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Goa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaFor other uses, seeGoa (disambiguation).

Goa

State

Seal

Location of Goa inIndia

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Map of Goa

Coordinates (Panaji): 15.563N

73.818ECoordinates: 15.563N 73.818E

Country India

Established 30 May 1987

Capital Panaji

Largest city Vasco da Gama

Districts 2

Government

-Governor K. Sankaranarayanan

-Chief Minister Digambar Kamat{INC)

-Legislature Unicameral(40 seats)

-Parliamentary

constituency2

Area

- Total 3,702 km2 (1,429.4 sq mi)

Area rank 28th

Population (2011)

- Total 1,457,723- Rank 25th

- Density 393.8/km2 (1,019.9/sq mi)

Time zone IST(UTC+05:30)

ISO 3166 code IN-GA

HDI 0.779 (medium)

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HDI rank 3rd (2005)

Literacy 87% (3rd)

Official languages Konkani*

Website www.goa.gov.in

^*Konkaniis the sole official language butMarathiis alsoallowed to be used for any or all official purposes.[1][2][3]

Goa i/o./(Konkani:) isIndia's smalleststateby area and thefourth smallest bypopulation. Located inSouth West Indiain the region known as theKonkan, it is bounded by thestate ofMaharashtrato the north, and byKarnatakato the east and south, while theArabian Seaforms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half timesthat of the country as a whole.[4]It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh FinanceCommission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by theNational Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.[4]

Panajiis the state's capital, whileVasco da Gamais the largest city. The historic city ofMargaostill exhibits the cultural influence of thePortuguese, who first landed in the early 16th centuryas merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. ThePortugueseoverseas territory ofPortugueseIndiaexisted for about 450 years until it wasannexedby India in 1961.[5][6]

Renowned for its beaches, places of worship andworld heritage architecture, Goa is visited bylarge numbers of international and domestic tourists each year. It also has richfloraandfauna,owing to its location on theWestern Ghatsrange, which is classified as abiodiversity hotspot.

Contents

[hide]

1 Mythological origins 2 Etymology 3 History 4 Geography and climate

o 4.1 Geographyo 4.2 Climate

5 Subdivisionso 5.1 Municipal Corporation & Municipal Councils

6 Flora and fauna 7 Economy 8 Transport 9 Demographics 10 Languages 11 Tourism

o 11.1 Historic sites and neighbourhoodso 11.2 Museums and science center

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oa#Geography_and_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Geography_and_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Subdivisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Subdivisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Municipal_Corporation_.26_Municipal_Councilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Municipal_Corporation_.26_Municipal_Councilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Flora_and_faunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Flora_and_faunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Historic_sites_and_neighbourhoodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Historic_sites_and_neighbourhoodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Museums_and_science_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Museums_and_science_centerhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Goa.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Museums_and_science_centerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Historic_sites_and_neighbourhoodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Tourismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Demographicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Flora_and_faunahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Municipal_Corporation_.26_Municipal_Councilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Subdivisionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Geography_and_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Etymologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#Mythological_originshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_%28animals%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_%28plants%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Indian_annexation_of_Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama,_Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-report-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-report-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_India_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_India_by_populationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goa.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goa.ogghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#ref_langhttp://www.goa.gov.in/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#endnote_langhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India

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12 People and cultureo 12.1 Dance and musico 12.2 Theatreo 12.3 Food

13 Architecture 14 Sports 15 Government and politics 16 Media and communication 17 Education 18 See also 19 Citations 20 References 21 Further reading 22 External links

[edit] Mythological origins

The first literary reference to Goa is mentioned in theBhishma ParvaofMahabharataasGomantawhich means the region of cows.[7]Even though there are no archeological andhistorical evidences,Hindu scripturesmentionParashurama, as its creator (see:SkandaPurana:Sahyadrikhanda). He is said to have settled ten sages in this land and performed firesacrifices. Another legend has that after performing the penance, the seven sages or theSaptarshiswere blessed by lordShivatherefore known asSaptakoteshwar. Further Lord Shiva isbelieved to have taken up temporary residence after having tiff with his consortParvati. Yetanother legend says that LordKrishnadefeatedJarasandhathe king ofMagadhaon Gomanchalmountain in Goa. (see:Hari Vamsha purana)[8]

In Suta SamhitaGovapuri or Goa is associated with spiritually cleansing touch:... The very sightof Govapuri destroys any sin committed in former existence just as sunrise dispels darkness...

Certainly there is no other kshetra equal to Govapuri[9]

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Lord Parshuram with Saraswat brahmin settlers commanding Lord Varuna to make the seasrecede to make the Konkan .

A similar hymn praising Govapuri city is found in Sahyadrikhanda of Skanda Purana, which saysthe extent of Goapuri was about sevenYojanas.

According to the Parshurama legend, Parashurama, the sixth reincarnation of lordVishnufaceswith an order of banishment from the lands that he had once conquered, sets seven arrows flyfrom theSahyadristo push back the sea and create a stretch of land which he could claim forhimself. The sea-god is believed to have acceded his to wish and crated a regionShurparaka(literally:winnowing fan). This region is also known as Parashurama Kshetra.[10]The legend

further tells us that having created Goa thus, Parashurama brought Brahmins from the North andsettled them in this land.(See:Shree Scanda Puran (Sayadri Khandha) -Ed. Dr. Jarson D. Kunha,Marathi version Ed. By Gajanan shastri Gaytonde).

The Parashurama legend personifies the geological process of elevation of submerged land alongthe west coast, which must have taken place around 12,000 BC. There is evidence to support thistheory as indicated by presence ofmarine fossils, buried seashells and other features ofreclaimedtopographyin the coastal belt.[8]The evidence provided by the conch (Shankh) atSurlaVillage, fossilized marine conches discovered in 1863, petrified roots, fossilied brancheshave been found later in many villages on the foothills of the Sahyadri dating back more than10,000 BC. Thus the geologists concluded that Goa has risen up from seabed as a result of

violenttectonic movements. At the decline of the intensity ofpluviationin the lastPleistocenicagearound 10.000 BC, the bottom ofDeccan plateauwas lifted up and out of sea-waters by thetectonic movements, formed the West-coast of India, Goa being a part thereof.[11]

[edit] Etymology

The name Goa came to European languages from the Portuguese, but its precise origin isunclear. In ancient literature, Goa was known by many names such asGomanta,Gomanchala,Gopakapattam, Gopakapuri, Govapuri, Govem, and Gomantak.[12]The Indian epicMahabharatarefers to the area now known as Goa, as Goparashtra or Govarashtra which means a nation ofcowherds. Gopakapuri or Gopakapattanam were used in some ancientSanskrittexts, and these

names were also mentioned in other sacredHindutexts such as theHarivansaand theSkandaPurana. In the latter, Goa is also known as Gomanchala. Parashurambhoomi is a name that theregion is referred to in certain inscriptions and texts such as thePuranas.[13]In the third centuryBCE, Goa was known asAparantha, and is mentioned by the Greek geographerPtolemy. TheGreeks referred to Goa asNelkinda in the 13th century. Some other historical names for Goa areSindapur, Sandabur, andMahassapatam.[14]

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[edit] History

Main article:History of Goa

Rock cut engraving at Usgalimal

Goa's history stretches back to 8000-6000 BC. EarlyPaleolithicandMesolithicrock art

engravings have been found on the bank of riverKushavatiat Usgalimal.[15]Petroglyphs, cones,stone-axe, and choppers dating back 10,000 years back have been found in many places in Goalike Kazur,Mauxim, and theMandovi-Zuaribasin.[16]Palaeolithic cave existence is seen atDabolim, Adkon, Shigao, Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, and Aquem-Margaon etc. Difficulty incarbon datingthe laterite rock compounds poses problems indetermination of exact time period.[17]These discoveries have shed light on Goa's prehistory.

Gold coins issued by the Kadamba king of Goa, Shivachitta Paramadideva. Circa 1147-1187AD.

TheSumeriansinhabited Goa around 2200 BC which was followed by several waves ofIndo-Aryanpeople and theDravidiansfrom theDeccan. The early Goan society underwent radicalchanges when aboriginal locals and the migrants amalgamated, forming the base of early Goanculture.[18]

In 3rd century BC, it formed part of theMauryan Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor,AshokaofMagadha. Buddhist monks laid the foundation ofBuddhismin Goa. Between the 2ndcentury BCE and the 6th century CE, Goa was ruled by theChutusofKarwaras feudatories oftheSatavahanasofKolhapur(2nd century BCE to the 2nd century CE),Western Kshatrapas(around 150 CE), theAbhirasof WesternMaharashtra, Bhojas of theYadavclans ofGujarat,and the Konkan Mauryas as feudatories of theKalachuris.[19]The rule later passed on to theChalukyas ofBadami, who controlled it between 578 to 753, and later theRashtrakutasofMalkhedfrom 753 to 963. However from 765 to 1015, the SouthernSilharasofKonkanruled

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Goa as the feudatories of the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas.[20]Over the next few centuries,Goa was successively ruled by theKadambasas the feudatories of theChalukyas of Kalyani.They patronisedJainismin Goa.[21]

In 1312, Goa came under the governance of theDelhi Sultanate. However, the kingdom's grip on

the region was weak, and by 1370 they were forced to surrender it toHarihara Iof theVijayanagara empire. The Vijayanagara monarchs held on to the territory until 1469, when it wasappropriated by theBahmani sultansofGulbarga. After that dynasty crumbled, the area fell tothe hands of theAdil ShahisofBijapurwho established as their auxiliary capital the city knownunder thePortugueseasVelha Goa.

The S Cathedral atOld Goa, an example of Portuguese influence.

Coat of Arms of Goa as a Portuguese enclave 19351961.

In 1510, thePortuguesedefeated the ruling Bijapur kings with the help of a local ally,Timayya,leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (or Old Goa).

In 1843 the capital was moved toPanjimfromVelha Goa. By the mid-18th century the areaunder occupation had expanded to most of Goa's present day state limits. Simultaneously thePortuguese lost other possessions in India until their borders stabilised and formed theEstado daIndia Portuguesa, of which Goa was the largest territory.

After India gained independence from the British in 1947, Portugal refused to negotiate withIndia on the transfer of sovereignty of their Indian enclaves. On 19 December 1961, theIndianArmycommenced withOperation Vijayresulting in the annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu into

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the Indian union. Goa, along withDaman and Diuwas made into a centrally administeredUnionTerritoryof India. On 30 May 1987, the Union Territory was split, and Goa was made India'stwenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining Union Territories.

[edit] Geography and climate

[edit] Geography

Goa coastline

Goa encompasses an area of 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi). It lies between the latitudes 145354 Nand 154000 N and longitudes 734033 E and 742013 E. Most of Goa is a part of the

coastal country known as theKonkan, which is an escarpment rising up to theWestern Ghatsrange of mountains, which separate it from theDeccan Plateau. The highest point is theSonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167 meters (3,827 feet). Goa has a coastline of 101 km (63 mi).

Goa's main rivers are theMandovi, theZuari, theTerekhol,Chapora Riverand theSal. The

Mormugao harbour on the mouth of the River Zuari is one of the best natural harbours inSouthAsia. The Zuari and the Mandovi are the lifelines of Goa, with their tributaries draining 69% ofits geographic area. These rivers are some of the busiest rivers in India. Goa has more than fortyestuarine, eight marine and about ninety riverine islands. The total navigable length of Goa'srivers is 253 km (157 mi). Goa has more than three hundred ancienttanksbuilt during the rule ofthe Kadamba dynasty and over a hundred medicinal springs.

Most of Goa's soil cover is made up oflateriteswhich are rich inferricaluminiumoxides andreddish in colour. Further inland and along the riverbanks, the soil is mostlyalluvialandloamy.The soil is rich in minerals andhumus, thus conducive to plantation. Some of the oldest rocks intheIndian subcontinentare found in Goa betweenMolemandAnmodon Goa's border with

Karnataka. The rocks are classified asTrondjemeitic Gneissestimated to be 3,600 million yearsold, dated by theRubidiumisotope datingmethod. A specimen of the rock is exhibited in theGoa University.

[edit] Climate

Goa features atropical monsoon climateunder theKoppen climate classification. Goa, being inthe tropical zone and near theArabian Sea, has a hot andhumidclimate for most of the year. The

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month of May is the hottest, seeing day temperatures of over 35 C (95 F) coupled with highhumidity. Themonsoonrains arrive by early June and provide a much needed respite from theheat. Most of Goa's annual rainfall is received through the monsoons which last till lateSeptember.

Goa has a short winter season between mid-December and February. These months are markedby nights of around 21 C (68 F) and days of around 28 C (84 F) with moderate amounts ofhumidity. Further inland, due to altitudinal gradation, the nights are a few degrees cooler. DuringMarch 2008 Goa was lashed with heavy rain and strong winds. This was the first time in 29years that Goa had seen rain during March.

[hide]Climate data for Goa

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average

high C (F)

31.6

(88.9)

31.5

(88.7)

32.0

(89.6)

33.0

(91.4)

33.0

(91.4)

30.3

(86.5)

28.9

(84)

28.8

(83.8)

29.5

(85.1)

31.6

(88.9)

32.8

(91)

32.4

(90.3)

31.28

(88.3)

Average low

C (F)

19.6

(67.3)

20.5

(68.9)

23.2

(73.8)

25.6

(78.1)

26.3

(79.3)

24.7

(76.5)

24.1

(75.4)

24.0

(75.2)

23.8

(74.8)

23.8

(74.8)

22.3

(72.1)

20.6

(69.1)

23.21

(73.78)

Precipitatio

nmm

(inches)

0.2

(0.008

)

0.1

(0.004

)

1.2

(0.047

)

11.8

(0.465

)

112.7

(4.437

)

868.2

(34.181

)

994.8

(39.165

)

512.7

(20.185

)

251.9

(9.917

)

124.8

(4.913

)

30.9

(1.217

)

16.7

(0.657

)

2,926

(115.2)

Avg.

precipitation

days

0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 4.2 21.9 27.2 13.3 13.5 6.2 2.5 0.4 90.1

Sunshine

hours313.1 301.6 291.4 288.0 297.6 126.0 105.4 120.9 177.0 248.0 273.0 300.7

2,842.

7

Source:World Meteorological Organization(UN),[22]

Hong Kong Observatory[23]

for data of sunshine hours

[edit] Subdivisions

Talukas of Goa. Talukas in purple shades belong toNorth Goadistrict, and orange denoteSouthGoa.Main article:Districts of Goa

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The state is divided into twodistricts:North GoaandSouth Goa. Each district is governed by adistrict collector, an administrator appointed by the Indian government.

North GoaDistrict:Panajiis the headquarters of the North Goa district.

The North Goa District is further divided into four subdivisions -Mapusa,Bicholim,Panaji, andPonda; and sixtaluks,Pernem,Bardez(Mapusa),Bicholim,Sattari(Valpoy),Tiswadi(Panaji)andPonda.

South GoaDistrict:Margaois the headquarters of the South Goa district.

The South Goa District is further divided into three subdivisions -Margao,Mormugao(Vasco),andQuepem; and sixtaluks,Mormugao,Salcete(Margao),Quepem,Canacona(Chaudi),Sanguem, andDharbandora.

[edit] Municipal Corporation & Municipal Councils

Goa's major cities includePonda,Mapusa,Margao,Mormugao,VascoandPanaji. The regionconnecting the last four cities is considered a de factoconurbation, or a more or less continuousurban area.

Municipal Corporation (1):Panaji

Municipal Councils (13):Pernem,Mapusa,Bicholim,Sanquelim,Valpoy,Ponda,Mormugao(includingVasco),Margao,Cuncolim,Quepem,Curchorem-Cacora,Sanguem,(Canacona)

[edit] Flora and fauna

Main article:Flora and fauna of Goa

Equatorial forest cover in Goa stands at 1,424 km2 (549.81 sq mi),[12]most of which is owned bythe government. Government owned forest is estimated at 1,224.38 km2 (472.74 sq mi) whilstprivate is given as 200 km2 (77.22 sq mi). Most of the forests in the state are located in theinterior eastern regions of the state. TheWestern Ghats, which form most of eastern Goa, havebeen internationally recognised as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. In the February1999 issue ofNational Geographic Magazine, Goa was compared with theAmazonandCongobasins for its rich tropical biodiversity[citation needed].

Goa's wildlife sanctuaries boast of more than 1512 documented species of plants, over 275species of birds, over 48 kinds of animals and over 60 genera of reptiles.[24]

Riceis the main food crop withpulses,ragiand other food crops are also grown. Main cashcrops arecoconuts,cashewnuts,arecanuts,sugarcaneand fruits likepineapples,mangosandbananas.[12]The State has a rich forest cover of more than 1,424 km. Goa's state animal is theGaur, the state bird is the Ruby Throated Yellow Bulbul, which is a variation ofBlack-crestedBulbul, and the state tree is theAsan.

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jihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapusahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapusahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapusahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicholimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicholimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicholimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanquelimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanquelimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanquelimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponda,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponda,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponda,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_%28town%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_%28town%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_%28town%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuncolimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuncolimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuncolimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quepemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quepemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quepemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curchoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curchoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cacora&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cacora&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cacora&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaconahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaconahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaconahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goa&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goa&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-nic1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-nic1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-nic1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_millethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_millethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_millethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashewnuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashewnuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashewnuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-nic1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-nic1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-nic1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-crested_Bulbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-crested_Bulbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-crested_Bulbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-crested_Bulbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_tomentosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_tomentosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_tomentosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_tomentosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-crested_Bulbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-crested_Bulbulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-nic1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecanuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashewnuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_millethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-nic1-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_and_fauna_of_Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goa&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaconahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cacora&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curchoremhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quepemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuncolimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_%28town%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponda,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanquelimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicholimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapusahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_%28town%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapusahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goa&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharbandora&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanguemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaconahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quepemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salcetehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quepemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_%28town%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormugaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponda_talukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiswadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpoihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicholimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapusahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponda,_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicholimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapusahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_collectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_districts

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Rice paddiesare common in rural Goa.

The important forests products arebamboocanes,Marathabarks, chillar barks and thebhirand.Coconut treesare ubiquitous and are present in almost all areas of Goa barring the elevatedregions. A large number ofdeciduousvegetation consisting ofteak,sal,cashewandmangotreesare present. Fruits includejackfruits,mangos,pineapplesand 'black-berry' ('podkoam' in

konkani). Goa's forests are rich with medicinal plants.

Foxes,wild boarsandmigratingbirds are found in the jungles of Goa. Theavifaunaincludeskingfishers,mynasandparrots. Numerous types of fish are also caught off the coast of Goa andin its rivers.Crabs,lobsters,shrimps,jellyfish,oystersandcatfishform some of the piscinecatch. Goa also has a highsnakepopulation, which keeps therodentpopulation under control.Goa has many famousNational Parks, including the renownedSalim Alibird sanctuary. Otherwildlife sanctuaries include theBondla Wildlife Sanctuary,Molem Wildlife Sanctuary,CotigaoWildlife Sanctuary,Madei Wildlife Sanctuary,Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary,Mahaveer WildlifeSanctuaryand theSalim Ali Bird Sanctuarylocated on the island ofChorao.

Goa has more than 33% of its geographic area under government forests (1224.38 km) of whichabout 62% has been brought under Protected Areas (PA) of Wildlife Sanctuaries and NationalPark. Since there is a substantial area under private forests and a large tract under cashew,mango, coconut, etc. plantations, the total forest and tree cover constitutes 56.6% of thegeographic area.

[edit] Economy

Gross State Domestic Product (inmillions ofRupees)

[25]

Year GSDP

1980 3,980

1985 6,550

1990 12,570

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s.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goa_Fields.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goa_Fields.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goa_Fields.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa#cite_note-gdpstat-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goa&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choraohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Ali_Bird_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaveer_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaveer_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netravali_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madei_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotigao_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotigao_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molem_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondla_Wildlife_Sanctuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salim_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oystershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_treeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhirandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_paddies

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1995 33,190

2000 76,980

Train carrying iron ore toMarmagao Port,Vasco

Commercial area inPanaji.

Goa's grossstate domestic productfor 2007 is estimated at $3 billion in current prices. Goa isone of India's richest states with the highestGDP per capitatwo and a half times that of thecountry as a wholeand one of its fastest growth rates: 8.23% (yearly average 19902000).[26]Tourism is Goa's primary industry: it handles 12%[27]of all foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goahas two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad(mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the climate. In the summer time (which, in Goa, is therainy season), tourists from across India come to spend the holidays.

The land away from the coast is rich in minerals and ores andminingforms the second largestindustry. Mining in Goa focuses on ores ofiron,Bauxite,manganese, clays,limestoneandsilica.TheMarmagaoPort handled 31.69 million tonnes of cargo last year, and accounts for over 39%

of India's Iron Ore exports. The leaders in the Goan Iron Ore industry includeSesa Goa(nowowned byVedanta Resources) and Dempo. Rampant mining in areas rich in Iron Ore and otherminerals is now threatening the forest cover as well as posing a health hazard to the localpopulation. Mining corporations are also indulging in illegal mining in some areas withoutproper permits. Agriculture, while of shrinking importance to the economy over the past fourdecades, offers part-time employment to a sizable portion of the populace.Riceis the mainagricultural crop, followed byareca,cashewandcoconut. The fishing industry providesemployment for about forty thousand people, though recent official figures indicate a decline of

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the importance of this sector and also a fall in catch, perhaps coupled with the fact that traditionalfishing has given way to large-scale mechanised trawling.

Medium scale industries include the manufacturing ofpesticides,fertilisers,tyres, tubes,footwear,chemicals,pharmaceuticals,wheatproducts, steel rolling, fruits and fish canning,

cashew nuts, textiles,breweryproducts.

The Goa government has recently decided to not allow any morespecial economic zones(SEZs)in Goa. This is in stark contrast to policy followed by other states of India. SEZs are known tobring tax revenues for the government and employment option for local citizens since industriesflock there for lower tax rates as compared to other areas. Currently there are 16 planned SEZs inGoa. This decision was taken by state government after strong opposi