AP Biology 2008-2009

Goal 2.02:Cell Structure and FunctionsGoal 2.02:Cell Structure and Functions

http://www.simpletruths.tv/store/movies.php?movie=tssc

Discovery Lab: Light Microscopes, Cells and Magnification

plant cells

Prokaryote- no organelles

Eukaryotes - Have membrane bound organelles

bacteriacells

animal cells

Types of Cells

What differences can you see between these cells?

Cell size comparison

Bacterial cell

Animal cell

micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns

most bacteria 1-10 microns

eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns

Viruses are smaller than bacteria and they are NOT ALIVE!

The Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells.2. New cells come from cells.3. Cells are the basic units of structure and function

of living things.

May the CODE be with you!

1. ALTMC2. NCFC3. CBUSFLT

Cell Quiz 01

1. What type of cell is shown below? (Plant or Animal)

Cell Quiz 01

2. What type of cell is shown below? (Eukaryote or Prokaryote)

Cell Quiz 01

3. What type of cell is shown below? (Plant, Animal or Bacteria)

Cell Quiz 01

Write out the Three Points of the Cell Theory.

4. _____________________________________________5. _____________________________________________6. _____________________________________________

Cell Quiz 01

7. What part of the cell theory provides evidence to the concept of Unity among living things?

8. What part of the cell theory provides a mechanism for the evolution of organisms?

9. What part of the cell theory supports the concept of the organization of all living things?

10. List the following from largest to smallest:prokaryotic cell, virus, eukaryotic cell

Model Animal Cell

Organelles = membrane bound structures inside a cell that perform specific functions required by the cell.

Cell MEMBRANE

lipid “tail”

phosphate“head” Structure

double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer

Proteins receptor molecules transport molecules

Cell MEMBRANE (cont.)

FUNCTIONS of the Cell Membrane:1.Separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment.2.Transport proteins control what enters and leaves the cell.3.Receptor proteins communicate between cells and with anything in the environment.

Cell Communication

Some cells can send signals to other cells.

Ex. Nerve cells sending chemical signals, called impulses to other nerve cells. This is how your brain tells your finger that it has touched a hot stove!

Ex. Plant hormones stimulate the growth and death of plant cells.

Auxin: responsible for the growth pattern of plants toward sunlight Gibberellins tell the plant embryo to cease being dormant and germinate. Cytokinins promote cell division and differentiation.

Cytoplasm = jelly-like filling that holds organelles

Centrioles = used in cell division and replication

Surface Area: Volume Lab http://www.biologyjunction.com/cell_size.htm

Vacuoles & Vesicles

plant cellsplant cells

contractilevacuoles

contractilevacuoles

animal cellsanimal cells

central vacuole central vacuole

food vacuoles food vacuoles

Lysosomes

small foodparticle

vacuole

digesting food

lysosomes

Structure membrane sac of

digestive enzymes Function

digest food clean up & recycle

digest broken organelles

digesting brokenorganelles

Structure double membrane

Function make ATP energy cellular respiration

sugar + O2 ATP fuels the work of life

Mitochondria

in BOTH animal

& plant cellsin BOTH animal

& plant cells

ATP

Mitochondria make energy from sugar + O2

cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP

Chloroplasts make energy + sugar from sunlight

photosynthesis

sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy

build leaves & roots & fruit out of the sugars

Plants make energy two ways!

ATP

ATP

sugar

Mitochondria are in both cells!

animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells

mitochondriamitochondria

Chloroplast/plastidChloroplast/plastid

Chloroplasts are only in plant cells.

When things go bad… Diseases of lysosomes are fatal

digestive enzyme not working in lysosome picks up food, but can’t digest it

lysosomes fill up with undigested material grow larger & larger until disrupts cell &

organ function example:

Tay-Sachs diseasebuild up undigested fat in brain cells

Tay Sachs Disease http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.gen.onewrong/

But sometimes cells need to die… Lysosomes can be used to kill cells when

they are supposed to be destroyed some cells need to die as a part of normal

development in an organism “auto-destruct” process

lysosomes break open and kill cell cell “suicide”

Example 1 of necessary Lysosome work:Tadpoles must re-absorb their tails when becoming a frog.

15 weeks

6 weekssyndactyly

Example 2 of necessary Lysosome work:During human fetal development cells must be destroyed to separate fingers and toes.

Nucleus Function

control center of cell protects DNA

instructions for building proteins

Structure nuclear membrane nucleolus

ribosome factory chromosomes

DNA

Where is the nucleus in a bacterial cell?

Ribosomes on ER

Ribosomes Function

protein factories read instructions to build proteins from DNA

Structure 2 subunits some free in cytoplasm some attached to ER

largesubunit

smallsubunit

Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

part of protein factory helps complete the

proteins makes membranes

Structure rough ER

ribosomes attached works on proteins

smooth ER makes membranes

lysosomefood digestiongarbage disposal &recycling

cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out

recognizes signals

cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place

vacuole & vesiclestransport inside cellsstorage

mitochondriamake ATP energy from sugar + O2

nucleusprotects DNAcontrols cell

ribosomesbuilds proteins

ERhelps finish proteinsmakes membranes

transport vesicles

vesiclescarrying proteins

Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins

like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department

ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks”

Structure membrane sacs

Golgi Apparatus

DNA

RNA

ribosomes

endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Golgi apparatus

vesicle

proteinon its way!

protein finishedprotein

Making Proteins

TO:

TO:

TO:

TO:

nucleus

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

Cell Specialization

In unicellular organisms, cells are not specialized. One cells does all.

In multicellular organisms, cells become specialized with different types of cells performing different functions for the organism.

You can dissolve an embryonic heart into its individual cell types with trypsin, an enzyme that destroys the protein glue between the cells. Plate these cells in a dish and you will see some cells - called myocytes - that beat independently. A single cell beats when a complex series of gates – called ion channels - open and close in an organized manner. The cells shown here are from the chick embryo.

As long as the beating cells do not touch one another, their beats are independent - some are faster, some are slower. But after two or three days, the myocytes form interconnected sheets of cells (monolayers, shown right) that beat in unison. Pores (gap junctions) open between adjacent touching cells, making their cytoplasms interconnected. It is these gap junctions that ensure that the connected cells work as one.If the cells of the adult don't beat in unison, heart arrythmias can occur. Electronic pacemakers may sometimes be used in a patient whose heart doesn't beat in rhythm. 

Cell Structures Quiz Tomorrow!

Be prepared to identify structures in both plant and animal cells

AndDescribe the function of each

structure.

1. What kind of cell is this?

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

12 13

14

15

161718

19

2021

22

23

11. What kind of cell is this?

Extra Credit Opportunity! Create a model of either an animal cell

or a plant cell that includes all of the structures we have discussed and indicates the function of each of the structures.

Must be turned in no later than 1 week prior to the end of the current six weeks grading period.