Goal 6. Imperialism- stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over...
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Transcript of Goal 6. Imperialism- stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over...
US History
Goal 6
Imperialism- stronger nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories
Reasons Desire for military strength
Alfred Mahan- US admiral in navy- build navy to compete with other nations
Modern battleships- Maine and Oregon New markets for US goods
US needed raw materials for its’ factories US needed markets for its’ agricultural and manufacturing products
Belief in cultural superiority Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest; racial superiority of Anglo-
Saxons Religious Purposes
Spread Christianity
Reasons for Imperialism
1. Commercial/Business Interests
1. Commercial/Business Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
2. Military/Strategic Interests
2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783
3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’sBurden
The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy
of RaceThe Hierarchy
of Race
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
Secretary of State William Seward Buy Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million Become known as Seward’s Folly-
thought buying Alaska was silly Alaska will be rich in natural resources
Oil, gas, etc Will be a good deal
Alaska become 49th state in 1959
Purchase of Alaska
“Seward’s Folly”: 1867“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million$7.2 million
“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
Hawaii US takes Midway Islands in 1867 Americans had been using Hawaii since 1790s American sugar plantations grow rapidly ( 3/4 of
islands wealth) US imposes tariffs on its’ territories (McKinley Tariff
of 1890) American sugar plantations cry for annexation 1887- US starts to use Pearl Harbor as a naval base 1897- President Cleveland and Congress proclaim
Hawaii a territory 1959- Hawaii becomes 50th state
Annexation of Hawaii
Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
US supported Cuban rebellions in 1868 and 1878 1895- Cuba revolts under Jose Marti 1896- Spain sends Valeriano Weyler to end revolt Around 300,000 Cubans put in concentration camps William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer use yellow
journalism to create exaggerated accounts of the conditions in the concentration camps
Creates war fever in America Spain gives in a little- give Cuba limited self-government De Lome Letter- letter stolen by Cuban rebel that
criticized President McKinley as weak. USS Maine sent to Cuba to bring home American citizens.
The USS Maine blew up. Spain was blamed.
Interest In Cuba
Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba
Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy
Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer
William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!
De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.
Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and abidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.
Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
War declared on April 20, 1898 US invades Philippines and destroys the
Spanish fleet (navy) Spain will surrender the Philippines in August Set up a blockade of Cuba Rough Riders- group of volunteer cavalry led
by Theodore Roosevelt San Juan Hill- US troops defeated Spanish
and forced them to flee US will invade Puerto Rico in July
War with Spain
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.
Imperialist and American nationalist.
Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.
The “Rough Riders”
The “Rough Riders”
Peace terms Spain frees Cuba Spain gives Guam and Puerto Rico to the US Spain sells Philippines to US for $20 million
Debate over Philippines Yes- McKinley said “educate the Filipinos and uplift
and Christianize them.”- Social Darwinism No
Booker T Washington- take care of problems in US Samuel Gompers- argued that Filipinos would compete
for jobs
US Senate will ratify the Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris (1898)
The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.
The U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for thePhilippines.
The U. S. becomesan imperial power!
Puerto Rico Immediately after Spanish-American War,
Puerto Rico was under military rule. Foraker Act- end military rule
President of US appoints Governor of Puerto Rico and members of its’ upper house of legislatures
Puerto Ricans elect lower house of legislatures 1917- US gives Puerto Ricans full citizenship
rights and the right to elect both houses of government
What will happen to new territories?
After war, US military had a big presence in Cuba Gave food and clothing, helped farmers, and
organized elementary schools 1900- Cuba writes its’ own constitution US add Platt Amendment to their constitution
Cuba could not make treaty that would allow foreigners to control any part of Cuba
The US had the right to intervene in Cuba The US could buy or lease land for naval bases
Cuba becomes a US protectorate ( a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power)
Cuba
US will want to build a canal in Panama Canal would make shipping to Asian
markets faster Construction will start in 1903 and finish
in 1914 US will control it until 1977 Today- owned and operated by the
government of Panama
US Interest in Panama
Panama CanalPanama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction begins in
1904)
TR in Panama(Construction begins in
1904)
European countries already set up spheres of influence in China
Sphere of Influence- areas where each country claimed rights and economic privileges
US feared they would be shut out John Hay- US Secretary of State Wrote Open Door notes- letters to leaders of
other nations proposing they share trading rights with the US
Other powers accept policy
US Interest in China
Boxer Rebellion- group that resented foreign influence in China
Boxers killed missionaries and foreigners International forces will put down rebellion John Hay- write a second series of Open Door
notes Notes reflect US beliefs
Growth of US depended on exports US had a right to intervene to keep foreign markets
open Closing of areas to Americans threatened US survival
China Cont.
Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”
The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy
Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.
TheOpen Door
Policy
TheOpen Door
Policy
America as a Pacific Power
America as a Pacific Power
Filipino Revolt Led by Emilio Aguinaldo Filipinos forced to live in designated zones
that were filled with starvation and poor sanitation
Took more than 3 years to put down rebellion
Aftermath- US set up a government like the one set up in Puerto Rico
Philippines become independent on July 4, 1946
Reactions to Imperialism
Mexican Rebellion Under President Wilson, US will intervene
when Mexico is struggling with setting up a new government
Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata will fight against US
Zapata- “It is better to die on your feet than live on your knees.”
Eventually US will back down and avoid war with Mexico because of larger war looming- World War I
Reactions Cont.
The American Anti-Imperialist
League
The American Anti-Imperialist
LeagueFounded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.
Campaigned against the annexation of thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.
Theodore Roosevelt Took office in 1901- after McKinely was
assassinated Had Panama Canal built- benefit US navy
and shipping Roosevelt Corollary- addition to Monroe
Doctrine where Roosevelt said European countries could not intervene in affairs in Western Hemisphere but the US could
Big Stick Policy- “Speak softly and carry a big stick”
Teddy Roosevelt
Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905The Roosevelt Corollary to
the Monroe Doctrine: 1905Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .
Taft Dollar diplomacy- US will invest money in foreign
countries US government guaranteed loans made by
American businesses to foreign countries Wilson
Missionary or Moral Diplomacy US had moral responsibility to deny any Latin
American government that the US viewed as oppressive or undemocratic, or hostile to US interests
Lead to the US involvement in Mexico
Taft and Wilson