Goa
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Goa From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation). Goa State Seal Location of Goa in India
Transcript of Goa
GoaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Goa (disambiguation).
Goa
State
Seal
Location of Goa in India
Map of Goa
Coordinates (Panaji):
15°29′56″N 73°49′40″E Coordinates: 15°29′56″N 73°49′40″E
Country India
Established 1987
Capital Panjim
Largest city Vasco da Gama
Districts 2
Government
• Governor Bharat Vir Wanchoo
• Chief Minister Manohar Parrikar(BJP)
• Legislature Unicameral (40 seats)
• Parliamentary
constituency
2
• High Court Bombay High Court – Goa
Bench
Area
• Total 3,702 km2(1,429 sq mi)
Area rank 28th
Population (2011)
• Total 1,457,723
• Rank 25th
• Density 390/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Time zone IST (UTC+05:30)
ISO 3166 code IN-GA
HDI 0.779 (high)
HDI rank 3rd (2005)
Literacy 87% (3rd)
Official languages Konkani
Website www.goa.gov.in
^* Konkani is the sole official language but Marathi is also allowed to be used for any
or all official purposes.[1][2][3]
Goa i / ̍ ɡ oʊ . ə / is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population.
Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state
of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian
Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a
half times that of the country as a whole.[4] It was ranked the best placed state by the
Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality
of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.[4]
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city
of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the
early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former
Portuguese province; the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for
about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.[5][6]
Renowned for its beaches, places of worship and world heritage architecture, Goa is
visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year. It also has
rich flora and fauna, owing to its location on the Western Ghats range, which is classified
as a biodiversity hotspot.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Geography and climate
o 3.1 Geography
o 3.2 Climate
4 Subdivisions
o 4.1 North Goa
o 4.2 South Goa
o 4.3 Municipalities
5 Flora and fauna
6 Economy
7 Transport
o 7.1 Air
o 7.2 Road
o 7.3 Rail
o 7.4 Sea
8 Demographics
9 Languages
10 Tourism
o 10.1 Historic sites and neighbourhoods
o 10.2 Museums and science centre
11 People and culture
o 11.1 Dance and music
o 11.2 Theatre
o 11.3 Konkani cinema
o 11.4 Food
12 Architecture
13 Sports
14 Government and politics
15 Media and communication
16 Education
17 See also
18 Citations
19 References
20 Further reading
21 External links
Etymology[edit]
In ancient literature, Goa was known by many names, such
as Gomanta, Gomanchala, Gopakapattam, Gopakapuri, Govapuri,Govem,
and Gomantak.[7] The Indian epic Mahabharata refers to the area now known as Goa
as Goparashtra or Govarashtra, which means "a nation of
cowherds". Gopakapuri or Gopakapattanam were used in some ancient Sanskrit texts,
and these names were also mentioned in other sacred Hindu texts such as
the Harivansa and the Skanda Purana. In the third century BC, Goa was known
as Aparantha and is mentioned by the Greek geographer Ptolemy. In the 13th century,
the Greeks referred to Goa as Nelkinda. Other historical names for Goa
are Sindapur, Sandabur, and Mahassapatam.[8]
History[edit]
Main article: History of Goa
Rock cut engraving at Usgalimal
Goa's history goes back 20,000–30,000 years. The rock art engravings exhibit the
earliest traces of human life in India.[9]:p.254Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic rock
art engravings have been found on the bank of the river Kushavati at Usgalimal.[10] Petroglyphs, cones, stone-axe, and choppers dating to 10,000 years ago have been
found in many places in Goa, such as Kazur, Mauxim, and theMandovi-Zuari basin.[11] Evidence of Palaeolithic life is seen at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigao, Fatorpa, Arli,
Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, and Aquem-Margaon etc. Difficulty in carbon
dating the laterite rock compounds poses a problem for determining the exact time
period.[12]
Gold coins issued by the Kadamba king of Goa, Shivachitta Paramadideva. Circa1147–1187 AD.
Early Goan society underwent radical changes when Indo-Aryan and Dravidian migrants
amalgamated with the aboriginal locals, forming the base of early Goan culture.[13]
In the 3rd century BC, Goa was part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist
emperor, Ashoka of Magadha. Buddhist monks laid the foundation of Buddhism in Goa.
Between the 2nd century BC and the 6th century AD, Goa was ruled by
the Chutus of Karwaras feudatories of the Satavahanas of Kolhapur (2nd century BC to
the 2nd century AD),Western Kshatrapas (around 150 AD), the Abhiras of
Western Maharashtra, Bhojas of theYadav clans of Gujarat, and the Konkan Mauryas as
feudatories of the Kalachuris.[14] The rule later passed to the Chalukyas of Badami, who
controlled it between 578 to 753, and later theRashtrakutas of Malkhed from 753 to 963.
From 765 to 1015, the Southern Silharas of Konkanruled Goa as the feudatories of the
Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas.[15] Over the next few centuries, Goa was successively
ruled by the Kadambas as the feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. They
patronised Jainism in Goa.[16]
In 1312, Goa came under the governance of the Delhi Sultanate. The kingdom's grip on
the region was weak, and by 1370 it was forced to surrender it to Harihara I of
the Vijayanagara empire. The Vijayanagara monarchs held on to the territory until 1469,
when it was appropriated by the Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga. After that dynasty
crumbled, the area fell into the hands of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur, who established as
their auxiliary capital the city known under the Portuguese as Velha Goa.
The Se Cathedral at Old Goa, an example of Portuguese Gothic architecture and one of the largest
churches in Asia.
Coat of Arms of Goa as a Portuguese enclave 1935–1961.
In 1510, the Portuguese defeated the ruling Bijapur sultan Yousuf Adil Shah with the
help of a local ally, Timayya. They set up a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (or Old
Goa). This was the beginning of Portuguese rule in Goa that would last for four and a
half centuries, until 1961.
In 1843 the Portuguese moved the capital to Panjim from Velha Goa. By the mid-18th
century, Portuguese Goa had expanded to most of the present-day state limits.
Simultaneously the Portuguese lost other possessions in India until their borders
stabilised and formed the Estado da Índia Portuguesaor State of Portuguese India, of
which Goa was the largest territory.
After India gained independence from the British in 1947, India requested that
Portuguese territories on the Indian subcontinent be ceded to India. Portugal refused to
negotiate on the sovereignty of their Indian enclaves. On 19 December 1961, the Indian
Army began military operations with Operation Vijayresulting in the annexation of
Goa, Daman, and Diu into the Indian union. Goa, along with Daman and Diu, was
organized as a centrally administered union territory of India. On 30 May 1987, the union
territory was split, and Goa was made India's twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu
remaining a union territory.
Geography and climate[edit]
Geography[edit]
Goa coastline at Dona Paula
Goa encompasses an area of 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi). It lies between the latitudes
14°53′54″ N and 15°40′00″ N and longitudes 73°40′33″ E and 74°20′13″ E. Most of Goa
is a part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up
to theWestern Ghats range of mountains, which separate it from the Deccan Plateau.
The highest point is the Sonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167 meters (3,827 feet). Goa has
a coastline of 101 km (63 mi).
Goa's main rivers are Mandovi, Zuari, Terekhol, Chaporakushavati river and the Sal. The
Mormugao harbour on the mouth of the River Zuari is one of the best natural harbours
in South Asia. The Zuari and the Mandovi are the lifelines of Goa, with their tributaries
draining 69% of its geographic area. These rivers are some of the busiest rivers in India.
Goa has more than forty estuarine, eight marine and about ninety riverine islands. The
total navigable length of Goa's rivers is 253 km (157 mi). Goa has more than three
hundred ancienttanks built during the rule of the Kadamba dynasty and over a hundred
medicinal springs.
Most of Goa's soil cover is made up of laterites which are rich in ferric aluminium oxides
and reddish in colour. Further inland and along the riverbanks, the soil is
mostly alluvial and loamy. The soil is rich in minerals and humus, thus conducive to
plantation. Some of the oldest rocks in the Indian subcontinent are found in Goa
between Molem and Anmod on Goa's border with Karnataka. The rocks are classified
as Trondjemeitic Gneiss estimated to be 3,600 million years old, dated by
the Rubidium isotope dating method. A specimen of the rock is exhibited in the Goa
University.
Climate[edit]
Dudhsagar Falls on the Goa-Karnataka border.
Goa features a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. Goa,
being in the tropical zone and near the Arabian Sea, has a hot and humid climate for
most of the year. The month of May is the hottest, seeing day temperatures of over 35
°C (95 °F) coupled with high humidity. The monsoon rains arrive by early June and
provide a much needed respite from the heat. Most of Goa's annual rainfall is received
through the monsoons which last till late September.
Goa has a short winter season between mid-December and February. These months are
marked by nights of around 21 °C (68 °F) and days of around 28 °C (84 °F) with
moderate amounts of humidity. Further inland, due to altitudinal gradation, the nights are
a few degrees cooler. During March 2008 Goa was lashed with heavy rain and strong
winds. This was the first time in 29 years that Goa had seen rain during March.
[hide]Climate data for Goa
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Average high °C (°F)31.6
(88.9)
31.5
(88.7)
32
(90)
33
(91)
33
(91)
30.3
(86.5)
28.9
(84)
28.8
(83.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)26
(79)
26.3
(79.3)
27.7
(81.9)
29.3
(84.7)
30
(86)
27.6
(81.7)
26.7
(80.1)
26.4
(79.5)
Average low °C (°F)19.6
(67.3)
20.5
(68.9)
23.2
(73.8)
25.6
(78.1)
26.3
(79.3)
24.7
(76.5)
24.1
(75.4) (75)
Precipitation mm (inches)0.2
(0.008)
0.1
(0.004)
1.2
(0.047)
11.8
(0.465)
112.7
(4.437)
868.2
(34.181)
994.8
(39.165)
512.7
(20.185)
Avg. precipitation days 0 0 0.1 0.8 4.2 21.9 27.2 13.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 313.1 301.6 291.4 288 297.6 126 105.4 120.9
Source #1: World Meteorological Organization[17]
Source #2: Hong Kong Observatory[18] for sunshine and mean temperatures
Subdivisions[edit]
Talukas of Goa. Talukas in purple shades belong to North Goa district, and orange denoteSouth
Goa district.
Main article: Districts of Goa
The state is divided into two districts: North Goa and South Goa. Each district is
governed by a district collector, an administrator appointed by the Indian government.
North Goa[edit]
Panaji is the headquarters of North Goa district.
North Goa is further divided into four
subdivisions – Panaji, Bicholim, Mapusa and Ponda; and
six taluks – Tiswadi (Panaji), Bardez (Mapusa),Pernem, Bicholim, Sattari (Valpoi),
and Ponda.
South Goa[edit]
Margao is the headquarters of South Goa district.
South Goa is further divided into three subdivisions – Margao, Mormugao (Vasco da
Gama), and Quepem; and
six taluks – Mormugao, Salcete(Margao), Quepem, Canacona (Chaudi), Sanguem,
and Dharbandora.
Municipalities[edit]
Goa's major cities include Vasco da Gama, Margao, Panaji, Mapusa and Ponda.
Municipal Corporation (1): Panaji
Municipal Councils (13): Margao, Mormugao (including Vasco da
Gama), Pernem, Mapusa, Bicholim, Sanquelim, Valpoi, Ponda, Cuncolim, Quepem, Cur
chorem, Sanguem, andCanacona.
Flora and fauna[edit]
Main article: Flora and fauna of Goa
Equatorial forest cover in Goa stands at 1,424 km2 (549.81 sq mi),[7] most of which is
owned by the government. Government owned forest is estimated at
1,224.38 km2(472.74 sq mi) whilst private is given as 200 km2 (77.22 sq mi). Most of the
forests in the state are located in the interior eastern regions of the state. The Western
Ghats, which form most of eastern Goa, have been internationally recognised as one of
the biodiversity hotspots of the world. In the February 1999 issue of National Geographic
Magazine, Goa was compared with the Amazon and Congo basins for its rich tropical
biodiversity[citation needed].
Goa's wildlife sanctuaries boast of more than 1512 documented species of plants, over
275 species of birds, over 48 kinds of animals and over 60 genera of reptiles.[19]
Rice is the main food crop with pulses, ragi and other food crops are also grown. Main
cash crops are coconuts, cashewnuts, arecanuts, sugarcane and fruits
like pineapples,mangos and bananas.[7] The State has a rich forest cover of more than
1,424 km². Goa's state animal is the Gaur, the state bird is the Ruby Throated Yellow
Bulbul, which is a variation of Black-crested Bulbul, and the state tree is the Asan.
Rice paddies are common in rural Goa.
The important forests products are bamboo canes, Maratha barks, chillar barks and
the bhirand. Coconut trees are ubiquitous and are present in almost all areas of Goa
barring the elevated regions. A large number of deciduous vegetation consisting
of teak, sal, cashewand mango trees are present. Fruits
include jackfruits, mangos, pineapples and 'black-berry' ('podkoam' in konkani). Goa's
forests are rich with medicinal plants.
Foxes, wild boars and migrating birds are found in the jungles of Goa.
The avifauna includes kingfishers, mynas and parrots. Numerous types of fish are also
caught off the coast of Goa and in its
rivers. Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, jellyfish, oysters and catfish form some of the piscine
catch. Goa also has a high snake population, which keeps the rodent population under
control. Goa has many famous National Parks, including the renowned Salim Ali bird
sanctuary. Other wildlife sanctuaries include the Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary, Molem
Wildlife Sanctuary, Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary, Madei Wildlife Sanctuary, Netravali
Wildlife Sanctuary, Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary and theSalim Ali Bird Sanctuary located
on the island of Chorao.
Goa has more than 33% of its geographic area under government forests (1224.38 km²)
of which about 62% has been brought under Protected Areas (PA) of Wildlife
Sanctuaries and National Park. Since there is a substantial area under private forests
and a large tract under cashew, mango, coconut, etc. plantations, the total forest and
tree cover constitutes 56.6% of the geographic area.
Economy[edit]
Gross State Domestic Product (in millions ofRupees)[20]
Year GSDP
1980 3,980
1985 6,550
1990 12,570
1995 33,190
2000 76,980
2010 150,000
Train carrying iron ore to Marmagao Port,Vasco
Commercial area in Panaji.
Goa's gross state domestic product for 2007 is estimated at $3 billion in current prices.
Goa is one of India's richest states with the highest GDP per capita — two and a half
times that of the country as a whole — and one of its fastest growth rates: 8.23% (yearly
average 1990–2000).[21] Tourism is Goa's primary industry: it handles 12%[22] of all
foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In
the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the climate.
In the summer time (which, in Goa, is the rainy season), tourists from across India come
to spend the holidays.
The land away from the coast is rich in minerals and ores and mining forms the second
largest industry. Mining in Goa focuses on ores of iron, Bauxite, manganese,
clays, limestone and silica. The Marmagao Port handled 31.69 million tonnes of cargo
last year, and accounts for over 39% of India's Iron Ore exports. The leaders in the Goan
Iron Ore industry include Sesa Goa (now owned byVedanta Resources) and Dempo.
Rampant mining in areas rich in Iron Ore and other minerals is now threatening the
forest cover as well as posing a health hazard to the local population. Mining
corporations are also indulging in illegal mining in some areas without proper permits.
Agriculture, while of shrinking importance to the economy over the past four decades,
offers part-time employment to a sizeable portion of the populace. Rice is the main
agricultural crop, followed by areca,cashew and coconut. The fishing industry provides
employment for about forty thousand people, though recent official figures indicate a
decline of the importance of this sector and also a fall in catch, perhaps coupled with the
fact that traditional fishing has given way to large-scale mechanised trawling.
Medium scale industries include the manufacturing of pesticides, fertilisers, tyres,
tubes,footwear, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, wheat products, steel rolling, fruits and fish
canning, cashew nuts, textiles, brewery products. The Goa government has recently
decided to not allow any more special economic zones (SEZs) in Goa. This is in stark
contrast to policy followed by other states of India. SEZs are known to bring tax
revenues for the government and employment option for local citizens since industries
flock there for lower tax rates as compared to other areas. Currently there are 16
planned SEZs in Goa. This decision was taken by state government after strong
opposition to SEZs by political parties and Goa Catholic Church.[23]
Goa is also notable for its low beer, wine and spirits prices due to its very low excise
duty on alcohol. Another source of cash inflow into the state comes from many of its
citizens who work abroad and remit money to their families.
Transport[edit]
Air[edit]
Goa International Airport, is a civil enclave at INS Hansa, a Naval airfield located
at Dabolim near Vasco da Gama. The airport caters to scheduled domestic and
international air services. Goa has scheduled international connections
to Doha, Dubai, Sharjah and Kuwait in the Middle East by airlines like Air Arabia, Air
India, GoAir, Indigo, SpiceJet, Jet Airways, JetKonnect and Qatar Airways.
The airport also handles a large number of chartered flights during the 'winter season',
typically between November and May from the United
Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands andRussia. The Chartered flights are operated by
European carriers like Monarch Airlines, Thomson Airways, Thomas Cook
Airlines, Condor and Arkefly amongst others. Goa's estimated 700 annual international
charter flights account for around 90% of the India's international charter tourist flights. It
is estimated that about 150 to 200 thousand international tourists arrive at Dabolim on
chartered flights.
Another international airport at Mopa in Pernem has been proposed due to land
constraints at Dabolim. However, options to move the Navy away from Dabolim to
increase capacity are being looked at. The move to develop Mopa as a second airport
has led to a number of local agitations, principally supported by a number of politicians
from Salcete and South Goa. Unlike Dabolim, which is centrally located in the state, the
Mopa site is situated at a relatively remote northern end of Goa. Mopa Airport was first
proposed by the local Congress government, but now also has the backing of the
incumbent government led by Manohar Parrikar.
Road[edit]
Most of Goa is well connected by roads.
Government-run Kadamba buses at a bus station in Goa
Goa's public transport largely consists of privately operated buses linking the major
towns to rural areas. Government-run buses, maintained by the Kadamba Transport
Corporation, link major routes (like the Panjim–Margao route) and some remote parts of
the state. The Corporation owns 15 bus stands, 4 depots and one Central workshop at
Porvorim and a Head Office at Porvorim.[24] In large towns such as Panjim and Margao,
intra-city buses operate. However, public transport in Goa is less developed, and
residents depend heavily on their own transportation, usually motorised two-wheelers
and small family cars.
Motorcycle Taxi or "Pilots"
Goa has four National Highways passing through it. NH-66 (ex NH-17) runs along India's
west coast and links Goa to Mumbai in the north and Mangalore to the south. NH-4A
running across the state connects the capital Panjim to Belgaum in east, linking Goa to
cities in theDeccan. The NH-366 (ex NH-17A) connects NH-66 to Mormugao Port from
Cortalim. The new NH-566 (ex NH-17B) is a four-lane highway connecting Mormugao
Port to NH-66 at Verna via Dabolim Airport, primarily built to ease pressure on the NH-
366 for traffic to Dabolim Airport and Vasco da Gama. NH-768 (ex NH-4A) links Panjim
and Ponda to Belgaum and NH-4. Goa has a total of 224 km (139 mi) of national
highways, 232 km (144 mi) of state highway and 815 km of district highway. National
Highways in Goa are the narrowest compared to other parts of the country and will
remain so for unforeseeable future, as Goa state government has requested and got
special approval(exemption) for narrow national highways in the state compared to other
parts of the country. In Goa, highways will be 45-meters wide, where as in other states
National Highways are minimum 4 lane, 60-meters wide, grade separated highways as
well as 6/8 lane access-controlled expressways.[25][26]
Hired forms of transport include unmetered taxis and, in urban areas, auto rickshaws.
Another form of transportation in Goa is themotorcycle taxi, operated by drivers who are
locally called "pilots". These vehicles transport a single pillion rider, at fares that are
usually negotiated. Other than buses, "pilots" tend to be the cheapest mode of transport.[27] River crossings in Goa are serviced by flat-bottomedferry boats, operated by the river
navigation department.
Rail[edit]
Margao railway station
Goa has two rail lines — one run by the South Western Railway and the other by
the Konkan Railway. The line run by the South Western Railway was built during the
colonial era linking the port town of Vasco da Gama,
Goa with Belgaum, Hubli, Karnataka via Margao. The Konkan Railway line, which was
built during the 1990s, runs parallel to the coast connecting major cities on the western
coast.
Sea[edit]
The Mormugao harbour near the city of Vasco handles mineral ore, petroleum, coal, and
international containers. Much of the shipments consist of minerals and ores from Goa's
hinterland. Panjim, which is on the banks of the Mandovi, has a minor port, which used
to handle passenger steamers between Goa and Mumbai till the late 1980s. There was
also a short-lived catamaran service linking Mumbai and Panaji operated by Damania
Shipping in the 1990s.
Demographics[edit]
See also: Goans
[show]Population Growth
A native of Goa is called a Goan in
English, Goenkar in Konkani, goês or goesa in Portuguese and Govekar in Marathi. Goa
has a population of 1.344 million residents, making it India's fourth smallest
(after Sikkim, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh). The population has a growth rate of
14.9% per decade.[30] There are 363 people for each square kilometre of land.[29] Goa is
the state with highest proportion of urban population with 49.76% of the population living
in urban areas.[31] The literacy rate of Goa is over 87%.[32] The sex ratio is 960 females to
1000 males. The birth rate is 15.70 per 1,000 people in 2007.[33] Goa also is the state
with lowest proportion of Scheduled Tribes at 0.04%.[34]
According to the 2001 census, out of a total population of 1,343,998 people, 886,551
(65.7%) were Hindus, 359,568 (26.6%) were Christians, 92,210 (6.8%) were Muslims,
970 (0.07%) were Sikhs, 649 (0.05%) were Buddhists, 820 (0.06%) were Jains and 353
(0.026%) belonged to other religious communities.[35]
Hindu-Christianity Unity Memorial at Miramar Beach.Religion in Goa[35]
Hinduism 65.7%Christianity 26.6%Islam 6.8%Others 0.9%
Languages[edit]
See also: Konkani, Marathi, and Portuguese
The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani in
the Devanagariscript the sole official language of Goa, but provides that Marathi may
also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". Portuguese was the sole official
language duringPortuguese colonial rule. It is now, however, mostly spoken by only the
elderly Portuguese educated populations and is no longer an official language. The
Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in
Marathi.[36] Whilst there have been demands for according Konkani in the Roman
script official status in the state, there is widespread support for keeping Konkani as the
sole official language of Goa.[37][38]
Konkani is spoken as a native language by about 61% of the people in the state but
almost all Goans can speak and understand Konkani. Other linguistic minorities in the
state as per the 2001 census are Marathi (19%), Kannada (7%), Hindi (5%),
and Urdu (4%).[39]
Languages in Goa
Konkani 61%Marathi 19%Kannada 7%Hindi 5%Urdu 4%Others 4%
Tourism[edit]
See also: Tourism in Goa
Fontainhas, Panjim
Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with decreased tourist activity
inland. In 2010, there were more than two million tourists reported to have visited Goa,
about 1.2 million of whom were from abroad.[40] As of 2013 Goa was the destination of
choice for Indian and foreign tourists, particularly Britons, with limited means who
wanted to party. The state was hopeful that changes could be made which would attract
a more upscale demographic.[41]
With the rule of the Portuguese for over 450 years and the consequential influence of
Portuguese culture, Goa presents a somewhat different picture to the foreign visitor than
other parts of the country. The state of Goa is famous for its excellent beaches,
churches, and temples. The Bom Jesus Cathedral, Fort Aguada and a new wax
museum on Indian history, culture and heritage in Old Goa are other tourism
destinations.
Palolem Beach.
Historic sites and neighbourhoods[edit]
Goa has two World Heritage Sites: the Bom Jesus Basilica[42] and churches and
convents of Old Goa. The Basilica holds the mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier,
regarded by many Catholics as the patron saint of Goa (the patron of the Archdiocese of
Goa is actually the Blessed Joseph Vaz). The relics are taken down for veneration and
for public viewing, as per the prerogative of the Church in Goa, not every ten or twelve
years as popularly thought and propagated. The last exposition was held in 2004. Goa
also has the Sanctuary of Blessed Joseph Vaz in Sancoale, Pilar monastery which holds
novenas of Venerable Padre Agnelo Gustavo de Souza from November 10 to 20
November yearly. There is also a claimed Marian Apparition at the Church of Saints
Simon and Jude at Batim Ganxim, near Pilar, where a number of Goans and non
resident Goans visit. There is also the statue of the bleeding Jesus on the Crucifix at
the Santa Monica Convent in Velha Goa. There are a number of churches (Igorzo), like
the Baroque styled Nixkollounk Gorb-Sombhov Saibinnich Igorz (Church of the Our Lady
of Immaculate Conception) in Panjim, the Gothic styled Mater Dei (Dêv Matechi
Igorz/ Mother of God)church in Saligao and each church having its own style and
heritage, besides Kopelam/ Irmidi (Chapels). The Velhas Conquistas regions are also
known for its Goa-Portuguese style architecture. There are many forts in Goa such
as Tiracol, Chapora, Corjuem, Aguada, Reis Magos, Nanus[disambiguation needed], Mormugao,
Fort Gaspar Dias and Cabo de Rama.
In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Indo-Portuguese style architecture
still stand, though in some villages, most of them are in a dilapidated
condition. Fontainhas in Panaji has been declared a cultural quarter, showcasing the life,
architecture and culture of Goa. Some influences from the Portuguese era are visible in
some of Goa's temples, notably the Shanta Durga Temple, the Mangueshi Temple and
the Mahalasa Temple, although after 1961, many of these were demolished and
reconstructed in the indigenous Indian style.
Museums and science centre[edit]
Goa also has a few museums, the two important ones being Goa State Museum and
the Naval Aviation Museum. The aviation museum is one among three of its kind in the
India, the other two being in Delhi and Bengaluru. Also, a place not well known to
tourists is the Goa Science Centre, which is located in Miramar, Panjim.[43] The National
Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is also located in Goa at Dona Paula.[44]
People and culture[edit]
Main article: Culture of Goa
Shanta Durga temple at Kavlem.
The tableau of Goa showcases religious harmony by focusing on the Deepastambha,
the Cross, Ghode Modni followed by a chariot. Western royal attire of kings and regional
dances being performed depict the unique blend of different religions and cultures of the
State. The festival of music and dance, Shigmo Mel or the Holi and Spring celebrations,
signify unity in diversity.[45] Prominent local festivals
areChavoth, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Shigmo, Samvatsar Padvo, Dasara etc. The
Goan Carnival and new year celebration is known to attract a large number of tourists.
Dance and music[edit]
Traditional Goan art forms are Dekhnni, Fugdi, Corridinho, Mando, Dulpod and Fado.[46] Goan Hindus are very fond of Natak, Bhajan andKirtan.[citation needed] Many famous Indian
Classical singers hail from Goa, including Kishori Amonkar, Kesarbai Kerkar, Jitendra
Abhisheki and Pandit Prabhakar Karekar.[citation needed]
Goa is also known as the origin of Goa trance. While Goa trance has achieved
widespread popularity itself, it also heavily influenced later forms of music such
as psytrance.[citation needed]
Theatre[edit]
Natak, Tiatr and Zagor are the chief forms of Goa's traditional performance arts. Other
forms are Ranmale, Dashavatari, Kalo, Goulankala, Lalit, Kala and Rathkala.[citation
needed]Stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata along with more modern social
subjects are narrated with song and dance.[47][48] Traditional drums
like Pakhawaj, Ghumot,taso,Dhol, Cymbals, Tabla are part of the show and give the
background score[citation needed]
Konkani cinema[edit]
Konkani cinema is an Indian film industry, where films are made in the Konkani
language, which is spoken mainly in the Indian states of
Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka and to a smaller extent in Kerala. Konkani films have
been produced in Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala.[49]
The first full length Konkani film was Mogacho Anvddo, released on April 24, 1950, and
was produced and directed by Jerry Braganza, a native of Mapusa, under the banner of
ETICA Pictures.[50][51] Hence, 24 April is celebrated as Konkani Film Day.[52]
Konkani film Paltadcho manis has been included in the world’s best films of 2009 list.[53]
Konkani films are eligible for the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Konkani.
The most commercially successful Konkani film (as of June 2011) is O Maria directed by
Rajendra Talak.[54]
In 2012, the whole new change adopted in Konkani Cinema by introducing Digital
Theatrical Film "The Victim" directed by Milroy Goes.[55]
Some old Konkani films are Sukhachem Sopon, Amchem Noxib, Nirmonn, Mhoji
Ghorkarn, Kortubancho Sonvsar, Jivit Amchem Oxem, Mog ani Moipas, Bhuierantlo
Munis,Suzanne, Boglantt, Padri and Bhogsonne. Ujwadu is a 2011 Konkani film directed
by Kasargod Chinna and produced by KJ Dhananjaya and Anuradha Padiyar.
Food[edit]
Rice with fish curry (xit kodi in Konkani) is the staple diet in Goa. Goan cuisine is famous
for its rich variety of fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes. Coconut and coconut
oilare widely used in Goan cooking along with chili peppers, spices and vinegar giving
the food a unique flavour. Goan food can be divided into Goan Catholic and Goan Hindu
cuisine with each showing very distinct tastes, characteristics and cooking
styles. Pork dishes such as Vindaloo, Xacuti, chorisa and Sorpotel are cooked for major
occasions among theGoan Catholics. An exotic Goan vegetable stew, known
as Khatkhate, is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals, Hindu and
Christian alike. Khatkhate contains at least five vegetables, fresh coconut, and special
Goan spices that add to the aroma. Sannas, Hitt are variants
of idli and Polle,Amboli,Kailoleo are variants of dosa;are native to Goa. A rich egg-based
multi-layered sweet dish known as bebinca is a favourite at Christmas.
The most popular alcoholic beverage in Goa is feni; cashew feni is made from the
fermentation of the fruit of the cashew tree, while coconut feni is made from the sap of
toddy palms.[56] Goa also has a rich wine culture.[57][58]
See also: Goan cuisine, Music of Goa, and Goa literature
Architecture[edit]
Goan-Portuguese villa
The architecture of Goa is a combination of Indian, Islamic and Portuguese styles. Since
the Portuguese ruled for four centuries, many churches and houses bear a striking
element of the Portuguese style of architecture. Goan Hindu houses do not show any
Portuguese influence, though the modern temple architecture is an amalgam of original
Goan temple style with Dravidian, Hemadpanthi, Islamic, and Portuguese architecture.[59] The original Goan temple architecture fell into disuse as the temples were demolished
by the Portuguese and the Sthapati known as Thavayi in Konkani were converted to
Christianity though the wooden work and the Kavi murals can still be seen.[60] (see:Goa:Hindu temples and deities by Rui Gomes Periera).
Sports[edit]
Football is the most popular sport in Goa and is embedded in Goan culture.[61] Its origins
in the state are traced back to 1883 when the visiting Irish priest Fr. William Robert
Lyons established the sport as part of a "Christian education".[61][62] On 22 December
1959 theAssociação de Futebol de Goa was formed, which continues to administer the
game in the state under the new name Goa Football Association.[61] Goa, along
with West Bengal and Kerala[61] is the locus of football in the country and is home to
many football clubs in India's I-League. The state's football powerhouses
include Salgaocar Sports Club, Dempo Sports Club, Churchill Brothers, Vasco Sports
Club and Sporting Clube de Goa. The state's main football stadium, Fatorda stadium, is
located at Margao and also hosts cricket matches.[63] A number of Goans have
represented India in football and six of them, namely Samir Naik, Climax
Lawrence,Brahmanand Sankhwalkar, Bruno Coutinho, Mauricio Afonso, and Roberto
Fernandes have all captained the national team. Goa has its own state football team and
league, the Goa Professional League. It is probably the only state in India where cricket
is not considered as important as any other sports.
Goa also has its own cricket team. Dilip Sardesai remains the only Goan to date to play
international cricket for India.[64]
For more details on this topic, see Goans in sports.
Government and politics[edit]
In the Parliament of India, Goa has two seats in the Lok Sabha, one representing each
district, and one seat in the Rajya Sabha.
Goa's capital is Panaji, known as Panjim in English and called Pangim in Portuguese,
and known in the local language as Ponnje is the administrative capital of Goa lying on
the left bank of the Mandovi near Panaji. Goa's legislative assembly building is located
in Porvorim – the seat of the Goa assembly, which lies across the Mandovi River. The
state's judicial hierarchy relates to Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay, which is the
capital of Goa's neighbouring Maharashtra state), as the state comes under the Bombay
High Court. A bench of the High Court is present in Panaji. Unlike other states, which
follow the British Indian model of civil laws framed for individual religions, the
Portuguese Uniform Civil Code, based on the Napoleonic code, has been retained by
the Goa government.
Goa has a unicameral legislature consisting of a forty-member Legislative Assembly,
headed by a Chief Minister who wields the executive power. The ruling government
consists of the party or coalition garnering the most number of seats in the state
elections and enjoying the support of a simple majority of the House. The Governor is
appointed by thePresident of India. The Governor's role is largely ceremonial, but is
crucial when it comes to deciding who should form the next government or in
suspending the legislature as has happened in the recent past. After having stable
governance for nearly thirty years up to 1990, Goa is now notorious for its political
instability having seen fourteen governments in the span of the fifteen years between
1990 and 2005.[65] In March 2005 the assembly was dissolved by the Governor
and President's Rule was declared, which suspended the legislature. A by-election in
June 2005 saw the Indian National Congress coming back to power after winning three
of the five seats that went to polls. The Congress party and theBharatiya Janata
Party (BJP) are the two largest parties in the state. In the assembly poll of 2007, the
INC-led coalition won and started ruling the state.[66] In the recent 2012 Vidhan Sabha
Elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party along with the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak
Party won a clear majority, forming the new government with Manohar Parrikar as the
Chief Minister. Other parties include the United Goans Democratic Party, the Nationalist
Congress Party.[67]
Media and communication[edit]
Main article: Media in Goa
Goa is served by almost all television channels available in India. Channels are received
through cable in most parts of Goa. In the interior regions, channels are received
via satellite dishes. Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster, has two free
terrestrial channels on air.
DTH (Direct To Home) TV services are available from Dish TV, Tata Sky & DD Direct
Plus. The All India Radio is the only radio channel in the state that broadcasts on
both FM andAM bands. Two AM channels are broadcast, the primary channel at
1287 kHz and the Vividh Bharati channel at 1539 kHz. AIR's FM channel is called FM
Rainbow and is broadcast at 105.4 MHz. A number of independent FM radio channels
are available, Big FM at 92.7 MHz, Radio Mirchi at 98.3 MHz, and Radio Indigo at
91.9 MHz. There is also an educational radio channel, Gyan Vani, run
by IGNOU broadcast from Panaji at 107.8 MHz. In 2006, St Xavier's College, Mapusa,
became the first college in the state to launch a campus community radio station 'Voice
of Xavier's'.
Major cellular service operators include Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Essar, Idea
Cellular, Uninor, Reliance Infocomm, Tata DoCoMo and BSNL CellOne.
Local publications include the English language O Heraldo (Goa's oldest, once a
Portuguese language paper), The Gomantak Times and The Navhind Times. In addition
to these,The Times of India and The Indian Express are also received from Mumbai and
Bangalore in the urban areas. The Times of India has recently started publication from
Goa itself, serving the local population news directly from the state capital. Among the
list of officially accredited newspapers are O Heraldo, The Navhind Times and The
Gomantak Times in English; Sunaparant in Konkani (Devanagari script); and Tarun
Bharat, Gomantak, Navprabha, Goa Times, Sanatan Prabhat, Govadoot and Lokmat (all
in Marathi). All are dailies. Other publications in the state include Goa Today (English,
monthly), Goan Observer (English, weekly), Vauraddeancho Ixtt (Roman-script Konkani,
weekly) Goa Messenger,Vasco Watch, Gulab (Konkani, monthly), Bimb (Devanagari-
script Konkani).
Education[edit]
Main article: Education in Goa
Goa University
According to the 2011 census, Goa has a literacy rate of 87%, with 90% of males and
84% of females being literate.[68] Each taluka is made up of villages, each having a
school run by the government. Private schools are preferred over government run
schools. All schools come under the Goa Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary
Education, whose syllabus is prescribed by the state education department. There are
also a few schools that subscribe to the all-India ICSE syllabus or the NIOS syllabus.
Most students in Goa complete their high school with English as the medium of
instruction. Most primary schools, however, use Konkani and Marathi (in private, but
government-aided schools). As is the case in most of India, enrolment for vernacular
media has seen a fall in numbers in favour of English medium education. As per a report
published in The Times of India, 84% of Goan primary schools run without an
administrative head.[69]
After ten years of schooling, students join a Higher Secondary school, which offers
courses in popular streams such as Science, Arts,Law and Commerce. A student may
also opt for a course in vocational studies. Additionally, they may join three-
year diploma courses. Two years of college is followed by a professional
degree programme. Goa University, the sole university in Goa, is located in Taleigãoand
most Goan colleges are affiliated to it.
There are five engineering colleges and one medical college in the state. Goa
Engineering College and National Institute of Technology Goa are government funded
colleges whereas the private engineering colleges include Don Bosco College of
Engineering at Fatorda, Shree Rayeshwar Institute of Engineering and Information
Technology at Shiroda, and Padre Conceicao College of Engineering at Verna. Goa
Medical College provides medical training and is the largest hospital in Goa. In
2004, BITS Pilani inaugurated its second campus, the BITS Pilani Goa Campus, at
Zuarinagar near Dabolim.
There are colleges offering pharmacy, architecture and dentistry along with numerous
private colleges offering law, arts, commerce and science. There are also two National
Oceanographic Science related centres: the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean
Research in Vasco da Gama and the National Institute of Oceanography in Dona Paula.
Goa Medical College, previously calledEscola Médico–Cirúrgica de Goa
The best known schools in Goa include Loyola High School in Margao, St Mary Angels
Convent High School in Chinchinim, Our Lady of the Rosary High School at Dona Paula,
Vidya Prabhodini at Porvorim, K.B. Hedgewar High School, the Progress High School,
Don Bosco High School, People's High School, Mushtifund High School in Panaji,
Sunshine Worldwide school in Old Goa, Shiksha Niketan and Nisha's Playschool in
Torda, A. J. de Almeida High School in Ponda, S.S. Samiti's I.V.B.D. High School in
Dhawali–Ponda, Vidya Bharati, Mahila And Nutan English High School in Margao,
Manovikas in Margao, Sharada Mandir School in Miramar, St. Joseph's Institute
in Vasco da Gama and Rosary High School in Navelim.
Among the colleges in Goa include Shri Damodar College of Commerce and Economics,
V.V.M's R.M. Salgaocar Higher Secondary School in Margao, G.V.M's S.N.J.A higher
secondary school, Don Bosco College, D.M.'s College of Arts, Science and Commerce,
St Xavier's College, Carmel College, The Parvatibai Chowgule College, Dhempe
College, Damodar College, MES College, S. S. Samiti's Higher Secondary School of
Science and Rosary College of Commerce & Arts.
In addition to the engineering colleges, there are government polytechnic institutions
in Panaji, Bicholim and Curchorem, and aided institutions like Father Agnel Polytechnic
in Verna and the Institute of Shipbuilding Technology in Vasco da Gama which impart
technical and vocational training.[70]
See also[edit]
Geography portal
Asia portal
South Asia portal
India portal
Goa portal
Goans
History of Goa
Portuguese India
Konkani language
1961 Indian annexation of Goa
Citations[edit]
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38. Jump up ^ Konkani should always remain the sole official language of Goa |
39. Jump up ^ Census of India - DISTRIBUTION OF 10,000 PERSONS BY
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wants to rid itself of budget tourists – but its rubbish mountains and beach gangs are
putting off the rich". The Observer, The Guardian. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
42. Jump up ^ "Basilica of Bom Jesus, Old Goa | Parish Ministry | Goa Jesuits".
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46. Jump up ^ "The Fate of Fado". Mid-Day. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
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51. Jump up ^ Yahoo! Groups. Groups.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
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53. Jump up ^ Dearcinema.com
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References[edit]
Pearson, M.N. (2 November 2006). The Portuguese in India. Cambridge
University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-028509
de Souza, Teotonio R. (1989). Essays in Goan history. Concept Publishing
Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-263-7. Retrieved 24 August 2009
de Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). Goa Through the Ages: An economic history. Goa
University publication 2 (6). Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-259-0.
Retrieved 25 August 2009
Sakshena, R.N. (2003). Goa: Into the Mainstream. Abhinav
Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-005-1. Retrieved 24 August 2009
Isadora Tast: Mother India. Searching For a Place. Peperoni Books: Berlin
2009, ISBN 978-3-941825-00-0.
Further reading[edit]
Andrada (undated). The Life of Dom John de Castro: The Fourth Vice Roy of
India. Jacinto Freire de Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664).
Henry Herrington, New Exchange, London. Facsimile edition (1994) AES Reprint,
New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-0900-X.
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