/18)

24.


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^ Bietenholz, pp.12225.^ "History of the Goths: Historia deregibus Gothorum, Wandalorum etSuevorum" (http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.html?term=Isidorus,%20archbp.%20of%). History of the Goths byIsidore of Seville. "goths descendedfrom Gog and Magog"

26.

^ Isidore (Bishop of Seville.). Historyof the Kings of the Goths, Vandals, andSuevi (http://books.google.com/books?id=8X_5GgAACAAJ). E.J. Brill.

27.

^ a b Van der Toorn, p.37528.^ Christensen, p.4429.^ Isidore's Etymologiae, IX, 2.27, 2.8930.^ Derry, p.129 (fn)31.^ Bietenholz, pp. 125-12632.^ Brook (2006), pp. 78, 9633.^ Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidayah wa'l-Nihayah(The Beginning and the End)

34.

^ Ibn Kathir, "Stories of the Prophets",page 54. Riyadh, SA Maktaba Dar-us-Salam, 2003

35.

^ Schultze (1905), p. 23.36.^ Fordham edu.com: "The MedievalJewish Kingdom of the Khazars,740-1259": the Khazar correspondence(http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/khazars1.html)

37.

^ Marshall, pp. 12, 120122, 14438.

^ Unknown (13571371). "XXIX"(http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext97/tosjm10.txt) (.txt). The Travels of SirJohn Mandeville. Retrieved2009-03-11. "In that same region bethe mountains of Caspian that mencrepe Uber in the country. Betweenthose mountains the Jews of tenlineages be enclosed, that men clepeGoth and Magoth and they may not goout on no side. There were enclosedtwenty-two kings with their people,that dwelled between the mountains ofScythia. There King Alexander chasedthem between those mountains, andthere he thought for to enclose themthrough work of his men."

39.

^ H. A. R. Gibb and C. F. Beckingham,trans. The Travels of Ibn Baa, A.D.13251354 (Vol. IV). London: HakluytSociety, 1994 (ISBN 0904180379), pg.896

40.

^ Gibb, pg. 896, footnote #3041.^ Gow, ch.342.^ "The Essence of Islm, Vol. III"(http://www.alislam.org/books/essence3/essence-3.pdf) (PDF).Retrieved 2010-10-07.

43.

^ a b Tafseer e Kabeer(http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=403&region=T4&CR=),English version(http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=1474&region=E1)

44.

^ Commentary on Surah Al-Lahab(http://www.alislam.org/ror/April_2006.pdf#page=47)

45.


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^ "Dictionary of Quran"(http://www.alislam.org/quran/dictionary/dictionary_quran.pdf)(PDF). Retrieved 2010-10-07.

46.

^ "Islam and Communism"(http://www.alislam.org/library/books/Islam%20and%20Communism-20080615MN.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved2010-10-07.

47.

^ Ahmadiya English translation ofQuran chapter: that describesDhul-Qarnain king (Esfandiar or Dariusthe Great) building the dam at theCaspian Gates (Darial Gorge) to Blocgog and Magog (the Goths orCaucasian race), Moses travels inSearch of Knowledge(http://www.muslim.org/english-quran/ch018-e.pdf)

48.

^ "Surah A-Lahab Commentary"(http://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=2905&region=E1&CR=EN,E2&CR=EN,E2). Alislam.org.Retrieved 2010-10-07.

49.

^ Mikraot Gedolot HaMeor p.40050.^ Zechariah (Tanach). Brooklyn, NewYork: ArtScroll. 1996. p. 1424.

51.

^ (http://hashem1.net/index.php?p=400&sn=%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9A%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92.htm) "The Attempt to turnNapoleon into Gog and Magog","Hashem1.net" (Israeli religiouswebsite in Hebrew)

52.

^ Paul Boyer (1992). When Time ShallBe No More: Prophecy Belief inModern Culture. Cambridge, MA: TheBelknap Press of Harvard University.p. 162.

53.

^ Heidi Szpek (2002). Voices from theUniversity: The Legacy of the HebrewBible. Writers Club Press.

54.

^ Christopher Marsh (2011). Religionand the state in Russia and China:suppression, survival, and revival. NewYork, NY: The Continuum InternationalPublishing Group.

55.

^ Islam and the Bah' Faith, MoojanMomen, p. 125, published by GeorgeRonald, 200, ISBN 0-85398-446-8

56.

^ Sneyd, Mary. "Agog over Bush'scomments on Gog and Magog"(http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/08/agog_over_bushs_comments_on_go.html). Cleveland Live LLC. Retrieved 16October 2012.

57.


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^ (French) Jocelyn Rochat, "Ce ventde Gog qui nous vient dAmrique"(http://www3.unil.ch/wpmu/allezsavoir/ce-vent-de-gog-qui-nous-vient-damerique), Allez savoir !, no. 39,September 2007.

58.

^ (French) Jocelyn Rochat, "George W.Bush et le Code Ezchiel"(http://www3.unil.ch/wpmu/allezsavoir/george-bush-et-le-code-ezechiel), Allezsavoir !, no. 39, September 2007.

59.

^ (French) Jocelyn Rochat, "JacquesChirac confrime un scoop d'Allezsavoir !", Allez savoir !, no. 45,September 2009, p. 3.

60.

^ Gog and Magog(http://www.lordmayorsshow.org/visitors/history/gogmagog) at the LordMayor's Show: ocial website.Retrieved August 3, 2007.

61.

^ http://www.hedgedruid.com/trees/62.^ http://www.glastonbury-pilgrim.co.uk/gog-and-magog-trees-glastonbury.php

63.

^ http://www.streetmap.co.uk/idnewprint.srf?x=368610&y=109643&z=115&sv=368610,109643&st=4&ar=Y&mapp=idnewprint.srf&searchp=ids.srf&dn=767&ax=368610&ay=109643&lm=0,

64.

^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/domesday/dblock/GB-368000-108000/page/13,

65.

^ "Gogmagog: The Buried gods"(http://www.tc-lethbridge.com/anthological_review/gogmagog/).Tc-lethbridge.com. Retrieved2010-10-07.

66.

^ Leslie Williams, W. H. A. Williams,Daniel O'Connell, the British Press,and the Irish Famine, Ashgate, 2003 ,p.311.

67.

^ Heller, Jason. "Deeper Into MusicWith Glenn Danzig | Music | Interview"(http://www.avclub.com/content/node/57114). The A.V. Club. Retrieved2010-03-27.

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^ "Mt Magog"(https://maps.google.com/maps/place?q=Mount+Magog,+Stirling+Range+National+Park,+Western+Australia,+Australia).Maps.google.com. 1970-01-01.Retrieved 2012-10-18.

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ots=jWwMpOo82A&sig=AhyAv80oPI5Zni4DPv0x3TTNx0Y&hl=en&ei=F8rDTZezH42GvAPyzIibAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false). Brill.Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1996). A history of prophecy in Israel(http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6P9YEd9lXeAC&pg=PR4&dq=The+prophetic+literature:+an+introduction++By+David+L.+Petersen&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q=Gog%20and%20Magog&f=false). Westminster John Knox Press.Block, Daniel I. (1998). The Book of Ezekiel: chapters 25-48(http://books.google.com.au/books?id=uYemhagtCpgC&pg=PA478&lpg=PA478&dq=The+Book+of+Ezekiel:+chapters+25-48+Daniel+Isaac+Block&source=bl&ots=n29kaAIQws&sig=oQBxUj23DnJXsyIq9LVEmILuglY&hl=en&ei=0d_BTczGL42gvgP7naGjBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false). Eerdmans.Be, Sverre (2001). Gog and Magog: Ezekiel 38-39 as pre-text for Revelation19,17-21 and 20,7-10 (http://books.google.com/books?id=vettpBoVOX4C&pg=PA91&dq=Gog+Magog+Gyges&hl=en&ei=19s0TbqqEYmIvgPF7JnqCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Gog%20Magog%20Gyges&f=false). Mohr Siebeck.Boring, Eugene M (1989). Revelation (http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FVRIOJVkg7cC&pg=PP4&lpg=PP4&dq=Boring+Revelation&source=bl&ots=wzKoGuVeY0&sig=3wUxZgY8Bj5ba-EamFfUMWnFT8I&hl=en&ei=Q4vCTeeTBoHGvQPb5MXDAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false).Westminster John Knox Press.Brook, Kevin A (2006). The Jews of Khazaria. Rowman&Littleeld.Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd. "The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8"(http://books.google.com.au/books?id=DAyzzK7COmoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+book+of+Ezekiel+and+its+inuence&source=bl&ots=lBes1rP_Tb&sig=h3txGLa63DdxqjCvTA4dI0AAr74&hl=en&ei=IyB_TaiQMo6kuAO05-nYBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false). in de Jonge, H.J;


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Tromp, Johannes (2007). The book of Ezekiel and its inuence. AshgatePublishing.Christensen, Arne Sby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes, and the History of theGoths: Studies in a Migration Myth (http://books.google.com.au/books?id=AcLDHOqOt4cC&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=Cassiodorus,+Jordanes,+and+the+History+of+the+Goths&source=bl&ots=exBLTysOef&sig=zzdiTO_t1AFZWnEmHfI91WR0HwM&hl=en&ei=L0fDTa73FIvCvQPL9qSrAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q&f=false). MuseumTusculanum Press.Derry, T.K (1979). A history of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark,Finland, and Iceland (http://books.google.com/books?id=eDh5z2_K_S0C&pg=PA129&dq=Christina+Magog&hl=en&ei=3UvDTcGrKou8uwOxy_yvAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Christina%20Magog&f=false).University of Minnesota Press.Gow, Andrew Colin (1995). The red Jews: antisemitism in an apocalyptic age,1200-1600 (http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Yp5O_rPI7nsC&dq=The+red+Jews+google+books&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=6z3DTdzIHZKGvAPl_PCxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&sqi=2&ved=0CGIQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q&f=false). Brill.Marshall, Robert (1993). Storm from the East: from Ghengis Khan toKhubilai Khan (http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YQleM5Yc0VAC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=Robert+Marshall+Storm+from+the+East&source=bl&ots=b-5aBbPbqr&sig=7qxUTYOdZGqPPvR-8EYGRP4iHbM&hl=en&ei=v93DTYmgCYWEvgPQn5GgAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false). BBCBooks.Mounce, Robert H (1998). The Book of Revelation(http://books.google.com.au/books?id=06VR1JzzLNsC&pg=PP4&lpg=PP4&dq=The+Book+of+Revelation+Robert+H.+Mounce&source=bl&ots=ulSNoeNkM5&sig=T4rKqHA_zmd6uDMpVfCjo1DJB-U&hl=en&ei=s4nCTbHJNou2vQOw7JnMAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CGEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false). Eerdmans.


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Petersen, David L (2002). The prophetic literature: an introduction(http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Z9zLXRhNl9MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+prophetic+literature:+an+introduction++By+David+L.+Petersen&source=bl&ots=x2l4xWqd5q&sig=dxUaoRtrkNXw5NHPlCsLLMIe4D0&hl=en&ei=SuIrTZaqOYOAvgPcqpmQCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false). John Knox Press.Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter, eds. (1999).Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible (http://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false). Brill.Westrem, Scott D. "Against Gog and Magog" (http://books.google.com.au/books?id=PdEywwxcQ0wC&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=The+last+place+that+Johannes+Witte+de+Hese+vists&source=bl&ots=J9Sh0vnVnd&sig=rBW1C9CTLCXQPSvHl7-BTf6LfBg&hl=en&ei=4WTCTarqLsTHrQek5MT2Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false). in Tomasch,Sylvia; Sealy, Gilles (1998). Text and territory: geographical imagination inthe European Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press.Hosein, Imran N. (2009). An Islamic View of Gog and Magog in the ModernWorld (http://imranhosein.org/media/books/ivgmmw.pdf).

External linksAgog over Bush's comments on Gog and Magog (http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2009/08/agog_over_bushs_comments_on_go.html)Yajuj wa Ma'juj (Gog and Magog) according to Islam(http://www.islamawareness.net/Yajuj/)

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Gog and Magog

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