8 'i

LOAN CqpY:' RETURN

'KIRTLAND AFB, N. MT AFWL TECHNICAL LIBR a

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MkRCtT 1972

PACE FClGK

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GODBARD s T '.!

GREENBELT, MARYLAND I

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https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19720020704 2019-03-28T16:47:52+00:00Z

TECH LIBRARY KAFB. NM

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. X-524-72-125

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hlnrch 1972

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I - , .. CODDNlI> W A C 2 ir'I.ICllT CENTER

Grcunbclt, hlarylnrid

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and hIr. Rober t Blankcnship, launch and r e c o v e r y crews, for t h e i r work i n hnndlit?g t 111: cspcr i mcnt payload.

Dcsiqo nnd CoiIStruction of thc ground t r n c k ’ IF; s:ntion, and drctn nnnlysis v:ere pcr-

formcd by t h e a a l h o r s .

Rosscy for des ign of the ground tracking mount , XIr. Frs:k lh~olcy Coy design of tbc?

t r i insmi t tc r oplo-mcchsnicnl system, and h l r . \Villlam Sch:wfc~r for Jcslgn of the ground tracking mount scrvo ::ys!em. hlr, David Grolc!nlund and b!r. J o h n Iditrmer of t?onclAx Corpurntlon wcrc nlso major coritributors to thc m:rintennncc nnd opcrnlion of t h e g iound station In the clcc!ro-optical sgstcms nrczt.

Thc nu:hor8 w u l d likc lo csprcs: .hen apprcciatIon to hlr. IVoltcr Carr . .m. C’hief of thc Lm.-r I k t n Systcins Armcti, Dr. I k n r y Plolkirl, Assoclnle Chief of the Advnnced Dcvctopmcnl Division, ancl Dr. R o k r t Conks, Chief of the Advnnccd Dcvclopmcnt IJivisLan, Tor t l w l r nsslslunce and support throughout thc c s p t r i m c n t .

hlcnibcrs of car s t n f f who J ~ ’ 5 c r v c spccisi note a r c hIr. Calvin

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TAFLf: OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1 IN TROD CJ C TI ON

SECTJON 2

S U M h1.4 it Y

SECTION 3

DESClG*.’TION O F EQUIPhlENT

3.1 DAPE PASLOAD . . . v . . 3.1.1 GENERAL I~EscIwrm OF PA:LON) . . . . 3.1.2 ELEVA’I‘ION AXIS ANI) OPTICAL DETECTOR

SYS’l LhIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 1 . 5 QUAEItANT STAR ‘ I X A C I X ~ ~ . . . . . . . . . 3.1.4 ATTI’I’UDE STABILIZATION SYSTEM . . . . . 3.1.5 CONDOM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2 Tii L‘ Ithl usom E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 FLIC I1T v E li I c LE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3.1 I3ALLOOh’ CIIAHAC’TIII~ISTICS . . . . . . . 3.3.2 LOAD H A l i AND 1tIC:CING . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 E x P r a r m N r sim AND FLIGHT m ” E . ,

3.4 GROUND TRACKING STATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 LASER TRANSAIITTER SYSTEM . . . . . . .

TRAClilNC hlOL!NT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 3 . 4 . 3 TELEhl ETRY, PAYLOAI) C(?hlblAND, A:W

DATA IcECOItDING S’I’STE31 - IPEFKIIENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SECTION 4

CHRONOLOGY OF EXPERIhl.t;NT

SECTION 5

DATA IWDCCTION

5.1 TIIERhIOS0NI)E DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 hlETHOD OF OPTICAL DATA REDUCTION . . . . . . . .

1-1

3-1

3-5 3-b

2-11 3-12 3-1F

3-18

3-1 6

3-21 3-21

3-29 3-29

3-39

3-43

3-49

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5-4

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TABLE OF CONTEPI'TS (Cont)

1% ra gr n ph PaRe 5-6

6-1 6-8

6 -9

G-22

c 23 6-35 6-36 6-38

6-39

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OI'TICAL DATA L'OIXTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 6

D?\ TI\ A N I\ LYb I S

Vl<XTICXL PHOFILE.OF'TCltI3ULUNCE . . . . . . . . . 1tEFEItb:NCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LOG-Ahll'LITL'DI? VAIIIANCI: AND SCINTILLATiON . . . I{EFE:II:NCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COJU~ELATION COEFFICIENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . I1 I.: 1'1; I{ EN CE S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S T . . , * , V . 1 3 ' 1 1 1 ' I D r . . \ t 7 1 7 1 > h # T l ~ ~ ? T\C SC'XJT11 1 4TrnN i L : . * I ; L \ , . . A . ... L A \ . . " - . u v* _.a. .-. _.-_.

REFFRENCLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A 1:1'OCOI{HI1 I A T l O N 01,' IHHADIANCE AND PO\\'EII S 1' I< C A L U I.: h' S ! T Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11: ; 1'1: I { 1 3 (21;s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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i SI.:CTlON 7

CON c L liSlOSS

APPENDLY A

UPI'EH A.d DA' lA

API'ENDU[ 1u EVALUATION 01' LCC-AAl PLITUDE

. COR It E LA TI ON COE 1: I' IC I E N T

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1. INTRODUCTION

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wi:h ir,adoquotc supportive data to in te rpre t tho rcsu l to . Not.\blc cxccpt lons :o thla

stnte ofaffairs nrc the work of hfikcscll nnd ffrng , PrOth(?roCG, Young7, Ih111scY

Coulman', m d Inter, Fufton''. Exczpt for thc titudlcs r i i n d ~ uslng astronoiirIcal

sources, n e a r l y all of thc cxpcrinieiital nttcmpts to vcrlfy Ihcory have bccn nipdc over hcrizont;~! propngction ranges. If 1) r ~ v i e w of the proporti& of work ptdorliicd

o n horizontal rnnges compared to vcrtiLni propngution pnths w r c "I, i t would re- vcnl that while t!misands of cxpcr lmcnts h o v c bccn prrforiiicd owr horlf,oiilnl ranges , alniost n0thi.W has kcn done to mt'asurc the effects of ninicisphcrlc lurliulci~!c on n lnscr beam pronngallng ove: n ver t lcn l p:ilh.

"hen worlc on thc s tudy of ntmospher lc t u r b u l t w x was stnrtctd nl GSFC, by thu nuliiors, 11 :)ocomc q-p:ircnt aftcr R short iimount of study that the tll('(Jrc!tiCnl prcdlctions of turbulence cffccrs were bcirig odcquntelg pursued by orhcr ngcnclrx nnd orjirtnlzrilinnt?

and hat thc nrea \vtiich was mort in nccd of invcsllgnlion \viis I h i - cxpcriiircntril vcr l i l - catlon of existing lhcory. elfCrtE: qrc !in~pc! u y n t h o ctnto nf ntmr. :phcric turhulcncc, n dcvulopmcnt prournm .

w s i s:nrted t o build a scnsory Jc\ticc capnlAc of directly mcrisurlng ttie n ~ n t c .Jf tur- bulence. Thc outconic ol' lhls cffort was the thcrmosoiidc, n Iighhvctght clcrlronlc

dcvice cop:ibIc of being bornc aloft by o sniiill w n t h c r I~nlloon to rncnfiurc rhc strite of t-:rbulcncc nt nll i lucicn t i l l O i t , ( 1 0 0 fcct, \vc l l nhow the litst hi[:nlficiif it l i ~ r l ~ t t t ~ ~ t ~ ~ c ,

I9t;8, fr!tcrcst i n l n m r p r o p : i ~ : : i t i o n was nt I t . . p c n k , unci ni:tii\' ~ I Y M I ~ S N I : I X ~ c.ontiitlc-rrri):

nwthods of nrc:isuring t u r l ~ u l t ~ n c c in t h e " p p " itlnlosphc-re. I ~ - ; . c ~ i t i ~ - ! of 11i~.I I' ~d,i l iry to

rciic!, high ult i t i i t fcs ftnd ~xcnusc they jicncrrjtc no olmosplic:rlc turbulcncu, the* tiulhors were at t h i s tlmc conolderlnfi m e n i l i t s modo from high-iiltitude rcntrnrrti bnlloons. Hccmse of our Iuterest in bnllaons ns n vchlclc for turbulenrc rnenriurctnontc;, thc Ofllco of Advanced l i c s c n r c h nnd Tcchnology fonvardcd lo uti u prcymsnl by tl:b Sylvanin Eluc l ronic Systoms, IVcsturn Divislon lo pcrlonn n ncr1cR o f belloon-bornu 1mwr

propngotion csper in icn ts . The outcomo of thlr: proposal w m tho oxperlnicnt doscrltwd In thls report.

The expcrl) i rcnl , whlch WIW : itlcd "I3alloo~ Almo6ptiorlc Prtrpngntion Expurimc,nt" (OAPE). was p r r f o r m e d rat M'hitc Sends Mlssilo h n g c I n the fsl1 01 1970, nnd le to

this date the only cont ro l led measurement of lnsor prclpngnllon over n vcr i ica l pnth. The e x p e r l m c n t was repcntcd in 1971 nl tho snmu locnilon nnd thc !wo f l l f ; l r i trorios I1ctvo

k c n nnmcd UAPE I and DAPE 11 to dis t inguish botween thcm. Tb.18 repori wi l l dcscribo only the datu obtained in UAPE: 1.

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Bccairsc n l l of thc thcorct icnl prcdic3loris of tlrc opllcul

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T h o exper iment plan was to rwnsure the op!icnl e f f e c t s of turbulcncc over n ver t ica l niitfi while a i the s a m e t i m e measur ing , with the thermosondc , the dis?r ibut lon of turbulcncc along the path. In th i s mnnner , thc opt ical effccts prct i ic t rd by theory ctxlltl be conipared to thc nicnsured rcsOlLs in si effort to verify the vnliclity of

thcory. theory, but h a s confirnicd miiny of thc existing prrdictto*.,.

T h e cspcr ln icn t hss not u n c o v e r 4 any phcnc>mena In contrndict ion lo c:,isting \Ye fcc.1 thnt nlthough somc

ncw nnd iriicspccWI phcnomrnon mlght p w h z p s be n.ore drnmntlc, our confirmiition of cs i st ing p :cd ict i o n s is nrtrrnlly niorc const rue: i v c .

To l h l s tlritc :hcrc cvvc bccn only t.,rcc succe!jsful c t t c m p t s to n i s n s u r c thc chnrncter- ifillcs o f lnser prcJpnKntIon bet\rccn hfound atid spnuc.

foriiicd by l h c authors, s tnr t ing w l t h the GL'OS I1 h s ? r Ilctcctor Esperlmcrlt and fol- lowed by thc l3.APL 1 and IhU't.; I[ cspcrimrnts .

flrrir tile p r d i c t i o n s Of cxisLin& thcoi,y wl1t.i:. lhc l i m t t s of thc CXpc!rillii!ni

thc importnncc of this ficld of inurst isal ion lo the dcvc~lopnicnt o? the lover ns 8 com-

mari,cnt ions tool nnd t,cmusc of tlir tlerr,ons~rnted succcss of bnllooc-borne inst rumen- t O l i 0 1 1 tis n nrcnnv or obtnini!ig nttnospheric propngntior. data, future cxper iqwnts of ti..^ type ore bcmg plnnrtcd.

Tho tmlloon-borne cspcri rncnt rkscrikd in the stibscqucnl sections of lh is rcport con-

stitutes thc tirst 4 t * f i n l t i u c sct of I n w r c1at:i (m ihc cffccts of atmosphcr'lc turbulcncc o v t ~ r n vc.rtic.:tl o r iit-:ir-vtxtic:il path.

i ~ x ~ : t ! i ~ i ~ ~ f u I piwlict ions of lnscr sys lcm pcrf.orriirincc rind drttn u h l v h cstnbllshcs the

ut@lity :in(! 1itnit;ctitiiis of voricws pro1iriK:otion thwrk*s.

trint cxper lmenl %l.l!h fnr-reaching conscqucnccs.

Ihciicolly ~ l i c ab)cc.tivc of the expcr imcnt wns to propognto two lnRc?r twanis, onc nrgon (!;l-:SA ) iintl onc CO, ( 1 0 . G ~ ) . over n vcrticnl prith from &.ground to rccdvcrs 10-

C i l t s 4 tibow the ntniosptiere, and to n ~ c ~ ~ s u r e lhc Hcintillstion of the upgolng bcnins.

Sir1iultnnco:is mcwurcnicnts 01 t h e ~tiite of turbulvnce along the path silow thc scln- tIll:itlon statistics to bo compairc' on the basis o f cx ia t lng thcory to the cxpetimcnl '

rcsults. T h i s tjpc of m p c r i m e n t has four Importsnt results:

All Of t h e m hnvc beell per-

.'hc results of 111-sc , x p c t i m r n t s con- n c ? ! l U S C Of

A s such, !he cspcr in icn t providcc' the b a s i s lor

Tt icrcforo, t h l s wns nn iniyor-

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1. 'rhc m c a s u r c m c n t s of sclnLillntlon arc directly nppllctrble to estinlntlon of sctnriilailon of cnrth-to-space Iascr ' l inks .

Tbc I ~ I C I * U ~ C ~ ~ C O ~ S of t1.e s h t c of turbulcncc prot-idc ncw dntn OP thr stanto of n f m o s p h c r f c Lurbulcncc, no dircct experimental data on Lurbulcncc n h v e

3.5 I ni (i0,OOO ft) WRS nvallnblc prior lo Lhc espertmcnt.

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7. Young, A . T. , Dhotonictric Error Analyc's, VI11 Tlw 'l'cmpo: 01 Powcr Sixcctrwn of Scintillatiuc, Apiilicd Optics , Vol . 8 , No. 5 (hlay l!l(j9), pp. 869-8!)1,

I iamsey. J . V. , nncl Kol):cr, I t . , A Slcllar Ini:igc hlontkw, Olxcrovntory, Vu!. 82 (JUIIC 152?), pp. 107-111.

Coulmnn. C . E . , Oplical Iiiia[:c Quality i n a Turbulcnl Ati:iotlpherc, J . <\,)tlr:al S O C . A n i . , Vol . 65, No. 7 (July i9(S), pp. 866-812.

Ijufton, J. L . , A n lnvestlgation of Atinosplicric 'l'url)uicncc by SLC1l;ir 0lxmW-i- tions, NASA 'Tli Il-3G9 (AUK 1971).

8.

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10.

1-6

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2. SUI\!~IAIIY

T h i s sec t ion providos n brief synops is of the res,.lts froth I h o 13:illoon r\tinosplic.ric

Propagation 15xperiincn'. \

'Thc ver t ica l prof i le of lurbulcncc in the f i r s t G Itm of 1 1 ~ ~ 3 i i i t .qh:rc ivrts found t o be n :w roxini nt cly

2 - ~ lo-14 h-1/3 - h / I O O O -113 c I I1 . 'N -

0 ?'hc.Io~-amplitutlc vnr i i tnw :1t -15

0. 5145 pni and 0. 00510 a t 10. 6 pni. w n s found t o bo within e',';, of that p red ic ted by t h e 7 / G pcnvcr Iw. T h e snniplc log-

anipl i tude vnrintxc w:is i tscl f a random v:irinble w i t h n log-norninl distrilnition nnti ii

s tnndard tlcviation of Inz. 'I his indicnrcs t i m rne srrcnKtii oi' turbuicncc viiriCu w i t h

time in the snn ic 1:innncr.

Log-nnipfitudr coveri i tncc w a s m e a s u r e d and the corrc1:it i o i r Icngtlis wcrr found to be, 1 I s ,

:IS p ~ ~ ~ i i c . i c t i 1)). tlicory, proport ional tb A^' -; the r . 5 ~ ( 1 1 thc (- ~rr i>l : i t ion I c n ~ t l i s tvns

cllso fotind t u be :IS prcdirtcd by theo-:. I n o r d e r to test t h i s I r i s t rcxl:itioiishi:i, n mclliod of :tpprosini:11 ilig lhc ntniosphcrc I > > . :I niiilti13!.t~r systc* in ol' turbu1cnc:c \v i i s

developed nnd used to prcdic t t h e corrclnticm lengths. 1301Ii [wrrcliition Icngth nnd

the sh:ipc of the corrc1:ition cocfficicnt predictc ' by this p r w c d u r c sho\v clusc cor- respondence to rncasurcd v ' .I 1 ues.

i 'sing t h e abovc Incthod, o p e r t u r e averaging f o r large npcrt i r rcs is coniputr*d nnd shown to bb in close ngreenicn t ivith o t h e r tilc:!wis of' obtnining :tpe~*lura nvlariigiiig fiictors.

Autocorrc ln t ion of i r r a d i n n c c and power s p e c t r a l dens i ty wcrc menstared nnd conipiircd

to predic tcd results. cates that t h e tempori l l bohnvior o: thc scint i l la t ion can be obtnlned f r o m It knowletlgc of t h c height of the tu r lwlcnce l a y e r s and t t e i r wind spcwts.

The r e s u l t s of [lie espcr in icn t r e p r e s e n t a f a i r l y coniplctc invcstigntion of the sc in t i l - la t ion e f fec ts of a t m o s p h e r i c turbulence o v e r II v e r t i c a l pnth, n l t l i o u ~ h much r e m a i n s to

Ix? m e a s u r e d . Wc h w c found no p s r a m c t e r which does not Iinvc t h e 111ngnitudc rlnd t.: w i o r p i r d i c t c d by theory. R e s u l t s of thc experimc!it t c n c l to conl i rn i tlm vt~l id i ty of p r e s e n t prcd lc t lons of lhc e f fec ts of a tn iospher lc lurbulctico.

frc.,ii i.etiith h:id :Jn :ii'crtt&v vctluo ol' 0 . l ! )S r t t

Rlcnsurcd \v:ivclct ;:11i tlqwntli~ncc o f sr.intillntion

A closc a g r e e m e n t between thcorcliccil and nicnsuwd vnlues indi-

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3. 1. 1 G E N L l t A I , ! ~ ~ ~ S C l t l l y ~ l O N (31.' PAYI,OAI>

' l ' l l ~ 13Apl.: payload sho\\n 111 1 ~ 1 g i i r c s 3-1 nnd 3-2 conslstcd uf :In ol'tlcn! rcwcit 'cr SyR-

l c * r i i 1.1 : I I ~ invertcd nziniulii-c~lcvrltloll ginibnl systcni . 'The clcvnllon :LXIS ( ~ e i ' .VIgurc

3-3) contains f o u r optic31 rccclvcrs, a star tracker, scrvo clcctroiilc~, nnd tno C U I K ~ corner retroreflectors. I t is ptvotcti on b e a r i n g s supported by the ;17.iniutti K I I T I I J : I I ; ind

drlvcri by a dc torquer thrvugh clcvntion anglcs from -2G to -90 iIcgrc.<.s. 'The wiiiiutli

glnibal supports the elcvat lon n.is and connccts 11 to thc nz imuth axis. 'l'hc Inrp. bos-

shnpcd section or the azin,~t l i gi i i i l~nl conta ins bnttorics tclcmctry v n c d c r s , r:nd o1hc.r

P I ~ C ! ~ G ~ A C S for the opcrntioii nf tlic scrvo sys tcn i . Tlicsc c l c c t r o n i c s nrc contw:tid by

n cnklc wrap to thc c l e w t l o n 1~x18. Above the ns imuth ginibel is t h r nziniuth k n r i n g nnd slip r ing assci i ibly which provides continuous rotnt ion in the aziniuth tfircctlon and oIccLric&l connection to tho gondola. A dc torquer, t achomctcr , clutch, and azliiiu~h c i i c ~ d r ~ m e a t tachcd to the top of thc nzimutli bcnring and slip r ing asscmbiy Lo coni- plctc the az imuth drivc system. T h e Gondola (SCW p:irng'rnph 3.1-5) provides n frnnir-

work for support ing the componcnts attachcsd bclow Llic nziniuth axis and for s u p p i r l i n g lhc bnttcry b s c s . I t corislsts of thrcc arms connected nt t h c i r i n n c r ends Lo the de- vnllon n...s and at thcir outcr rnds to the battery boscs. Thc bnt tc ry boxes contniu thc

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3-1

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SUPPORT CABLES

SLIP RINGS AND AZIMUTH BEARINGS

AZIMUTH DR!YE SERVO

A Z I W T H GIMBAL

;--h(3VAaLE MlRRO? T C 2 TPACdER

F i g u c 3-1. DAI'E Payload

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Ftgpre 3-2. EAPE Payload

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battcrics ncccssary to txwcr the, 1)nyload na well ns I;clcmctry and clcctronlcs s y s t c ~ s .

Thc mass of the hcnvy bnttcrirs on Lii<l cnc!s of the arms acts as pn Incrtis fly\\ hcc-l aga ins t which the n7iniuth 33ils drives. SLruts connoclcd to thc Imttoni of thc bnttc*ry

boscs providc protection of the p:iyioad when it s l r i ' i c ~ the ground at tIic cnd of thc pr\rachutc tlc*sc.cnt. i)I~posnblc, c:o~'r~=gntcd cnrdbonrd criisli pads on thc bottom of thcsc s t r u t s nrc u:tcil to iibsorb tho energy of thc irnp:ict.

Figurc 3-5 shows the exterior of thr, elevation nsls.

The inovablc mirror vnrlcd Its p'jsltton f rom 4 cin to 100 cni with rcspcct LO t hc f L u d syskni . Tho moval)lc mir ro r travclrtf on prccision stainless stcc! rods using Thoirison ball bushings Lo rcducc frictional loading, niid was drlvcn by a gear liead

aervo motor. The locntion of thc inovablc mirrcr wnbi controlled by nn elcstricnlly opcrntcd sgslcm with r e r d o u l s at tho ground stntion to indicate mirror positions.

The clcctronfr syatrni for thc optical rccclvers was dcsigned Lo extract ulc almos- phcric modulntion on thc Imcr bcnm and convert I t to an analog ~ I g n n l of l -kl lz bnnd-

width. Siaco I t WRS dklrable to obscrvo low-lcvcl signals accurntfly. it was Ccce8- sary to cllmlnnto thc cffccts of background. Thcrcfore, thc laser. bcnm was choppal with a 50% on-off duty cycle at thc trnnsmitter nt a 6-kHz rate and transmtUed through tlic ntmosphcrc to the receiver, thus acquiring lhc atmosphcrc niodulntloo. Thc I:-.SCC

\

/ i

3 -5

w I 0

L .-, ._ 1 . . . 4 . ... ;, ..-_..*a -. --,., -

r ELEVATION AXIS FRAME

Figure 3-4. Optical Schematic, ElcvaIJoo Axis nnd Optical Dc&c:ors

. *

I .

Figure 3-5. Elr.varlon Axle. Esterlor

i

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I

i

e

. I

f

r c c c i v c r obscrvc-d both the. choppcd l a s c r bc.ani (wlth a tn iosphcr lc niotlulatlon) and a

slowly varying 1)ackgrourd nnd r C J C C k d Lhc backgrourd wIth a high-pnss flllcr. Th-. signal \vas rcturiwcl to thc round (vln the Lclcnrctry s y s k m ) . 1:IKurc 3-13 : . h o w the optlcnl r c c c l w r clcctronlc s y s k m .

/ /

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3-10

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CENTERED 7

Figure 3-7. Quadrant Dctccter Error Ytpnj!

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1

. . . ! . .

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3.1.4 ATTITUnE dTAi3II.I%ATION SYSTEM

To kccp the optlcnl rcccivi!rs continuously pointing nt the upcoming bt!nm,

ncccssary to mount tlicni wlthin two controllcd orthoponal s c s of an clewtion-under- nzlinuth configuration. Thr-se Rxc,q wcrc controlled fiom thc ground by way of the tip

tclcnicti-y link, and t l i c i r positions \ ~ c r e knov n at all tin;cs from data trnnsmitlcd on

the tlutvn tclcmelry l i n k i*t?ii disp1ayc.d for the opera tor on the ground. Once the up- coming bcum was acquircd by the cltiadrant star tracker, i t dcvelopcd aqiniuth and

it was

.clcvntion c r r o r sll:n:ils which wcrc ninplificd and npplicd to the sxial drives i n such a

way as ts maintnln the t islrunicnl pointing at the bcam. The positioning systcnl is

sho\vn i n Flkwrc 3-8.

To acquirc thc kclini Inltlnlly , the opcrntor utilized the ciivation and true b a r i n g data froin the bcnm polntlng cqulp..i~cnt. 1Ic first commanded the elevation n . s to clepress

by the sunc aiqlc thnr t!w 0.5145-pi laser bcam from the gr0ur.d trncliirig system wns

clevntcd. Next, he coinniand;.d nzin ith .axis of the payload to look along a true bearing that WRS thc reciprocnl of tho l ~ n r i n g from the ground tracking system to t h c balloon. \Vhcn tw:im Intcrccpllon did not occur, Ltic opcr..tor rontl~.ictL,; 11 scnrch through a sn?:ill zone about thls nomin:iI I)osltion I? c.Ifccl intcrccapl. An :iuto gatc circuit .automatically put thc attitude stnl .) i l lznlion systcrn into the nutonintic tracking inode wtwn thc bcani

\vas dt,tcctcd. An ovcrrltlc corninand H'ILS providcd i n order to break track on any uii-

d c s i r d energy ~ourcc 's .

The rclationship of the gontloln to magnetic north vias nicasured with n flux Late trans- mitter of the typa used l n gating alrcrnft dircctioml gyroscopes. For k s t accuracy and consistent opcrntion, tho dcvicc \vas iocated as f a r away from thc rest of t h e equlp- mcnt RS possible. For this rrnson, it tvas placed at nn outboard location on one of the gondola arms. T h u s , the flu.. gate transmittcr nieasurd tllc rclationsliip of the gondola with respoct to the earth. 'i'hc optical rcceivcr sj01eni \vas positioned in azi- m u t h with respect to the gondola and tho nngle between the two was mcasured by a syn- chro difkrcntlal trnnaformcr whicli \vas driven electricnlly from the flux gate trans- mitter. Thc output of the synchro differential was then tiic bearing of the opticnl rc- ceiver systcm with rcspoct to ningnctlc north. This output w a s converted to a dc nnolog voltago vhlch fed ti voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) in t h e telemetry system.

A sei\- repcatcr tahown In Flguro 3-8 accomplished this function.

. . *

3-11

.. . .

6

\ t t

. .,.

. I

F

. -1 , ' *

3.1.5 GONDOLA

Tho gondota (FIgurc 3-9) was the bnsic framc\vork for supporting the remnlnclcr of the systcmtl of Ihc balloon payload. I t conslstcd of uti n!ur.iinum glrdcr f rnniu 6upgorting tlio azimuth as19 and s l i p ring at its ccntcr, niid t!ic thrcc battery bows at Its cxtrcmi- ties. In nrEditIon to Its rolc a3 n franicwork t i i d a contnlncr for the b:ittcrl~*s, the gondola a l w nctcd as n rcnctlon ~'Iicil1 for tho scrvo system and as u protcctiva cage

for the more dclicato systems of tlrc pnyload. Becausc of Its function as prolcctivc cngc, it normally sustained sonic clnmngc in each flight nnd w s thcrcforo constructed

as simply as posslble lo facilitnto rcpnir. Corrcgated cnrdbomd c rush pad8 hclow

3-12

' . d . .

. .

. ,

. .. . . .' . . , . c

KDCiJT FRAME

EL POSITION DATA > - I

' L

I

/

I PoS '+MANUAL DRlVL SIGNAL

NEG- !

ii

I

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- - .- -

t

Q

a - WTOTRACK COMMAND

- AUTOTRACK ERROR

EL SERVO A M

MANUAL I

~ _ - - --- __ +$-A> 5s E I - 3.1,s-

FIguro 3-8. Positioning System

3-13/1

I

. . .

. . i

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.. . . . . . . .

. . .

FIguro 3-9. Gondola 1'ramowot-k

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. . . .

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i.

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c . . . '

cncli battory box absorbed most of the landing impact and were replnced after path

flighl. Tho top of tnc gondola was cquippcd with n roll cage to protect tho azimuth servo i n ttic avcnt of u rollover, and wtth sheet mctal covers to act as s u n shndcs as

wcll as deflectors f9r bnllaot dropped from the balloon.

The Kondoln was baslcnlly n hexwon21 parallelopi~.!d with n height of approximately 5 twl and width a c f m s Lhc flats of t h e hexagon of ~I ight ly less tha-r 10 feet. (Including tho por t s of \he aziniuth tind elevation nxos) approxinintely ':SO lbs. I h t -

terles were cnpnhlo of operating the payload for C hours. 1 h o gondola was suspended In flight by nino slecl cnbles (three f rom cach arm) which wom fastened lo a stccl 0-r lnr approximately 15 fcct abovc tl ic azimuth ~ 1 . y (see 1:igure 3-1).

"hid m e t h d of 8 r,port elfminqlc; the IEDding londs whlch would he itieurretl by a two-

or three-point suppor? , and prolocts the payload from dnmagc by the shock (.: thc pnra- c h u b opont ?g.

It weighed

The opllcal moa.mrcments performed have vnluo only for h e ad hoc conditions present dclrink! tho cxpurimcnts UnlrzJ thc atinospheric conditions are known ucll enough to

allovi 11 full un~.lorsLanding of tho turhlcnce effects nnd provide a rrnl coinparison with

vcrtical prop:igntion theory. Thls implies that not only the mocro-inc~orolr,6lcnl varinblcs suzh us wind s p e d and tem,wraturo a~ n function of nllttudo ciust l x Itnowa,

but I!iat nttcro-mcborologlcal vnrfablos such as t h G fluciuatiom In the tcniperaturc must also be known. The pqxoso of this secllon la to discuas tho mcasurenicnt basla, bchniquea, and nppra tus for the fast tompernture fluctuatlous.

For "clwir" wcnther, tho singlo parametor that describcs the atmosphere'P adverso effccte on 3ght propngatlon ifi thc structurc parameter of the Index of rofr d i o n . Thls titrccturo purnmetcr characterizes the index of refraction flucfunttous and cotora

into tilo theorotical description of tilc ntmosphcre's otfects 0.1 \If:ht prowatloi i ; that

is, vnrlnnco and covariance of eclntltlations , apcrtcre averaging, tranet.rlller operlure

dopondcnco, benm wander, boain spreod, and thtt phese-lront effccta.

Bulng a property of a gas (air) , tho indox of rofractlon flucluatlone CM d e p e d on lts constituents, its propauro. and ita tcmperaturo Experfmeatally, It hee Imon shown that the only deponc:onca on the conatltutuentfi la via tho deruity', whlch Is \bell known.

In addltion, tho pressure flUCtUnllOM 8ro nr~gllglhlo rolatlva to those of the tompdra- t u n . Therclore, the t e m p " fluctuallom taro directly relrM to those of ttm lodox of rofractlon.

1

1-5

B

3-16

\

i i

I

.-..i .._

F o r m a l l y , the Obukhov-Kolmogorov th-ory .I of turbulence states thnt t h e s t r u c t u r e

function of thc liidex of r c f r w t i o n behaves as

f o r p

nlt l tudc, and is valid only with I,<<p<<L,, uiid lito l ine jolning the nlcasurcnlcu t pair$ is pcrpciitliclllnr Lo tho win? direct ion.

x1 - x2 and C tlic indcx of r c f r x t t o n slructuio !mrnmc;er, whcrc Ir 18 the N

I n l ike IIIILIIIICP, thc t c m p c r n l u r c s t r u c t u r e function 7 i s

f o r p r c s s u r c (1’) i n mlllibnrs, tcnipcr:tturc (T) In d c g r e c s I(. , nod wavclei7;th ( A ) in p m .

A incnsurc t i ien l tcchniyut. that suggcsts itvclf (and la wldcly used in ground systems ) i s t o mount t w c fnst, ficmsitlvc scnsors in a I)riclI.yt :onfigurntion a t H known dist: inrc

a p a r t . Lly tiuihibly squnr ing and rivc-mgi!ng t lru o u t p u t , ttic tcrnpcrrituro stru~!urc func- fion is obC:iiwd. (h) nnd cx1u:ition (3)

i s uocd t o obtdin CN2 (h), us ing tfonsity t:iblt!s rind a s i r n u l t a n c w s inensurcmcnt of the t c m p e r e t u r c .

9-13

> \V!tti p known, c!qustion (2 ) I S t4scd Lo obluin C ?’ 6

Sons i t iv i ty , spocd, nnd uni formi ty of tho two fnst scnsors was of p r i m e impor tn .L‘u. lllgh signal Icvcls were Lvquircd to accurotoly i nonsu re DT2 and t h e sonsors Irnd to

hava mntchcd ton ipcra turo- rcs i s tnnce c u r v c s over t h e on t i r c rango of tempcricturcs to

bc monsurcdl*. With t u n - w i r e scnsors, ripccd WRA no p r o b l e m , and uniformity of lcngth and cross- txxt ion wns relatively e a s y lo obt.ain. Sensi t ivi ty was t h e main qucs- llonoblo fcniun- of th!n-wlro s c n s o r s .

The rcspons iv l ly of n metnlllc w i r o s c n ~ o r cnn be cnlculoied from the nprliciiblc re- Misiancc-vortjus-lcmpe~turc cquotion

% Ro (1 + Q T)

where Ho - p l / s ( p b o i n g the roslstlvtty, e tha longth, and 8 the croee-sect ion) end u I s thc t o m p s r a t u r e - r o e i s t n n c e coefflcient.

3-11

.

3-18

. . 1

SENSOR

--

et-- W*ER

23 HULTiPLIER

A-

TRANSMITTER u Figure 3-10. Preliminary Sensor Elcc:ronicri Ilcsign, I3l:~ck D i a g n m

. . :

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j 40m ) I ! : ' r---/T! j_ * , , < --L---- GRAPH I - I JULY 70 0.126 a IO6 ( E l ' ) i-

! - J - . -

2 6 I3 14 18 22 26 30 34 33 PAYLOAD: LEI 1; IO2)

1062-a a 1 - 1

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3.3.2 LOAD m r t AND RIGGING

T h e cxpci ;nicnt fllght conflguratlon Is shown In FIgure 3-12. The BAPE payload IS supported by nlno steel cnblcs whlch convcrgc at n c e n t r a l polnt ( F l g u r e 3-13). T k h

jmlnt Is nttnchctl ty nn cxploslvc sIrnc&le lo the A i r F o r c e l o d bnr whlch s u p p o r t s the A l r Forcc n.zvlgntlon and fll};ht control syHtcm na well as t h c Llicrinosonrle qy=teni and

rcel. In F lguro 3-13 Lhc cwnpoaccts supporlcd on :lie load bar a r c , :rtm left to right:

bnllast hoppr , <ontmnnd rcectvcr anti tc lc tnctry system, backup na\lg:;itIon t rnnsml l - t c r , ln'!nst hopper, nntl recl n ~ l thcrmosondc nsscnib!y. I~ l lg t i t ronfijitirnilon (riwl nu t r v l c a s c d ) Is shown I n FlI;urcs 3-14 nnd 3-15.. T h e lond bo?. na shcwn In tlicva

figures, I s supported by a second sot of slacl cnblcs which convcrgc on o. r lng at the 1,otloni 01 thc. parnchutc s h r ~ u ~ l s . Thc ivntl Is supported on (tic shrouds of the opcn pnmchutc r i n d nttnchcd to thc Imttorn of thc? h l l o o n . T h e bnl loc~n is of the zero- prcssurf? type niennfng :ha[ Ltic battoni of tho IJnllOOn 15 nrv:n rind the hclluin is trnppcd only by Its own h o y n n c y .

Vertical ~01itrc1 of the Lttlloon is contrt.llc*tl by ttic ballast t i ~ ~ > ~ ~ i I s h o w n in F l g u t ~

3-13, \vhlch d r o p lrun 11llogs to mcend, rtnd n pet vnlvc IIWLIL 18 inches i n i iut i ie-

tur {Flgurr : I . I G ) itlilch rc1t::iscs trclluin t.3 tlesccc~I. Horizontal cordrol of ttic bntlwn

i s obtainid by nacwdliig or dcscl-dliig into w i d l a y e r s blowiag 111 the dcslrcd d!rcc- llon.

.

5-21

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i RE UCCHAUISM L F A S C -++----

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3-22

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Figure 3-13. 13.91'5 I'nyl6ud Suspca~lon

3-23

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*

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,

Figure 3-"4. BAPE Flight Confihxratioo

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3-25

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Figwe 3-16. Poppet Valve

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3-27

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Flyre 3-18. BAPE Ground Sltc

3-28

'.

h- . !:

Tliu bnlloon wno 1nunc:hcd nt 0613% (1%:15 Ah1 AIST) from a point near llphnm, New

hltvilco (50 riiilcs \wvit of thc tracking s f tc ) and slowly drifted castward arrivirg over lliu tracking sItc at :ibwL 104 1% (4i-I.t A M hlST). Tracking comriicnccd at nbout 113CZ (5::W A51 NST) nntl W ~ I S toniplctcd .it 1115% (8:15 Ail1 MST). Thc horizontal f l i ~ h t pro- f11u is shown In k'ik;iire:i 3-19 and 3-20. AitItutlc, :.:nitti anglc, nnd slant range arc H h w n In FlKurt's 3-21 n.ad L -22 and tnbulntcd in 'lhblc 3-1.

'I'hc: follo*inl: sections dcscril; thc niobilc l amr tracking station which wns usrd to

Iriirk the h:rlloon-boriic pnyload, with liiscr beuiiis. The systcm cons'strd of three hsLc unlts which ivcrc transported to ttic : . ' t c i n thrce LraIicrs ,,cc Figure 3-22).

hi artists concc!ption of the s:istcni :s shown In Fib;Jrc 3-24. ' ~ I W right-hand

trriilcr ns shown in thc cutnway contains the lasers, modulators power suppIIcs nrid othcr rquipiitcnt ncccssnry to operate thc laser beams. The P'ttput is traiismlttcd LhrouKh n scrlcs of mirrors in the trncktng mow.+, towards the targct, The second lrtitk*r cout:\lns thc lnpc rccorders, balloon control system tcknictry, and othcr in- H( r'iimt*nktion I I ~ C C ~ S S R . y fo r thc expcriincnt. In nctual operation the maIn optics of the f c l a swpc iwrc irs;cd wily for r e w p t ion purposcs, and the lnscr k : i n i s \vcrc trans- ni l t tc t l froiii II port LO Lhc right t f Lhls maill telescope. The artists conception Is i n -

correct in thIs nspcct. 'The system \\:IS tlcvelopcd for the BAPK experiment n t GSFC

Cwlc 524.

3.4.1 LASER TI~Af:ShllTTEI~ SYSTEhI

Thu Insor lransmittcr slstciii, which was housed in tne instrumentatior. trailer shown In Pigurc 3-23, projected Its 0utpt.t through a tube into the tracking mount whero a

scr ics of nilrrors 011-cctcd the rndiatioii to thc target. Thc transmitter syslcm, a s trtwwn I n Figuru 3-25, consisted of two lnaors: nn RCA hIodcl 5-15268 nnd a Sylviinia

hlotiel !148-1. Tnblu 3-2 1is:s thc chnrnctorlstics for cncli of the lasers.

Tlic I w c r s , wllch were bo;ted to o steel table Inside the instrunicntation van, rc- iiirtlned 8ta:lonnry throughout thc cxpcrimcnt. Thc I'lser beams, cfter k l n p passed through coilinintion and alignment optlcs, wcrc projected coaxinll) Into thc tracking mount. Thc output charnctcristics for tho Lransinittcr are shown In 'Tablo 3-3.

3-29 i

. . . .

i . . .

FiLQre 3-19. Vertical Flight Frofils

i

W w (L

lb + I W / 0

/ I3C5-Z 64 %

3s

30

25 I

W W z c 20: 4

9- z 0 N

f5 I

0

5

0

W I w c.

+. ". . . . . , . . _ . .

*

w w N

40,

60

.- 29 0600 om0 G800 0900 )om I io3 :zm 1300 iu 00 I So0

ZULU TIME 1:OO 2 1 0 0 300 4cQ 5-c3 6 'C ?a, eo0 900

MOUfITAlN STANDARD TIME - A M IOCZ-R.3

\

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. . .

TRAJECTORY F!.T NO. H70-63 DATE, 21 OCT 70

f

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F i y c 3-72. Trnjectory

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Tnblc 3-1 Pnrntnctctrs of nnlloon Trnjcctory, (Jo,)t.wr 21. 1:GO

.:.. _-_ . . I-- . -- _.>__-.- . . .- . ._ . . . . . .

3-34

* e .

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, . . . .

Figure 3-23. BAPE i n s t r a c n t a t i o n Yraikr

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CJ I c; c1

. . I . . , . ' , . . . I

. . . . . . .

. . . I . . . % , . . . ... . . . .

SASA G;70-3960

Figure 3-24. B A I T Mobile Tracking Station

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w I '.a 4

GIMBALE3 MIRROR

4 * . J 6

.' .- I , . : ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . , . . . . . .. . . . .i .,..-. .f,. .-.... +-..Jy,7-.

. . ..

. . . .

5 5 2 5 - 1.4.2-1

Figure 3-25. BAPE Transmitter System Clock Diagram

. . ' . ' '1. . 1 ? ' . ' . .

. . . .

.- . , I . .

' a . . . . . .

% ..

. 1.. ._- -._, ............... .....

. . l. '. . . .- . I . - . . . ,. . .

. . , , . . . . : . . . .

m

' . _ . . , . ;:

. ._ . .

I .\ .. . . .

' . , : . . : : . . . .. I .

... .I. . ' .... . . . ,. ' ..: . . . . . ' ,

i 1 . . . .

. . . a . . . . _ . , . . . . . . , . . .

... . f . .

Talile 3-2 Laser C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

- - _ ~ - . ,

Value C h a r a c t e r i s t i c 1 Sylvanin hlodcl 948-1 .. ~-

~.--I-.._ - Type Alotlc \l'avol cng t h (ni i c rotis) AI ns i tii u ni output (;,,at t s ) I3cutii divcrgcncc !nii!lir:idians) I3ciini tlintnctcr (mil l i i i ic tcrs)

. . ~~ . I L ~ , . . ~ ~

Argm iofi C w 0.5145 4.3 2 . 0 4

T:iblc 3-3 T rn i: s mitt c r C hn r a c t e r i s t 1 c' s

Cha r w t e r i s t i c

COz m c l e c u l a r C \v 10.0 15 5 G

-

Argon

0.5145 5 kllz 1 . 0 2.0 1.0 (1;c:') G (l/C2)

Value

CO2

10. G 5 kllz 5 10

30 ( 1 1 ~ ~ ) 1 . 0 ( l /+

-

The COz arid a r g o n I'iscr b e a m s , RS shown in F i g u r e 3-25, passed through a

dichro ic bcnni s p l i t t e r , an nt tcnuatur , a 5-kliz modulnt.air, and a co l l imator (5x for "le C O z bcnm, 2x for t h e a r g o n beam) to dichro ic b e a m conibining m i r r o r . T h e com- bincxl bcnms lhcn pnsscd tin-ouch a safety s h u t t e r to thc two m i r r o r s that n!lgned !he

bcnnis to the t racking mount. T h c f i r s t of t h e w m i r r o r s w a s s l ight ly t rnnsparent in

the visible r a n g e , wliich allo\vcd a t a r g e t a l ignment scopc to view a d i rec t ion paralle:

atid coliicidcnt to the crutgoing l a s e r beams. A klam dircotion monl tor , loca ted between the nlignmcnt m i r r o r s , rrllowcd alignnient of ttic t a r g e t a l icqment scope to the laser

bcatnY, hut was rcmovcd when the s y s t e m was i n opcrat ion. T h c ta rgc , nllgnment 8copc lincl a protec t ive f i l t e r tor thc cycpiccc which allowcd !he o p c r a t o r tl:, view the

tnrgc t dur ing l a s e r opcrullon. Durir.g t racking , the o p c r a t o r could vicw t h e Largct i n fhc nlignmi,nt scope 1hrol;gh the coelostat of the t racking niount t o e c s u r c that t h e l a s c r bciams w r c on t a rge t . The o p c r a t o r addjusi~d the aligiimcnt scope crossha. i rs onto the 11trgc:t by nicaiis of thc l a s t a l ignment m i r r o r i n the t r a n s m l t t s r s y s t e m .

' . i .. . e. . , C ' r; 2.

'.. . . : ' . ' .. $ .'# - ' . ' .b

. ,

. c . $

. . . : . . . ,.

. . -. ;:. . ', + * b . . i'l > . .. .$.' ,.. .<.> i.'.. . -: . . . . + -

Powor m o n i t o r s , mounted in llic sys tem, m o n i t o r d thc output power of the lasers and tho mdulnLior! f rcqucncy. Dccnuse of the difficulty and d a n g e r involved i n :dib?ing the

,:. ' . .

/ /

I

. . ..

.. . .

- ..4 . . .. . - i . '

\

t r n n s m i t t c r optlcal components with CO and argon Insers, a helium-neon l n s c r , also mounted on t h e t r a n s m i t t e r table, was used as an rilignment tool for the opt ics ,

2

3.4.2 TRACKING A1OI:NT

Tlic t m c k i n g mounl , shown i n Figure 3-2F, recciv(d thv radicl ion f r o m tlic Inscr t r n n s m i t t c r sys tc rn and directc:! the rndiat ion throtq:h n coelostnt sys le in Lo tlk' target.

A d i a g r a m of thc coc los ta t ::ystcm IS sIiow.1 in F i g u r e 3-27. !!iirlintion froiii tlit. lnscrs traveled h o r i ~ o n t a l l y through a pipc from the laser van tc, a m i r r o r a t thc botloiii of the

a z i m u t h nxis.. ;The pipe from the van to the t racking mount is sho\vn in F iguro 3-24.)

T!iiu ni!rror dcflcctcd the l a s e r bcani.3 t o a second nikrix a t t h c top of thc nzlniuth asis, which then dcf' x t c d the 3cnms to n thi rd nilrror n t the cnrl of the clcvnt ion axis. Tlic third mirror dcf lcctcd thc laser l icwns t o a rourth m i r r o r locntcd siightly l o ~ h c right of tlic main tclcscope. This m i r r o r dircctcr l tlic lnscr bcmiis through n ::iii;111

tulBc which is, as shown i n I9gurc 3-26, to the right and pnrnllcl Lo the l ine of s ight of the i i i n ? ~ ~ tckscopc. collliiiatcd by thc rcccivcr cptics.

Titi! r c c c i v c r optics, a 450-inch (11.4 i n ) focal l e n ~ t h , 30-inch (76 cm) dianlctrr c:is-

scprain, wcrc used to col lect lnscr rndintio , rcflwt.c*d from Lhc cubc c o r n v r s iiiountcd

( n tlic bal locn p:iyloxl, and to Coctis thc radia*.ion on :I stnr Lrackcr at thc bnck c:F thc to!cscnpc iscc Flgurc! 3-2G; . Thc collccLcd rndintion wns used by thc smr l r nckc~r as

n signal for autotiintic t racking of tlic hrgct.

Thc t rack ing r.ccuracy of the star trackcr \vas np,x-oxinintcly 5 a r c second8 rmti; howcvcr , bccauso of intcr ini t tcnt loss of au to t rack duc lo scvcrc scintill:.:ion dur ing t h c esperlnicnt, the targct had to bz innnually trackcd by the o b s o r v c r (shown I n Fig- urc* 3-28). hlnnual t racking w n s acco~npl i shc~l by obrcarving the tnrgct tlirougli ti guidc tclcwcope ard cIdJusling "he nrairi tclcscopc by nicnns of n joy-stick colltrol mounted

on t h e manu,?! cont ro l pancl. Details for thc guidc scopo and cont ro l panel uro eliown i n Flgures 2-XJ and 3-28. T r a c l d n g a c c u r a c y i n t1w manual nlodl: \vas approxlnintcly 30 nrc s e c o n d s rms.

'rhc laser beams were direcict i iiimugir this ::it? %<;itkcti: br!ng

I n the auto t rack radc, the s!ar trackcr lnterniittciitly l o s t track and went into llic scar& niodc bccause of insufficient iritcgration tinw l e thu .itai* t r a c k e r c i rcu i t ry . Aftor th i s i.xpcriment , niodificatlons werc mndc to c o r r e c t lh ly problem wllh t l i i ~ s t a r t r n c k c r c i r c u i t r y , 3rd the star t r a c k c r t rackcd pcr fcc t ly for BAPE I1 fligiils tlitrlng S c p t c m b c r of 1!)71.

3-39

I1111

, ' 4 ,. ,I . .

U

P

...... . .. , ..

Flgure 3-26. BAPG Tracking Mount

3-40 'I

, <.A .-

..I

5:

I- B

_; C .

Figme 3-27.' CoelTstat System Diagram

. . \,

.\

- . . . . . .

. . . ' .

I I

. .

. . .. . /---

~ .-

. .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... . .. ..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.i.. .< >.. -..... . . . . : * .-.,'v' ,- <. . . - - = I .e,: c. . . ..

#.- ..c . . .. . . . . . . . . . . - 'j?. .

Figure 3-28. BAPE Tracking Mount

I

.

Thc trric,kfng mount is L: convcrtcd NIKE-A,JAX tracking pedcshl to which thc 30 4uch tctcscope md coclostat systcm h a w h e n ncldcd. ihrikig opcrntlon, tlic tracking nioiint

Is clcvritcd by thc nlumtnum Icgs Hhown in 1:iZ;urc 3-24 so thnt thc clcvntion asls i s

15 fcct (5 mctcrs) ri!x)vc g i - ~ * ~ ~ i ~ l 1oic.l.

rciisons:

'I'hc Lracltlrig niount is clcvatcd for the fo!lo\dng

3 To ~ i v c n clmr v l c w of the Iiorimn ovcr trnllcrs arxi buildings in Lhc

s u r roit ndi ng arc :I

To provide II salchty fnclor by cccplng the laser k n n i s well nbovo

pcrsoancl i n tho nrcn

TO kccp the Iiisur I)c.nni..~ nlmvc thc low lcvcl ground turbulcwx which

ttocs no? follow llic norr n l liolt1togorov spcc!. ani of turbulcncc

.. .. .

Chit rat t C' 1'1 R t i c ...-. ~.. . ~ .--. -_- - . ~

- .._. .i. . . .

1 4 3 1 - h I l l L coin:nnnd s y s k m Output Antenna

2241.5-hIIiz tclcrnetry output Antenna

LGGO- to 1700-h111z tclcnictry

O11tput Bnndwidtli hlodulnllon

3-13

Q

8

. ..

\ ',$ ..

i

c

. . 1 '

I

. . .

.. . . : .

. ' . . I . ,;.. ., . :.. , . .

I'

d

\

Figure 3-29. Control Consolo

3-44

I I

,.." - ..

\

Figure 3-30. Tclcmetry Antenxi

^_..---- .=.._ , .

. , . . ~ . .

. . ~.

. , !! . . . . " ,

. . I.

I)ownl!nk tclcmctry carrier nadgnn!cats arc shown in T.tblc 3-5. The outp'~ts of these rccordcd on an I'M tnpe rccordcr. lhte recording asliigrinw:tts and

rcicordlng circuity arc shown I t i Tnblc 3-6 nnd PibWrc 3-31. resp-cLiodly. . chnnncls

.Y .- . _.

Chnnncl

3 1 3

li II

l l t l

1311

7 11

!ti\ 1511

4

3

-, _ _ _ ~ - ............ -..

a 7 H 9

10

11

12

13 -.

I I'unctlon ?____ I-- ..-_ ..-. . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . .--. ..........

I J

I

.. .-

1-ktiz conshint Iundwiclth

3-46

Propurl 1 Irn rrdu'id t h

. - . ~ = . . . . . . .

- .

-7 Record hicdule T . R . 3 ~ 1 m e l Signal 1 Eadih idtn

Fhl

C02 A fixed 1 kIiz , FM F AI C02 B movable

Direct

r- Argon A fixed 1 kii2 Argon B movabk j FBI

I I

1 kHz

+-- C1 t 2

t3 14

d5

86

B P

88

U9 # 10

Flll B 12

4 13

If 14

J1

62

63 84

65

116

67

1

36-bit BCD l ims (1-kISz carrier) Rallooa pack az error Balloon pack el error S t a track a7. error Star track el error

' DC i ! DC ; GC I

Ground rec argon demod

Groznd rec C02 democl

Grourri comm data

Trsns powcr out (argon)

Trans power out (C02)

%?E c c n m u w d temp

56-Sir BCD Crc! thermal sens.Jr sig Crd thcrmal scnsor si& Wind vclocity

rec argon Crd rec CO,

1.

DC 1 kHz

1 kHz DC ( 5 kHz si3)

DC

DC (l-kHz carrier) 1 kH;-.

FRI F AI F %I

Fbl FBI F Jl

Fbi

Direc F M

FA1

Direct FA1 F hl

FM Direct Direct

4 1. Track acq ind

5 3. Press 6 3. Ball rec AGC

8 4. Xliiror position

9 5. Balloon pack.=

10 5. Balloo~. packel zif 7. N/A paition az R l 8. N/A position c l

9. Calih 10.

. . . . . . . . . .

. . . .. - ... . .

. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . .

. . - . . i

. . . . . . @#

. . .....

* . - I . . - .

w

01 b

1 . .

. . . - . . . .,

. .. . . .

t

Figur: 3-31. Data Recording .!4hsignments and Circuits

..

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

6 .

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

11.

15.

1G.

REFERENCE?

V. I. Tahr sk i , Wave Propagation in n Turbulent MeCIum, Dovor Publicattons, Inc., New York, Chapters 6 , 7 , 8, 9 (lo67).

D.L. Fried and J.D. Clc.ud, :.Optical SOC. Am. ,V01.56 (1966), p.1067.

D.L. Fried; J.Optica1 Soc.Am. ,Vo i . 57 (1967). p. 268. .

D.L. FrIed and J.B. Seldman, J.Optlcal SOC. Am. , Vol. 67 (1967),'p. 181.

D.L. Frlcd, J. Optical Sue. Am., Vol. 57 (1967). p. 933.

E.E. Cossard, L?E Trtlns. on Antennas and Propagation, Vot. 10 (1960). p. 18G.

J . L . LumIcy pnd 1f.A. Panofsky, The Structure of Aimosphcrlc Turhulcncc, McCraw-Hi11 Book Compnny, Inc., N c w York (1961).

U.S. Air Force Iiandbooh of Ccophysics, Tht. hinchllllan Eo., Ncw York (1960), p. 13-2.

N.J . Wright n n i E.J. Schulrz, Ballistic Iteasearch Lalxwntury, h'lR 1885 (Dcc 19G?,!,

C. R . Oclis, ESSA Technical Report IEi2 J'I-Il'SA 40 (o('t 1967).

Privata Commltnlcatlon, Ray Urtz, RADC.

Prlvutc Commvoicntlon, hl ichncl Fitzmnurlco, CSFC.

J . R . Kcrr, NO014-68-A-0461-0001 (July 1969).

Callbrntlon wi l l account for whatever noa-uniforniltiee rcmuln.

Ed. Chnrlcs D. Dodgmao, Handbook of ChciilISWy und PhjRfcs, Chcmlcnl iiubbor Pub. Co., Clovclond, Ohio (1956), pp. 2364, 2368.

This clrcuit is tho result of n coliaborntion wlth Drofr.ssor J. Rlchnrd !<err of tho Oregon Critdudte Contor.

.

I

.

3-49/50

. . .

, . . . _. . .> . ,

- 1

0 .

! . i

: *

. .

i : I I I'

i

, . . . . . ..

9 '.

- . . - t

. . . . . . . I -.. . . . .

4. CHRONOLOGY OF EXPERIMENT

Thle scc t lon e..~:ains t h e t i m e sequence of c v e n t s which o c c u r r e d dur ing the e x p e r i - m e n t s and gives a chronological descr ip t ion 4 tho ever-is.

Tho bnlloon was launched :it 12:13 AM hfST from Upharn, Sew Mexico. a p d n t n e a r l y 50 ni l lcs west of t h e t r a c k i r ~ g site. T h e ball?on nsccnt rete t v n s set nt npprmininte .y

1000 fcct \JCr minute. At upproximately 12:15 Ah.! hIST whcl.. ' he brtlloon hnd r i s e n to

nn :tltltutle of 1000 feet, thc r e e l suppor t ing t h e thermosondc w n s r ~ I t . t s ( d and nbout 20

seconds liitcr ihe sonde was fully deployed 1000 feet below the ninin p:ivIo~d. At 12:30

AM hIST th2 flashing s t n . I x l igh ts of t h c balloon \vcr'~ spotted frnrn the t rack ing s ta t ion rind f rom t h t t ime on unt i l t e rmina t ion . r t h e csperinicnt thc t racking s tnt lon wns I n v isunl cont:ict with the balloon.

tho cspcr i incnt .

T h e w c a t h c r wns clcnr wi:h no clouds in sight d u r i n g High winds i n t h e 40,000 l o C10,OOO r l sltitudc r m g c droi. the balloon

quiclily c!nst\vard at spcetla of up to 90 knots, 01.1 by l:oo Ah1 XI;.; thc pnyloa.' \V&lS close cnoirgh to commnnd bj tc I ( mctry . A chcclt of ptryload opcrs t ion W.IR mndc nlmd c v c r y - Ining ~ 1 1 s f v u d Lo be In order. Durinx uscc'il,, site wns rihlc to r c c c i v c d n t a f r o m the t h e r m o s o n d c to 1111 :gltitudc of nbout 20,000 feet. A ~ o c - v i d rcceivcr, :ocntcuJ at (tic t rncking site with n higher gnin onteniin was sup- posed l o pick up t h e dnln col lcct ion tit t h i s p i n 1 but, due to n nislfunction was unable

to Ol>g.rgis. Aftor rcwhing n Coat altitude of about 32 . :)oO fcct, the bnlloo:~ wns slowly n ~ a n u c v c r c d towihrds thc tl-arlilng Htntion by sl ight ly chnnl:ing altitude to nllow tlic pi'uvniiirrg \ r inds

to d r i l o tho balloon tounrds thc trnclting stallon.

winds, tho b*.lIoon w'ns not within trnckil?l: rnilecr! unt!l about 530 AM. At 5:37 Ah1 lrncklng rind da ta tnMng \vas slartcd and cont inued unt i l 6:lO Ahl, at which t i m e , d a t a tnklrig \vas fitoppcd i n order l o make n quick Iinnlysis of the tlnla to mnka 6 u r c thnt all syetoms w o r e working c o r r e c t l y . At 7:05 AS1 l rack lng wns resumed nnd continued

unt l l thc b:tllcmn w r i t out of rrtngc at 8:OO Ahf. Dnwn occurrcd nt 7:13 AM, m' thore- foro most of tho datu was tnkcn dur lng thc dawn cnlm, t h c period of lowcst turbulence. At nbout 7:OO Ah1 n slow d e s c e n t of th.. balloon \\'as s t a r t e d HY shown i n p a r a g r a p h 3.3.3

!ind nt 8 3 0 A M the n i g h t w n s t c rmina tcd . Thc payload clcscendcd t?;' paractwe from on nltltudo of 45,000 feel nnd landcd near H o s w ~ l ) , New Mexico.

yndiosondc r e c e i v e r ht lhil launch I

I

. .~ - A b.nrorjwitch on t h e Iliermosontlo ciutor1iatlc:illy shut i t off nt 45.000 fect.

Ilccnusc ni the low vclocity of tho

. .

a

4 -1/2

. #

I' *

,

. . . .

_. ,. .. .. , ~

5, DATA REDUCTION

Tho following bicicilone dlscuse lhe method of d a h reduction used In reducing 'he cxpcrl- mcnt datn froni raw form lo flnnl results.

5.1 THERAIOSONDE DATA.

Tnblo 6-1 Ilr . I I t . - strength of lurbulcnce vcrsus height as obtained fran thc therm 1- sont1c. Flguro 6-1 J ~ I O W S tho prtxluct of strc'nflh of turbule~cc , and height td thc 5/G

power V C ~ S U S hclght. 'I'M8 product ccintroltl thc strength of scintlllntfon npd Lhcrcfcrc! thu flgurc shows thnt [he bdlk of lhe sclntlllation cnuscd by turbulence bclow G km was

causod by n hycr nt approxlmotcly 700 irctcrs nbovc the ground.

i

i

....

m1rlm.U.O'

Flgum 5-1

I

i I

j 9 .

. - '

.. '.-

I

Tnblo 5-1 Thcrmosondc Dntri

300

'1 so

." . ,._ .. .,

5/G 111 .. . . .~ -.- _..." ....

!.I3

13.1

1114

2:. 0

2GC

3YO

41,)

ciao

200

Wl

330

1000

l(!:;Q

1 100

1130

1140

1190

4 G. 7 6 X 10

1..ljX1O5

I .G6 x lo5

2.50 h I$

S

5 3.60% 10

4. (2 x: 1 0

9. ti0 x 1 0 ~

1.00s I d i 1.12 Ji 10';

1.21 xluG

1.30 x laG

G 1.2s x 10

u 1.43slC

in

2.30 s

3 . 4 , x I0

5.11 x 12

3.10 s

1.76 J 10

5.G3 3 10

4.03 %

4 .50 ?.

4.32 x

6.96 x 10

2. J2 x 10

- _-- II --- -1 1

-11

- 1 G

-! 2

. ..

-12

-1 1

7 , i o x 10-l'

l,12 x 10"l 1.45 x 10 -10

-1 1 1.01 s !O

5.33 x

1.37 x xo -1 1

. . . . Q

:

. I *

5.2

Pntn i-cductlcn for thc two channe l s d a r g o n detector data rind tho two chnnncls of C02

drtcctor datn ylcldcd the iniportnnt s t a t i s t i c s of prob:ilillity clcnalt-: riinctlon, ciimulativc tlcnsitg function, var iance, nutocorrclaticin, power spcctr:tl dcns l ty , nntl cross-cor- relation. plnying 1 ~ ~ k the t:tpc-rccortlcd iinalog c l i ~ t i i i:i[a (I ilt!wlctl .'nckortl .Iloclcl 372IA cor-

r e l a to r . This instri imcnt is II c l i ~ i t a l signril i~cIi1yxc.r w h i c h dcrivcx the tJcsirctl stnt!i--

t i c s by s n n i p l i n ~ the input iliitii nnd opera t inf , 0 1 1 (tic dlfiltzil rcnull with hnrchvlrctf sta-

tlsllcnl functions. rcjiulnrty si3::coci z.amplc?: (:I dritrr'lti-c .tscd to cotnpute thc dcslrod H t i i l i s t i c iind thc

r e s u l t Is d~vltlcd by N. Thc sunipl ing rntc W Y set at 10' scc

tintti and 10'sc'c

slgnnl b.?ntlwl(!lhs to bc s inn l l cnough EO thnt 10 a l lna lng crro . d wcrc pres' nl. Thu 4 -1 value of h' \vas set nt 3.2 x 10 or G.4 x 10 which provides, for cxninptc, n stitlstlcal

hlETHOI1 OF OPTICAL I?ATA REDUCTION y_

\\'lth !he csccption o f poivcr sp-ckrnl dctr.?itg, nll sinlistleu u'crc obtoliicd by

1\11 slntlsl lce \vc :c C i I I C i I I l t t d !r the summul ion niotlc In which S

- 1 for t h c ni*t:on dctcctor -1 for Ll tv C O ~ cictcctar data. TI.. He \vcrc* ctiodcn fro1 . ctitiinntes c;f

Tho w l u c of the nutocorrclntion functton ot lltnc Ing zero (nit*nn squnre ~ r i l u c ) U J S

rcad Crorn tlic CitT dlsplay nnd wrl:Icn cttnvn n~ a functlon of detector nunil)cr. Stmul-

t n n c w s dntn scgmcnts were nniilyzed for cnch pai r of tlctcctors. T h e n thu cross-cor- rclntlon bccucen l i k e dctcclors was computed rind Ita vnluc nt tlme In): zero recorded. 'Thls vnluc divided by thc squnrc roOi of the prc;duct of both lndivlclunl niciin s q u n r o \%lucri from ilit. cutocorrelnt ion nnt.Iysl8 Uns tho desired corrc.lntion ?wlficlont. AI! ectrle factore between input i r rn t l i ancc a1 lhc cfclcctor nnd tape rccontor output voltngc

\

' .

c

5-3

. . . . . . . . . : .; ' ,: "I'

. . . . . . . .

..: . - - . . . .

. . .. . . . . . . . . I . . . .

. , . . . . . . . , . . . . . .

. . . . . . ,_ . - *

. . . . . . . . . , _ - . . , . . . .... :.-'.' . , J ....... .. ..,**.. ... - . -; . . . .. . . . . . . .

canccllcd out whcn thc cocf f idcnt wns fornred. The correlation cocfficlcnt WRS com-

puted for severnl dctector separations and the corrc1:ition function for cnch W ~ V V -

lcngtli was detcrmlncd.

Tlic niu.in squarc vnliies obtalncd abovc were just thc data varlnnccs since thc dc or uvcrngc vcrlue \VIIS w r o I n cnch cam. Thc vnrlnnccs n c r c I n tcrms o f tapc rccortlor

output voltsgc squnrcd. I t wo8 dcsiroble to normali7- thc vnrinnccs t q * thc npproprlalc

dc vnlucs squnrcd i n ordcr to hnvc II stantlnrd summciry stntistlc for t t v strcngth o f irrndlnncc fluctutitlons. The dc m:ue for cnch data r t -cord WRB o!,tnlncc, froni thc

6aT lcvci of thc cumulative dcnslty function ns tlic dnt11 w n s once rrgnln plriycd brick

Into the torrclntor ( t h l s timo, de coupled). I t \\'BY nlso ncccssnry to compute the clc vnluc of the bnckgro*ind (signal from dctcctcr In nbscnce of lnsrr lrrncli:inccl p?d RUO- tract th:s f rom thc dntn dc vnluc bcforc tho final mtlo nns roniputcd. Scvcrnl curiiu-

lntib,c dc 7sIty functions wcrc nlcu plortcd on ttic X-S r c c o d c r and then t ransfcrrcd to

prdmbi1if.v paper to test f o r log-norninlity.

~ i i o ~~u twor rc iB ! Io t i iunctlorl was t rnnsicrrcd to rhc S - Y rccordur In the anmu lnnnrlcr

a s iibovo nnd tho l @ O function points IVCI-C fed Into n cligltnl computer. l'hc compufcr

W ~ R progrnmmcd to perform n Fourlor trn;lslorniation of clich input nutocorrclo:ion

function. Tfic rcsult uns thc dcsircd power spcctral density fu.iction.

D c f I n l ~ ! ~ r i s of tlic terms used In rcduclng tIw optical de& RCU llstcd LK.lo\\.:

-.

- Sample tlnw in scconds

- ScpRrntlon of sunsc:~ - e111

. . : - ' .. . b

6.3 OPTICAL DATA POINTS

.

- ...

. . .

I . ,'

. .

. . . . .. .

u G

8

13

IU la 26

33

lw 5 0

w 35

20

i t i

14

I2 e c 4

3 7

2 n .I

J 4 6

5 G

0

6

10

12

I4 10

22

so GO

:0

. ? i o .520

.678 .375

. C1.5 -440

.ClO ,420

,375 ,208

.350 .262

.303 .228

.4bO . J?G

. JUO .33?

.420 .?go

.4 YO .332

.099 . J73

.IO0 .Gal ,012 .38U

.I10 . I 6 8

. I53 .I:,.l

. I d 0 . IS0

.1?1 .lSG ,153 . 140

. I l a . 1J8 . l?i 6 I:*

. f l P 1124

. I l l 3 .1zo

,211 .I13 a 20) . In5 * t!8 .m .3?0 . I31

.P9t . IGS 360 . IbB . JGS .202 . ( 7 0 .2IO

. a 0 .BIZ ,280 .zoo .202 . I 7 1 .Zl8 .I71 .263 . I 9 7 .Jog .21a

. E l 0 .;!I30 I .Ib; i

.2 ;5

.:io5

.3;5 , 2 b l . 160

.I28

.os9

.07V

.K t9

9 029

.os1

. o m ,033

. V I J

.061

.073

. 103

. I ? "

. 120

.I20

. 111:

. 114

. I I1 * lb8

.1?3

. 168

.zoo

.1ss

. I8J

. I 8 0

.la

.I28

. OH8

.OS8

.w1 ,018

.o le ,020

.014

pt 2

.:39

' . 7 6 b

.7n4

. t l U

. 4 87

. 4 l l

.2?1

. 183

.ow

.OR?

. I ? #

.337

.36? .40u

.36?

. 4 7 7

.Gas '732

. A'J3

. S I 1

.VZI * 9.19

. @I9

. 806

.741

.693

. 6 O R

. i 0 3

.TOP

. GAS

.45$

.31?

.J72

.31"

.Zlt

.079

.062

.07a

.MI

,. . . . . . . . . . . I . . . , . b - . . *

' . . . . ,

. . . * ..

i . . , / a - .' .. ' . . * I

4s . . . . . . . . .c a . . ..

. . . . . . .. .

1

b

P

1 fi Ifl :I 2 32 32 33

32

33

32 I 32 -.. J.. I 32 64 32 31

32 32

31 61

I6

3 1

32 32 a2

32 32

GI 32 a i J? 32 32 32 JO 6 b

32 33

.

I b t u

3..?3 XIS 3.33 S!S

1.33 Sf.4

1 MS I srs 1 SIS 1 SlS 1 LIS 1 LIS I bIS

I 31:

I XIS 1 LIS : 2:,4

I SlS I LIS 1 XIS 1 XIS I z1s i LlS I S1.S

1 LIS 1 !.IS 1 StS

1 St-s

1 3.19 I St!! 1 SL9 I sin 1 us 1 LIS I w3 I !us 1 !&t

1 U S

1 us I sfd

1 Mu9 I L U 1 LIS

.

I: . b . I . _

.. a:.-,- -c .~ .,. . .. . c . ** , . . _.

8

. .

0. DATA AKI'ALYSIS

d . , ,- .e> . .

;ig

t -- - SUhYY DAY -- C L I A H H'GHT

..... a 0 I Y

1 I Q IOm lOOm Ihn IUkm ICQ&m

5 , ALTITUDE: ABOVE LOCAL C W . I N 0 (METERS) (ASSCMlHO LOCAL GR@WO tS LEVEL AND NOT ON A tJOUNlAIN TOP)

T i p r e 0-1. iiufaagsl and Stanley Profllo, IIcvllied 1960

6-2

b

. . 1 . ,' . .

. . . . . . . . . , .

I .

. . _ . 1 . ,

c t

2 wo sco that i t cnn bc cnsily cotivcrtcd to C, ;

Q i

' . . . !

. . . . , . . , . . . . ,

. '

.. , . , . . . .. . .

. . ' * , :

. . . .

.. ' . . ' , 9. .-

' . . 7 . e - . ' _' , . . .

r . .. .. .. . .

Q

Slablc Strallficnlinii ( T t m p o r n t u r o frivcrsloii - I n c r c o s c of m c w tcmporct turo

wit11 kclght)

UnstnL.!c Stmtiflcatlon (Dcureas~r of me.m t c m p c r n t u r c with hcight)

i

I '

, ,

! . _ BI . .

. . . , . "_ . .. . . ., . . 8 ::- . . '_ . . . . .

I

2' r

I

. e I

. I

K = 0.4

/ ' . .

Thcrcforc ,

Stable Stmtifract!on

Unets! 'c StmtIfrnctIon

,

a

Tho profllc of turlxrlcnco b s bccn approxlmatcd by a molhcmatIcal modnl ~ h o w n by

tho dnshod linc, whlch obeys the cqustlon 1 . 2 2 ,,-1/3, - h h o

'N ncNa

8

\ * . k.. " .. .-. - . . . . . . - - _. .

REFRACTIVE-INDEX-STRUCTWF CONSTANT AS A FUNCTION of HEIGHT MOVE GROUND LEVEL. 1:K* AA: h'&T 21 OCTOGLR 1970 AT t:3LLOM&JAFB NEW fAEXIC0. B A E I EXPERIA'ENT

y + DATA POINT5 OBTAINED BY TATAPS kl'S METHCO OF &'.Em TEP*ERATWES

0 DATA POINTS OBTAINED FROM THERMOSONOES MEASWEMEN1

--EXPERIMENTAL DEPENDENCE OF Cn2 UPON ALTITUDE

GROUND LEVEL I .2xioJ m. ABOVE ML

7 .C

.t 1

cy E

V

: ' ' $

i i i#

.

.

whoro

ho = I000 m.

Tho M ~ I C of Cxo2 reprcscnte the ordinnlc of thc n i d i 1 at h = 11.1, lclllrough I ! has na

p!!yslcrd significance ehce t h e rcfmctIvc-Indr*x structure cnnstnnt IR not rrllnble 80

close tu lhc ground. 'thc scule kc1l:ht is t h c trcnk izolnt In t h e moael, which fnr stablc sfrnt ifrnctlon normally occurs nt tlic f.-mpcrnturc Invcreion,

7bo intcgralfi of C sCnUstlcs w e

which will 1w of Imjmrtnncc. i n Inter cnlr~ulntlons of thc eclntillrrtfon N

716 J o Q r.13 x lo" m

e .

t

' I

whcro

c& 1.OxlO -I4 m'2'3 ho - 2OCb n.

-I3 h = 13.2 x IO 3 m CNP 4 * 4.3 x 10

P

i

\

. . . .. . . I

. . , . . . " . .- I

c

.

I

D

i b:

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5 .

0.

1.

0.

0.

10.

11.

12.

1s.

I4

6-8

. REFERENCES

Hufuagcl, 13. E. Iii!age Trnnsmlsdon Through Turbulcat hledla. J . Olitlcul Soc. Am. , Vol. 54, KO. f (Jon 19fi4), pp.52-61.

and Stanley, N.R. , hlodi!ratlon Trntlsfcr Function A s s k l n t c wtth ' -

' I '

Krcchnter, S.I. , Kxpwlmental Dcturmlnrttloa of Lh.! Cbrnctcr ls t lca of Tcmpcrn- liirc I'txtuntlonli In Ihv Atniospocrc, Trudy Tricot. A c r o l ~ g . Obacrv. , No. 16 (1956). p. 39.

T n t w s k i , V.I . , hIicro-iahomogcneltIas of thc Tcm x r n t u r c Flcld and Fluctuation

AI:&. t b u k S S R D hlnscow (1957). Phcnocnanr of N'aVc8 PmpigaUnl: In Lhc Atmosphc*ri., Dlsecrtation, Akust. Inst.

1 .

1 LILW~'CIJCO, 1t.S.. Ochs, G . R , nod Cllffod, Y. F, , J . OpUcnl SOC. Ani. , Vol. GO, PP. 626-830. I

1b;J. Hcfcronca I , Chapter 10. I

1

1 i

I

. . . . . . . . . 9 . . T , . . . . . * . ' 1 . . . . I . . . ,

/ .- . .

. . . . . . . .

and wu cnn mnkc (he opprortlnmtbn

.

i i

!

6-9

. -. . .

I . . . .

. . 2 .

. . .. : * , . , . . . . . . . ' ;-*a*'.. i, .. .. . 4 .% , 1 . ,

&-

I 1 Ik whore - - - - J - T a' Q0

Ccvmblning cquntloir 7 and equatlon @ lo abtotn R I I cxpronrrion for lag-nmpltttdo varlwce .

6-10

!

: -.'

f .

t

i

i

i

*

I * _ r.. . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . ' , .

~. .. . ,

, . . . ; I . f .

For 1"' = 0.259 + O.OU5 I I'(;6/G; 0 .68

c

_I -

Or for tf >> E"m w h r o hm 1s tha diltudo at wliIcb 1 ' . .

. *

..-I . . e . . , . .,

, ' . Q . .

. .

. r

. .

, , I . . - ,.

_ . , . . .. .

. . c

(21)

6-12

.me- i i I

\

i

I

: .e

I

. . ..-. . <

1'

. .

a

..

: .~ ._. .. < ' . . ,. .. , *.. ,, .._ ._-.., . :. . . .. .. . . .

,

Usfng these factors nnd thc turbulence profile of the prcvlous section we get (altlbdc of !.!ia iecerver was 28.0 km above grwund level) the sphcricnl wave log-nmpllhido vnrl- a c e s

= 1.24 >:

= 1.24 x

= 1.2'1 x

-9 7/0 :3 .c

lO-'x 1.81 x lo8 = 0.224 (argon) (22a)

(22b) IO" x 5.44 ?I 10' = 0.00674 (c:irbon'dioxicP)

Aftcr c Alrrectlon for apcrtut'e nvcraL ng

C, (0) = 0.59 (0,224) = 0.112 (argon) (233)

C,(O) = 0.50 (O.OCi'7.l) = 0.00337 (cnrbon-dlosidc) (23b)

To thcso vnrlmccs we must add tl.? sclntllintion c:uscd by thc tropopause

-10 k?/O 6.62 X XO

0.G2 x x 1.81 x 10' = 0.12G (argon) (24a)

0.62 x lo-'' x 6.44 x 10' = 0.003GO (carbon-dloxidc) (21b)

The total log-amplltuudo varlmice duo (0 tho turbulence nenr the ground plus the tul-tdencu nt the tropopause bocamee

8

6-14

- 0.00337 + 0.0030 0 0.00697 (carbon-riioxldo) (2w

4

. i

t

A pair of sensors fiboard the balloon payload were used to monl lor the i r r t tdlance cawed

by the lasers. hs t an taneous I r rnd lance l eve l s w e r e te lemctorer l - to t h e gmund and re- corded on m a g i c t i c tape. Later, the tape was played 5ack in 30-second In te rva ls Into R

Iiewtett-Pzckard correlntor from whlc:l s J m p l c va lues of u were obtained. Normallzed power var i ances were conver t id to log-amplitudc v a r i a n c e s P by eqantion 3. Slufnagel I

has ;Jredictd t b i t the s t r eng th of sclnt l l la t lon 11s m e a s u r e d by log-amplitude var innce should Itsclf be n l o g - n o r m d parai:icter. herefore, In C:(O) \vas plc.rted versup

cumulnt lvc pr \bnbtlity on norma l p n p h p a p e r to check the d l s t r l l xNon of C1 (0). A

normal distrlbutloc plotted In thts tiinnner wlll appeor as H strnlght lfne. Results n r e shown In F1gdrr.s 6-5 and 6-6. Tile p a r a m e t e r s of the dlstrl!)iit!ons are listed bclow:

1.0. e / pry, CI-

&ii145 pn? I-

In C , ( o ) -1.8 -5.4

@In c1 (0) 0.6 0. G

T h e magnitude of C,(O) should, f r o m equation 15, be proportloiial to tho 7/G powor cif thc

~ ~ . & . c r . u ~ i b c ~ * Ttrrc:cro

From tho m e n s u r d log-amplituda v a r l m c c s

- h e menn C1 (0) from the data are*

1 2 - -: 0.198 (0.514E pin) C,(i)) f. c - 1 . 8 + ~ ( . 6 ) _- c

i

- +For a iog-normnl va r l ab le I( = exp [k + $.] w h e r e 1 Is the mean of tho log-normnl variable and k and X2 are the mean variance of the correspoirdlng norma l vrwlables. s

I.

. ..

I.,

i f' c - 2.

c

i l

I;,

i

,

0) I Y 0

*

.. .. 2. .

_-

Figure 0-5. CumulaUvo Probablllty of Log-amplibde Varhace Cor Argon Wavclcngth

I . - - . . . . I .

.- - .

&&e=- . . . . . . -... . . . . . . . . . w , -

0 I c 4

. '.

. . . . . . .: > . . . . . . . . . . * . . . > _

f

-4.611 I I 1 I 'A/ c -4.4

-5.2

. . . . . . .

0.016

0.014 0.013

0.01 1 0.010

0.009

- 0.005 --- -I -- - --- - -- - - -- - - 0.w

- 0 . m

I -5.6 -

- 0.0025 -6.0 -

- 0.002

I I I I I -6.4 1 2 5 IO 20 40 '-9 30 Fo 95 9rJ 99

WkTA PLGnED ON N0Rfh-L PROBL\OILlTY SCALE. SlRAIGtfT LINE INDICATES NOW& DISTRIBUTION.

Figure 6-6. Cumulalvc ProbabIilty of Log-m plltudc Variance for C02 Wavelength

< L - g - n m

.,,, ...... .*." ...... .+r. . ,*a:.. -,.. ......... / . . . . . . . . . . .

.; ...... ;... . ; * ; . . . . . . . . , :. . , " . . . . . . .

. , ,.* q?jp .

. . . .

1 ' . . . . .

I

. . . . . . \ . . .

'. . .i . ' .' . . + : i

. . .f . . . .

. . I

. . . . . . \ : . .

'. . .i . ' .' . . + : i

. . .f . . . .

. i . . I . . *. . . . . . . . . , ... . ' ,

. . . . . - . *

. . . .

I . . .

.... ,* . . : 4 . ' .

. . . . .

.... ,* . . : 4 . ' .

. . . . .

" ;e$. - . . .

. . . . . .

.. . _ . .

. . . . 3 _. . - . . -

.. I . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

Exper imenta l va lues of C ( 0 ) dcterminea by optic31 menburecient arc campnrtvi to

values computed f rom the turbulence proflie In the follot\ ir,: table: I

Eqwr t m c n t d Computed

c l (o) 0.5145 pm 0.199 0.232

t CI(0) 10.Cpm 0.00*-~10 O.OO(i97 0.370

Ihc c c n t r d - l l m i i theorem prdlc is t l u t the dl~triI~utlor! rjf i r rnd inncc s!iould i)c log-

norma l . 'l'hfs wss checked In I'lpprcs 6-7 nnd 6-6 by plottlrlg :hc cumulative i~ml):al)lllty of lhe lognrlthm of a norn1all7.cd sl@nal on 8 norma l dis t r ibut ion scnlc. Thc straight Ilnc bchuvlor of Imth of Ihcsc p n p h v rguln tndlcntcs il !og-norma! dis t r ibut ion.

X

of ciil-squatw d c t c r m l n c tho I - Q confldcncc lntcrval for snmplc varinncc,

6-18

..

. I . . . . - . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

... . . . . . . . * - :

. - - . . . -

. . . . - . .. . , . .

bb,.*. d+ :...-..,.a . . c WI-A~. . . ...... _I. .. e ..... _.._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

1,

0 .

: .

I '

' I

\

c

- /- I 1 L.. I I I I I I L L I 1 2 5 1 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 9 0 9 5 P B W

CUMWATM PR08AblLlN - PERCENT

?HE LOGARITPM OF NOXMALIZEO RECEIVFD SIGNAL(S) FOR THE ARGON WA'dELTtJGW (JI4.5 A) N A FUNCTION OF CUMULATIVE PROBABILITY ON NORMAL WIOBMILIlY PAPER. I 19:M MST 21 OCTOBER 1970 AT HOLLOMANAFB, NEW MEXICO. 6APE I EXPCRlMENV

VaIRIANCE 0.72 LOG-AMPLITWE VARIANCE w0.18 50 - MEAN SIGNAL LtVEL

Flguro 6-7. Logarithm of Normaked Recclved Signule for Argm Wavolclpgth

6-19

8

?

( i

t

+-. i ' . . . . .

-7-m-

0.5 c

. . . . . . ... . . . . .

. , . . . . . . . . . - , I

. .-.. ...

r"

I I ! A J - 1 1 2 s 1 0 2 0 JO 60 80 w f i m w

CUMJIATNE P f i o a m L t w - PERCENT

THE LOGARITHM OF NORMALIZED RECEIVED SIGNAL(S) FOR THE C 0 2 WAVFLENGTH (10.6 m l c r ~ t e r t ) As A FUNCT13N OF CUMULATIVE FROBABILlr~ ON NORMAL

MEXICO. BAPE I EXPERIMENT mceAsiLiw PAPER. 6:47:30 AM MT 21 OCTOBER 1970 AT HOLLOMAN.~\FS, NEW

VARIANCE C.M LOG-AMPLITWE VARIANCE c 0.01 SO - MEAN SIGNAL LEVEL

Figure 6-6. Logarithm of Normaltzed Recalvcd S i p t s for COz Wavelength

6-20

8

.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . '...>,7.. .. ,_.& ... ... , : . ._ ._ - . . , *. --.:.'.*.-- . I . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . 7T-qTt- -- . . I _ .

. __, ' , , , . .: ' .';,

, . , , . . , - . . . , . . . ' ' . .. . . . I . . . . . - * . . '* .

I .

. .

, . ' . . .

. . . . . , . . .

. .

, .' . . . . .

* . . .

. .. ' ... . . . .L ." .. " ? , . .: .I ' ' . :

that Is, thc actual w r l i ~ n c e 0: is known to fall wfthln the dmve tnterval wjth n confl- dciice of 100 (1 - a) percent. l l ic key parameter that dctermfnes the a b " Intcrvnl la N, the numtxr of independent a:implcs.

D in turn enn t)c est11nn1c-d from '3

\

(K?)

SO% confldcncc ictcruals 2 2 Argon 0.93 525.q 5 l.C2 s

0.95 s*i"s 1.05 s2 3 3

c02

n i c r c f o r c the argon w~rl.z~icc hns error bnrs off 2F nrwl C@2 hns f ST for 90.7 contl- dcani-e md 33-second rctstd length.

6-21

. . . . . . ' . - , , . '1 . . . , . . ' ' .

. / - . . ' - . . .

. .

* . . . . .. . .

* . . . . .

. . I

. . . . .,-..a . . . . . . . . .

, -

I .

. . . . .

. .

1.

2.

3.

4.

6.

0.

7.

IiiEFERkXCES

Frlcd, D. L. , Proc. W E E , Vol. 55, No. 1 (.Inn 1.967). p.57.

Schme1tz.r-r, R.A. , c?unrt. Appl. htnth, Vol. 21 (1967). p.339.

Kolrimgorov, A.N. , The I.ocnl Structure of Turbdlcncc lr lncornprcvvlbic Viscous Fluld for V ~ r y L n r p itcynolds h'umbcrrr, Doklndy A b d . N u k SSSR 30:301 (1941). Ctiriium trens!allon In Snmniclband zur Statlstlchen Thwrlc dcr Turbulcnz, Ak~~tlcni!o- i'c-ritv, Ilcrllir (1958). p.71,

Tatarskl, V. I. , N'wa Propngntion :a 8 Turbulcnt. \LdIurro, hIcGmw-€iI l~ , Mew York ( l !MI).

hllnott, P . 0 . . Sclntlllntloo In am Uarth-to-Spnc% Propnf;otion Path, J. OpLlcal

Frlcd, D. L . , J . Optfcul SOC. Am., F'ol. 57 (1967). p.980.

llufnngcl. R.E. , Rcsbralfon of Atmrxsphrrlcnlly Degraded lninges,. Woods Hole Suni:-licr SLudy, Val. 2, A~qmxi Ix 3 (196tl), p. 15.

SOC. At?.. , Vot. 62 {.Jtily 1972).

.

6-22

. . . . . . . . . . . .. w .. .;. ...... . . . . . .... ~- . *

, .., , ~ , - .._ . , . . - . , . 1

. . .. I . . . . . . * . . , . , .

. . . 5

. , elr - . - I'> .:*.-. , . -_I-. ... . * .-.. -.- ', , 1 . _. ~ ~. . . .. .. I I

. .

G , 3 CO I lR f.: LA TION CO U FF IC I EX T

Thcccvarhnco of lrrndlaoce I s dcflacd an

(?'

U ':e drflnc the log-amplltudc corrvI:rtlon corfllclcml F (p),

thcn

*. For wmk turbulence,

b

,

6-23

-... s i - . * _

* # . .

. . . . . . . . . . . _.

. . /. .-- - . . .

. . . . . . . .

' * 8 , , - '

. . ' I

- . . . . . . . . - . . .

Q *' c-. ' I

I " '.

Ikp Iz s *- 4 (z-8) 2 1 . I '

i

I

s/e Ffb = 3.8ri Re() -4 .09 [ " I

4 ( t - U J Z

. -

I . . . . . .

' _ I . . . .

. . . .

.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * . - . . . . . .. ' :a%., ;.. . , .. .*.I.

. .

Using t h i s cquntlon, we ovnlunte p /m , Rc( ).

'J a i / d 0.503 1.4 0.707

I 1 .ooo 2 1.414

0.259

0. i s 1

0.663

1.068

1. $70

1.000;

0 .466

0.256

0.020

-0 . V Y 4

0

0. 2

0 4

0 . G

0 . tl

1.0

y ( p m )

0

O.?

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.00

0 0.13 0 . d I

0.50

9.73

1.00

2 0 , =0.49

0

0.1

0.22

0.39

0.65 1.00

In oivlcr to cvrilunte the actual correlation c n d f l c i e l t t , wc muRt analyze the turbulence ns though I t id mxdtt up of thln layers of turbr:lenco of vary ing s t -cngths and at ;tarying distnrir:*s from the soJrce.

I~C*C~.USC the thermosonclc m e a s u r e m e n t show& only one layer of turbulence and from other m e m u r c m c n t s wc9 know thnl turt? lcnce e x i s t s nt the tropopnuuo, we will une n

two-layer model of the a tmosphere , although the resuits of the mdysfs will m k e ap- parerit ttow mor5 compf!catcd models cnn be hn i id ld .

*See nlore w m p l e b bbio in Appcodlx B

0-26

.. . . . . . .. - _ _ . _. _ _ . .. ... . - . . . . . - .. . . . .

.

.

0.0 0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.2 2.5 3.0

SB2B-O.B-l

F l ~ o 0-9. Log-Amplllude Coxclation Cocfflclcnt

Z ' , .i. , it-

.

. . . . . . . . . . ... -.,; ; , - x , . . . . . . . . . . . , I. - /'I" ., :- ...... ; . .

.

-.

For (1 single la: er ni turbulence, 5 /6

CJn) = 8.16 .In k2 r(-'/cJ cN 2 A s , ne [ f$r'Ill/G) . z 1

N GO CIS(,,) = -nc CDY D = 0 . 2 8 ti

- 0.26 A c" c

For a two Inycr turbulence model,

(2 0 )

SI < < n2 D1 = 0.26 '

t Thcrcforo

*

6-28

.. ...... . -...

..,

:-:;n. ..... -,,. ,. 7 ' . . u ) .... . - , ~,..?

. . . . . . . . . . ............ . . . . . . .

.-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - + . . _ ' - _

. . . . . I

. , .. -. I 2 . : . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .

. . . . '. . . . , - . . . . . . .. . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . :.. . . . . . . . . ._ . . .

. I .

.., 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- 0.26 A C G C 0.2Ci C

- 0.26 AC [CiI + c;*]

6-29

,*l., . . . . . , . . -.- _I...:

. . . . . . . : . . ,:- .. . . . . . . . <., ' -.-.-- I.. ! , . , . . ' .. , < , ..

. . . . . . . . ..

. .

.... - . . . .

and for wcnk scinttllrtloq

I?" lhIs result. the m c t h d of nndysls for rrultllnyer modcks Is .pparcnt.

+ . . . . .

...

Doudnry Layer 700 0.70 3. i d 0.40

TC'OwiMUSU '3.200 0.12 0.55 0.60

The expcrlmental values of corrslatlon ~ocfflclsnt arc plotted In Flwro 6-12 and re- corded In T&Ie 6-2. Using tbe results of F l g ~ n t 6-12 and cowerling F ( P I to y LhrGufih T.rblc 6-2. tbe theoretfcal log-lrrndlaocc correlatlon coufficlent for various

values of log-.amplitude mriance arc shown for comparison.

The exyerirrcntal nnd thcoretlcrrl ftt s b w cxcellent ngreemcnt lndlcatlng that the theory appoare to give an eccuralo predlctlon of cormlatlon coefflclent.

8-30

Q

me&- - - -a.' '

.

. . . \ : ', .: ... ....

I----------------

' \ . . . . ' , . . , . . ' . . . . . . . . . .

._. . . .

. . . . . . . .

u r t - v r x OF TURIULERCL - K Y

; .'

Figure 6-10. Correlalton Length fcr Specffic Altitude ' I

-,. 1.

. I . .. * ................. ..,-.-.- . - . . :; ! "

. . . . . . . . . . 1 . . , . . . I

! . * ;L --

I ,L if . .

I _- -

c

:

1.0

0.8

-0.2 1 I I I I5 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 : 0

p -ARGON- C M .~ - I I I I I. I 1 I J

7s I03 I25 I50 175 200 0 25 50 0 - CO2 -CM

. . . ( . - . . . . .

i . . . ~ . , . a .

. . . .

. . " .

. . . , . . . . . "*

. .., . . . .

Figure 6-11. TMoreilcilil Shape of F ( P )

U* I 0 0

8 3 0 '

.

1 0 * 5 10 I5 20 25 30 :5 90

-0.2

p - to2 - C #

Figure 6-12. Experimental VIIIUCS of Corrc1a:ioa Cwfficicot

\ .. . . , . I .- - . - , . -. >7 .p < '.?.b>.. a< I I ..̂ .a, .,".. ._ ,_ ._, " ,, . - .

,

. . . . .

. . . . . .

~ - . . . - . . -' . ..' . . .

. . . * .

, - .

. '

. .

. .

: .

* .

. . % .. I. ._ . -

. _ -. . ._ . . . , .,

Tablo G-2 Tnblc of Expcrtmcntnl Irradlanco Corcrlntion Cocfffclcnta

-- ... ..__ - .- .- .... . , . .- ~ - . - .

Argon Data

Time (GMT) Tlme (GMT') p(CM) 'I .,-~-. __._.. , - - - ... -.

G 0.915

0 0.989

2 7 0.098

3 8 0.943 4 14 0 . ah0

18 0.829

28 0.789

12 28 0.639

32 0.758

37 0. E14

14

16

62 0.416

13 53 20 52 0.379

Gi 0,397

0 . tG3 =-. - ~ ~ .

3. , I3 25.15

4. 13 23 00 '

6. 13 20 io 8. 13 17 13

7. 13 14 50 8 . 13 12 55

9. 13 12 15

10. 1309 30 13 4 5 2Q

12 06 07

6-34

II 1

c

. . . . , . . , . - ... b : ' : '

. . . , . - .__.- .. . ... ." .

REZERUNCES

1. Fttzmnurfce, h:.W., Expcrlmcatal Invcetigallons of Opticnl Propqatlon la AL- mosphcric Turbulence, NA!M TR R-370 (Ang 1971).

2. Fried, D.L. J . Optical Soc. Am. 1'01. 57 (19G7). p.131.

3. Abrar*\owL(Z, R I . nlVt Skyrn, 1. tiandbook of htntt-?maUcal Functions. Dover, New York (1964), p. 504.

*

I'

. . . . * _ .'. - * . -

.

c

8-96

.

l . . . . . i

. .

. .

.

4

., . . . _. . - .'..'.. -, . - .i I

REFERE!.ICES

1.

2.

fIulcU, ' T . A . , .I. Optical &. Am., Vol . 57 (1967). p.l.335.

h f t o n , J . L . . An InvestIgaLlon of Armospheric Turbuleoce by Stcllnr Observa- U O ~ S , NASA TR It-369 ( kug 1971).

4. Young, J . , At.ronomlca1 Journal ( h u g :%?I, P. 717.

8-38

. h

AUT3CORHELATION OF IRRADlANCE AND DOWER SPECTRAL DENSm-* 6.5 --__ - ~ -------.- --- Thc autocorrelation of Irradiance ts defined as

R,(T) = <I1 ( t ) - i ] [ I ( t + 7 ) - i]> = CT (7) 0 1

whcrc at time t + T

by thc vnrInnce af irradiance to obLiln thc irr~diancc-correlation coefficlcnl

r ( t ) is th- irradiance at tinic t , i ( t + 7 ) 1s t h e irradiance at the s2mc F l n t

and is lhc nvemgc irradiance. Thls Is u s u ~ l l y normulizcd by di i :ding

CI (T ) < [ I c t ) - f J [ I ( t + T ) - f ] > Y ( T ) = - = -<?I 1 j-)y (2 1

CI (0)

whcre thcn mefflclcnt ' q now a function of tlme dclny T rather t h m of spatial dis- plncemcnt ( p ) 8s In cqurition 2 o f cicctlo,. 6.3. For a sliigie layer of turbulcnce at dis-

tance s from the source, a dleplaccment p ' corcpspoacis to p. drtiplncerirent

(3) ,." a of[, v 3 J

p' =m [-I (4 )

To = T c : 3

In the dctcctor plsno nt x from the projcctlon s l m m tn Ilgurc 13-14. If p 1s replac4 by the corrclntlon l c n f l h v a In the detector plane,

Zfhc? time necessary for a turbulon to trilveree this d i s t " Is

/ (5 1 m I

n

whero i t n Is the wind vcloclty normal to the propagatlon path.

Theroforo if Taylorls lippLthesls of frozen-In turbulence ir: asPunred, f0 le tbe tlmo rcqulred for B turbulon in the plane of turbulence at s to traverse the correlation l e n N ( ~ L J tn tho receiver p ine , and IR therefore simpiy the correlation time. Taylorfa hjpthos ls Is valld whcnevor a<< Lo, thnt is when the corrclatloo Icngth le less Ulm tho outer scale of turbulmx. From h'ricd2, the outer scatc of turbiluocc

*Data proccased oaly for rho argon waveleagth.

1

', 5;

6-39 - .

) ...... .' . .... .... -_-, :.=:--,. * ,( G."... .- _ . __" -. . i . . . . . . . . Ir . , . , .."..-q?L.,- .- .-.-,op* i_.___" -. , _,_- . . . .

.,: d ' . . . . , ic.m*.,, --, :-&=- ,. .- - - I . .

. . .'S

:, 1 - 4

.: . .

. t

RECEIV€9 RECEIV€9 PLANE I I

x

J

Flgure 6-14

, . . ..

. . ' . . ' .

\ i

. . . ..

. . .

' ._ '

' . . . . . . , .

- . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

.'. . . . .. ' . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .-._ . _. ... : - -... .. . . . . . . . . .

. _ ..

a: 700 m al t l tudc (lowest m y e r of turbulence) Is 40 m which is much larger than t h e ,

corrclatloo I c i y t h for that altitudf, (0 .70 m) and t h e r c f o r e t h e requirements of Taylor ' s

h v p t e h s l s arc m e t f o r all t h c turbulcncc layers blncc corrclatlon lcngth d e c r e a s e s

with altltudc while outer s c a l e Increases.

Thc \vlnd s p e d corresponding to the Lroimpausc (14.4 km) is 24.7 ma and thc corrc- lntlon length corrcsponding b this hclght Is 3.037 inckrs. T h e r e f o r e f r o m cqunt lsn 5,

thc corrc ln t ion LiillC $9

-1

For the low nltltudc L s r r i u r h y c r t u r b u l r i ~ c e , we kct t h e altitude of the turbulence df:.cctly from thcrmosondc n i r n s u r r m e n t s nnd f i d l t to be a p p m s i m n t e l p 700 m c t c r s ,

with (I winq spccrf of 10.1 m8-l (19.6 knots). 'Ilic corrc ln t lon l w F f h for th ls nl t l tudc

IS nppmxima?ely 0.70 m e t e r s , thcrcfore

whorc? eT Is thc zenl th a n g l e o f the t a r q c t and 0 , is t h e az imuth angle . Since tho b n r r i o r layer tu rbulence :ind t ropopnuse tiirbiilcnco wcre .of approxlmatc ly the m n i e

s t r e n g t h , wo wotild c v c t tho corre lo t lon time to b.. approximutc?ly

7

Q

.

.

. . . . , .. , .

. .* . . ,. . . ~. * . ' , . ': , ..: . : r .>.I . ' .. * ",++....:r i., . , .i.+ ....'. . . . . . ~ .. .. . . . .

The actual correlatloc time fi-om measurement (Figure 6-15) was 2.40 x The dlffcrcnce between prcdlctcd nnd measured correlatlon t ime Is tbercfore

seconds.

which I B well wlth.in the nccurncy of the wind speed measurement.

The im-ntnIIzd pwer spectral rlcnsity of' irradlnnces calculotcd from the nuta- correlntlon of lrradlancc -!ab by k'ourler transform mcthods Is shorn In Picure G-IC. Sizcr: t!c pwer spectral derisfty of irrad!wce IS pmpnrt(nnui to wnvcniimtwr $ ==), On

by scallng the f:cq,ucncv nrrls, the sonic curve may bo uecd for other wnvclcngths. Carbon dtoxfdc scIntlllntfori for examplr would hovo frequencies

A

times as great AS ihc nrem .xwc,rangth. The correlatlon cume can elso b: used for carbon dloxlde '>y multlplying tho time axls by 1/0.22.

8-43

* .

0.1

O.*

15 5

6

E

0.4

uuJ( DATA ra3 2

Figure 6-15

. .

t I

.

i

. _ . . . .

0 0

0 00

A R 3 W OAT-

t3IS ?

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 00

0 , 1

0 0

0

c 3

0 0

0 0

0 0 0

\

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0

00 0 0

0

G 4 4

I .

.. . . ,. ' . ... ,

, .. . . . . ._ .. .

T&!c 0-3 Log-lrradmico Autoeorrclntlon

0

0.1

0.2

0.3 0.4

0.5

0. G

0.7

0 . 8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1 .*I

1 .!i

1 . G

1 .7

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3 2.4

2.5

2.6 2.7

2.8

2.!)

3.0 3.1

3.2 3.3 3 A

3.5

3.0 3.7 3.8 3 .0

0.17

0.14 0.10

0.07

( 1 . 0 4

0.02

0

-0.02

-0.03

-0.05

-0.00

-c. 07

-0.07

-0.07

-*. 09

"(1.07

-1). 07

-0 . oci -0.05

-9.09

4.0 4.2 4.4

4.C

4 . 8 f.0

5.2

5.4

5.3 5.U

6.0

0.2

c.4

a.u 6.8

7 . 0

7.2

7.4

7.0

T . 8

1.00

0.99

0.98

0.97

0,94 0.91

I). RD

0.33

0.60

0.75

0.69 0 . F5

0.59

0.54

0.48

0.43

0.38

0.32 0 .28

0.23

.

. ,-- : ;;,, -T -5- . .. . . . , . .

- . , . _.. . . . : , .. . . ' I .

' . : 1

. *. . ~

b

/ .-

I

Q ' . . '

a- . . _ . . . . . ..; . .

. .. .. i , . ... . _ . . . . . I

, .. .. . I 1

REFERENCES

1. Lumloy, J.1.. , and Panofsky, H.A., Tho Structurct of ALmos&rlc Turhulcnco, InlcraclcneJ, !dew York (1964). p.71.

Fri-d, 0. L. , P r , x IEEE, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Jan 19671, p. 57 (fig 5 ) . 2.

P

I I I

.

. r I , .

I

1 ... . . . ..

7- I

j _ . . 1

Q

0.17

0. awl

7 -2

. -. . .

I * -

a' . .

* . - ..... <,.. . . ._*.. . _ . . .. \ .

c

- -

I

7-3

f

a tmospher i c e f thc ts of turbulence should enable u s ' t o des ign laser systems whIch will

o p e r a t e successful ly through a tmosphe r i c turbulence.

One area which needs f u r t h e r investigatfon Is t he frequency and depth of st-vere Intcn-

sity dropouts. These dropvuts have l l t t l e elfect upon the means a i d var lunces.but s e v e r e l y effect the bit e r r o r rat6 of pulsed b inary laser communicat ions systems. Because of the v e r y high slgnal-to-noise r a t i o a r d dynamic range requi red to p e r f o r m this type of mer w r e n l e n t , i t was beyond the scope of thls expe r lmcr : .

A cont!nuatlon of the BAPE I flight of 1971) was per fo rmed in the fall Ok 197!. ?his ex- pe r imen t , RAPE TI, has added tn the da t a of th i s r e p o r t (par t icular ly in the area of tu rbulence prof i les ) and a r e p o r t on i t s :.esults is under preparat ion.

Thc BAPE s y s t e m is the only exis t ing equipment capable of measurlnl: the stcr.tletics of the opt ical effects of turbuletice upon laser b e a m s propagating f rom ea r th to epace.

W i l i i e the BAPE i and If aignts have proviud H g r e a t detil of iniormatfon, many intcr-

es t inl ; and impor tan t expe r imen t s r emafn to be do-e. The most importm! 01 t hese a r e the d!zect m e o s u r c m e n t of the p h s s c s t n t i s t l c s of opticd propagation, and thc ineasu rc -

m e n t 9f the f requency of s e v e r e ampl i tude dropouts . Work in t hese a r e a s should be the next pmblems of l a s e r propagatfon to be investigatcd.

-- -

.

7-4 A Q-

APPENDIX A

UPPER AIR DATA

i

i t

. * . ' I .

. . . . . - ,

. . . . . - . . . . . . . . . .

I . ' . . . . . .

11.8 I b . 1 1..e ...

..I 3.4 ... I.. -. .4 - 7 3

-:1.. 4 3 . 3 -I?*

.?..P 43.a 4.., 4 4 . 1 ->I.C -5..

4 . 1 4 q . 1

4 . 1

4 3 . 1 -...I *>.I 4.d -(..?

-I)..

-as.>

4 r . r

1.. U.. 1.1 L.0 I.. 1e.2 6.1 *,a

-1.1 . l . O - I . f tl.0 ......... ......... -1v.1 11.. -?(.a 11.. -m.* 1 I . O . I t .? a,.* - Y . L 1%. .IT-0 I..* ->.* U.. -1.. 1.A -%-b 11..

81.8 $ 9 . . ,..- I . . ? I... I*.\ I , . . .... 16.1 1 a . t 17.9 91.. I, .? I , , ? 9 1 . 1

I ' . I I C . ?

1.1 e , * . . I 1.. 7 . 1 1.1 4 . 9 e.. ..I 1-1 ... Y.C

I . .

w.0 .... 17.3 31. . 3 8 . 8 %<.* .<.. . l . U .,.a U . 1 .>.I .... ....

e.1 .... 1?.. 51.9

. I . ) $1.9 .,., .... L I . 0 w.. ,'.I *..* k.. 7 5 . 1 )..e V . 3 :I.:

I . . 1.. I . . 1 -

I . . I.I 1.1 1.. I..

I.¶ I . . 1.1 1.-

C.* -.. .. -0.. - a , . -,. 1 .. 1 ?.I

- 3 . 1 -e.. -1.. .(.I -.., -..,

-10..

l . r

IC.*.. IC<..* .e.> e-.,

IC.>.$ ........... L . 1 . l

I C ? % . * A&>., :CJ* .$ ~ 1 . 0 ........... Icr..) ..1.1 ...........

-9.. * M A ..).a .-.a <.7,7 .,.A ..... .Y-. * T v . I ~ % . l '7 l . I .,:.. *-*.e 8 i r . o ...... .Y.. s53.7 I,,..

V ' . l * , , . 2 ..... .*.I - 7 . 7 . 5 I . Y *l?.l ,1,.. .......... .......... tl2.1 . , I . ? ' %?.I 151 .1 -01.. e*.. ..... .U. l 1.1.0 -.*

*I+.. I.J.0

1 . 0 .... l.S.3 I O ? . *

2Ll.S I Z l . ' 1 )n.c 1 M . I I . l . 2 1.f.. IS.. 1.:.e > I I . Y z.1.c ,t..) '*..e ..... k,'.) ' I I . 0 I?). . Il..l 111.1 27t. .

,.C.3

1.C.C a:... J 1 1 . b 1-e..

a i l . ?

2n.r

.. 0 .. 1 7.. 1."

1C.L 11.. I t . . 11.. 11." I..] 11.1 I*., .... IL1 I C . 9 I 1 . J 11.. 12 . ) 1J.a I ) . . 1*.. 13.1 I%. 13.. 23.. .... 1 l . l 2..z I..I a,.)

. .

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . .. . . :. . \

' , . - . I ,'

. . . . . . " . . . . . . . . .

. . r :.

.. . . . , . A . , ' . . . . . . a.4 ..* ... ..* * . I I.. 1.1

I .. I . . I.* I .- e .. C.1 -I., - < . I - 9 . : -1."

- I .> .:.3 - l . C -f.. -7.. -..I

-..1 -:.I -1 .. 4 . 1 -. -9

4.r

'.e

-11.2 -I...

-11.t -1r.s -11..

- I . . . -11.1

-1I.1 -I,..

- .<." -I:.. . I O . * . ? I . , 4 I . b -12 .9 -I,.. - 1 s . . . l! . , -I1.* -1.., -:... - )e .* -;I.? -I¶.. - I t .a -I*.. -1..* -)?.I -I:*

- 8 e . t

( I . . , 'I,? 7?.. 1D .7 1 7 3 . 1 m., It.. L l 1 . t .".I 11 .1 1s7.a .*-. '..e b a ? . O .".l .... e%..* .-.I

277 .7 ,,. . >I.., I Y Z . 1 1.1.. I T I . 1 215.. I 7 O . C I.1.. I.<.* ..... 161.. 2.t.. ?**.I 1 a 3 . . I*..> l.l.* z.*.c 1.1.) ?.I.. 160 .6 111.1 13'.0 I 5 I . 1 1 5 7 . . 2 3 t . l m . a I%.? 131.0 a?*.¶

I*.> 1 e . 1 11.5 27.. I* .> I?.* I*. I I* .$

I*.. I?.. Z.." $ 0 . ) IL.. 11." 11.) 11.9 ( I . , 11.. 31.5 11.3 11.. >).1 11.3 IC.) lC.5 IO. I I S . .

w.2

ai . .

a,..

If.) rr1.c ..l.. 11.1 -1.. ..... I I . 9 I t . 0 D.0.I 111.1 '.l.I LU., I).. 110.1 .L..O I).* 113 .1 '13.5 I t . * 0 0 . 1 .*%.a .............. ............... 1s.: .OI.5 ..,.. 1 7 . . .-4.* ..I.*

11.1 771.1 &.I,* l l . * ).*.I r . i . 1 17.. Ill.* ..".I

z 1 . 1 161.1 .n I I ? . > 781.1 C*.. 11.1 11.1 m.., .17: 11.1 7.9.3 .,)A 11.1 ?.l.B .%-, 17.0 rM-3 .ha

17.. 7 1 1 . 8 6 . l . J

17.. I I . 1 776.7 ? T I . I ' W . 1 .,..I

I l e . 9 .)..I

-..----. .....

~ .-

. . ' :

i . 6 , ._ . .

... e -4 .. .*.I -3.1 4 . 1 -. .. -b.L -.a -*..

. I t . . -11.1 41.1 *I) .? . : I . , . I ) .$ * I * . # .I... .I... .I..*

-11.1 .. 1 . .

' ..c .I,.. - w . v - 1 9 . 1 - I . .% .I?.* - 1 e . 1 -10..

-:r.a

. r w .)I.* -I@.. -1e.J . I@.)

-(I.. . I#.) -:e.. -;..a

-m.. .1..* .D... +W.l -*e.* -*.e -11.1 -11.1 '81.1 -11.e

-M.. -%.I

-):.a

-t*.r

-n.i

- n . a -n.r -n.i 4..* - 3 e . 1 -so..

--.. IS.. - 1 7 . 9 la.* -11.7 I:.* -*..I I..C -U.l l..I .st.. I S . . .m.* I... -11.. I... 'U.1 1s..

I* .?

e:.* ) # . I -1.. I..@ -41.1 I..# e,.. I... - J . * I".. -?.l le.* -+I.. I#.. - 1 . 7 19.0

-+c.* 1s.r

-11.y -71 .s

-)*ab - 1 9 . t -1..3 -)$.e -13.9

. I * . ¶ 1v.c

- I * . ,

-10.. ->* . I -1s.. -:.I --.. -1.1 . * I . . -.>.I -.I. 7 -.*.1 4 ! . 1 -..2 -.. . I -.!.I -.1.1 -... ? -.1

- 3 r . s

-m.c

-".a

-#.I 4I.1 -.I.. ..*.l a*..

-M.. 4 1 . . 4 I . l -,I.. - 1 7 . 7 -..., A,., .,..I 41.1 4 7 . * .,... ,9..T -.%. -41.. -.I.. -.1.. -e.., *$.. .,?.,

- *e .1 ..... -11.1 - * I . ¶ -11.1

-w.r

I . .+ I:.* 11.7 11.. !*.a I . . "

I . . , 11.1.. I..... I..... 1a.1..

8 7 .... I..,..

I..:.. I1.S.. . .l.. I 1 . C . 11.1.. 11.- *. P-. I.... I.,.. 7.3.. ..*.- ..I.. 9.... ._... ,.". 7.1.. 1.1..

* '. .. ; i e . .. f

' .*

. . .. . . - . . .. . . . . . . ... . : .

3'. , :'= . . : . . ... . . .. . . . .. . . . . . 1

,.. . . , .... , I . . . , . . . . ... i

_ . ..._. , . , . . . ' - .; , . . . . . -

.. . . . . . . . . .. . : . . . 1

. .

unr . .I. L.7, -117U

-.%.e".

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APPENDIX I 1

FVALUATION OF I,OC-AhPI,II'UDE COHItI~IA'I'ION COEFFICIENT

.

. . . . .

APPENUIX B EVALUATY3N OF LOC-AI3PI.ITUDE COflllELATlON COEFFlCl EhT

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