Bracing for GM Crops The Status of Regulations for GM crops in African Countries Today
GM Crops - University of Western Australia · Future for GM crops First GM crops have been input...
Transcript of GM Crops - University of Western Australia · Future for GM crops First GM crops have been input...
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GM CropsGM Crops
Professor Stephen PowlesProfessor Stephen Powles
School of Plant BiologySchool of Plant Biology
University of Western AustraliaUniversity of Western Australia
[email protected]@plants.uwa.edu.au
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Feeding more people from less crop landFeeding more people from less crop land
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2020 2030
Billion people
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Area (billion ha)Population
Crop land
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When you think of “GM crops”, When you think of “GM crops”,
what do you think of ?what do you think of ?
What crops What crops
& &
Which genes?Which genes?
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GM crops GM crops
have a have a gene(sgene(s) inserted ) inserted
from another speciesfrom another species
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Global GM crops 1996 to 2006 (million ha)
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million ha
Clive James 2006
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GlyphosateGlyphosate--resistant cropsresistant crops (Roundup Ready)(Roundup Ready)
Nearly all worldwide GM crops Nearly all worldwide GM crops
have a bacterial gene have a bacterial gene
endowing endowing glyphosateglyphosate resistance. resistance. GlyphosateGlyphosate controls weeds. controls weeds.
Enables early seeding & noEnables early seeding & no--tillage cropping.tillage cropping.
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GM Bt cropsGM Bt crops
��A bacterial gene from A bacterial gene from
Bacillus Bacillus thuringiensisthuringiensis (Bt). (Bt).
The crop produces a toxin The crop produces a toxin lethal to caterpillar stage of insect pestslethal to caterpillar stage of insect pests
��Bt plants produce their own insecticide, Bt plants produce their own insecticide,
reducing the need for insecticide spraysreducing the need for insecticide sprays
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1996 to now:1996 to now:
GlyphosateGlyphosate resistant and Btresistant and Bt
account for account for
nearly ALL GM crops grown worldwidenearly ALL GM crops grown worldwide
e.g. 60% of global soybean production e.g. 60% of global soybean production
is is glyphosateglyphosate resistantresistant
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Global GM crops: by trait (million ha)
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Glyphosate resistant
Bt
GR + Bt
Clive James 2006
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Global GM crops: by crop (million ha)
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SoybeanMaizeCottonCanola
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Countries producing GM crops Countries producing GM crops
dominate world markets in these grainsdominate world markets in these grains
In 2006In 2006
�� 80% 80% globally traded soybeans globally traded soybeans GMGM
�� 60% 60% globally traded canola globally traded canola GMGM
““GM crops: The first ten years GM crops: The first ten years –– global socioglobal socio--economic and environmental economic and environmental impactsimpacts””
Graham Brookes and Peter Graham Brookes and Peter BarfootBarfootPG Economics Ltd., UKPG Economics Ltd., UK
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GMGM
maize,soybeanmaize,soybean,,
cotton Beltcotton Belt
USA 2007 crop areaUSA 2007 crop area
Maize Maize 3636 m ham ha (55% (55% glyphosateglyphosate resistant)resistant)
Soybean Soybean 2727 m ha m ha (~95% (~95% glyphosateglyphosate resistant)resistant)
Cotton Cotton 55 m ham ha (~95% (~95% glyphosateglyphosate resistant)resistant)
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US GM cropsUS GM crops
-- 31,68231,6822.02.03.83.8505020052005
Pesticide Pesticide
useuse ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓(tonnes)(tonnes)
Net Net
incomeincome↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑(Billion $US)(Billion $US)
Yield Yield ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑(million (million tonnes)tonnes)
HaHa(million)(million)
National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy Nov 2006
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Argentina-Brazil – Agricultural powerhousesBrazil & Argentina
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ArgentinaArgentina –– all of the 17 million ha soybean area all of the 17 million ha soybean area
is GM is GM glyphosateglyphosate resistantresistant
1996 1996 –– 2006:2006:
�� GM soybean gave large productivity gainsGM soybean gave large productivity gains
�� US$20 Billion in direct value to ArgentinaUS$20 Billion in direct value to Argentina
�� GM soybeans greatly helped GM soybeans greatly helped economic resurgence in Argentinaeconomic resurgence in Argentina
“Ten years of GM crops in Argentine agriculture” EJ “Ten years of GM crops in Argentine agriculture” EJ TrigoTrigo & EJ Cap& EJ Cap
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�� NoNo--till farming increased from till farming increased from
0.1 million ha in 1991 to 0.1 million ha in 1991 to 2020 million ha in 2006million ha in 2006
�� GM soybeans a principal factor in GM soybeans a principal factor in the growth of nothe growth of no--till farming in Argentina.till farming in Argentina.
�� NoNo--till farming till farming minimisingminimising soil erosion in the soil erosion in the
PampasPampas
“Ten years of GM crops in Argentine agriculture” EJ “Ten years of GM crops in Argentine agriculture” EJ TrigoTrigo & EJ Cap& EJ Cap
Environmental benefit: Argentina Environmental benefit: Argentina GM soybean enabled rapid adoption of GM soybean enabled rapid adoption of
environmentally sustainable, noenvironmentally sustainable, no--till farming till farming
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Argentine GM soybeans v No-till farming
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GM Soybeans (m ha)
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No-till Farm
ing (m ha)GM Soybeans
No-till farming
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GM Agriculture areas in Canada
CanolaCorn/Soy
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Canolaarea (%)
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Canada Canada -- GM canola adoptionGM canola adoption
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Canada: Trade Markets & GM Canola
� There is no segregation of non-GM & GM canola in Canada
� Canada:biggest global exporter of canola
ABARE
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EuropeEurope-- GM Bt maize GM Bt maize
�� 2006 Bt maize, 65,000 hectares2006 Bt maize, 65,000 hectares
�� 7 countries out of 25:7 countries out of 25:
Spain, France, Germany, Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Portugal,
Poland, Czech Republic, SlovakiaPoland, Czech Republic, SlovakiaPG Economics, UKPG Economics, UK
�� 20072007
France will plant 50,000 ha GM Bt maize France will plant 50,000 ha GM Bt maize
(5,200 ha in 2006) (5,200 ha in 2006) USDAUSDA
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Europe : Europe : €€ €€ & environmental benefits from & environmental benefits from
GM insectGM insect--resistant (Bt) maizeresistant (Bt) maize
�� Higher yields: Higher yields: Av. Yields Av. Yields ≥≥ 10%10%
�� Higher income: Higher income: users of Bt earned users of Bt earned
additional income of additional income of €€65 65 -- €€141 per ha. 141 per ha. Improved profitability of 12 to 21%Improved profitability of 12 to 21%
�� Environmental gains: Environmental gains:
less insecticide use and less insecticide use and
reduced fuel usereduced fuel useGraham Brookes 2007Graham Brookes 2007
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AsiaAsia
�� Widespread adoption of GM Bt cotton by Widespread adoption of GM Bt cotton by
millions of Indian and Chinese farmersmillions of Indian and Chinese farmers
�� India & China India & China ––
Bt cotton hybrids Bt cotton hybrids ⇒⇒ 34% yield increase 34% yield increase over nonover non--GM hybridsGM hybrids
CropBiotechCropBiotech Update July06/March07Update July06/March07
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GM crops in AustraliaGM crops in Australiacurrent situation:current situation:
�� CottonCotton -- 90% of Australian cotton is GM90% of Australian cotton is GM
�� CarnationCarnation (blue)(blue)
�� CanolaCanola –– OGTR (Federal approval) OGTR (Federal approval) but under State Govt moratoria but under State Govt moratoria
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To protectTo protect
thethe health and safety of peoplehealth and safety of peopleand theand the environmentenvironment::
�� By By identifying risksidentifying risks posed by, posed by,
or as a result of, gene technology or as a result of, gene technology
�� By By managingmanaging those risks through those risks through
regulating certain dealings with regulating certain dealings with GMOsGMOs
OGTR OGTR
Gene Technology Act, 2000Gene Technology Act, 2000
Dr Sue Meek Dr Sue Meek –– Gene Technology RegulatorGene Technology Regulator
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What is RegulatedWhat is Regulated
�� Live & viable genetically modified organisms Live & viable genetically modified organisms
�� ‘Dealings’ ‘Dealings’ –– research, manufacture, research, manufacture, production, breeding, import, storageproduction, breeding, import, storage
What is NOT RegulatedWhat is NOT Regulated
�� Comparisons with alternative technologiesComparisons with alternative technologies
�� Cost/benefit considerationsCost/benefit considerations
�� Marketing & trade impactsMarketing & trade impacts
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OGTROGTRLIVE & LIVE &
VIABLE GMOsVIABLE GMOs
APVMA APVMA AGRICULTURALAGRICULTURAL
CHEMICALS CHEMICALS
& VETERINARY & VETERINARY
MEDICINESMEDICINES
NICNASNICNASINDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL
CHEMICALSCHEMICALS
NHMRCNHMRCGENEGENE
THERAPY THERAPY
& embryo & embryo
researchresearch
FSANZ FSANZ FOOD FOOD
STANDARDS STANDARDS
& LABELLING& LABELLING
TGATGAHUMAN HUMAN
THERAPEUTICSTHERAPEUTICS
INTEGRATED REGULATIONINTEGRATED REGULATION
• Prescribed agencies
• State & territory governments
• Local councils
• Technical Advisory Committee (GTTAC)
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Conventional
GM
Australian cotton 2006Australian cotton 2006--0707
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Australian cotton Australian cotton -- Trait adoptionTrait adoption
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Environment benefits of Environment benefits of
GM GM glyphosateglyphosate resistant resistant
& Bt cotton in Australia& Bt cotton in Australia
��Bt cotton has Bt cotton has
reduced insecticide use reduced insecticide use
in cotton by 60% in cotton by 60% (ABARE)(ABARE)
��Reduction in herbicide useReduction in herbicide use
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GM Canola - OGTR approved But State Govt. moratoria
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Canola in AustraliaCanola in Australia
�� Canola is an important rotational cropCanola is an important rotational crop
��TT canola most commonly grown (WA 95%)TT canola most commonly grown (WA 95%)
�� TT canola is ONLY grown in Australia TT canola is ONLY grown in Australia
because there is a weed penaltybecause there is a weed penalty
��GM canola has higher yield than TT canolaGM canola has higher yield than TT canola
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GM GM --vv-- TT Canola for WATT Canola for WA
�� Potential one million hectares Potential one million hectares
�� TT canola TT canola avav WA yield = 1.5 t/haWA yield = 1.5 t/ha
⇒⇒1.5 m. 1.5 m. tonnestonnes
�� GM canola WA yield = 2.0 t/haGM canola WA yield = 2.0 t/ha
⇒⇒ 2.0 m. 2.0 m. tonnestonnes
�� ∴∴ adoption of GM canola adoption of GM canola
⇒⇒ extra production of 0.5 m. t / anextra production of 0.5 m. t / an
�� 0.5 m t @ $400/t = 0.5 m t @ $400/t = $200 million/an$200 million/an
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Future for GM cropsFuture for GM crops
�� Major agric producers (Major agric producers (USA, Brazil, USA, Brazil,
Argentina, Canada) and China/India Argentina, Canada) and China/India
etc, will steam ahead with GM cropsetc, will steam ahead with GM crops
��EuropeEurope gradually introducing GM cropsgradually introducing GM crops
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Future for GM cropsFuture for GM crops
��First GM crops have been input traits (GR, Bt). First GM crops have been input traits (GR, Bt). The second wave of GM crops will have The second wave of GM crops will have consumer health and other benefits.consumer health and other benefits.
��Small and large biotech companies Small and large biotech companies pursuing many gene traits. pursuing many gene traits. Universities & other research agencies.Universities & other research agencies.
��Delivery of GM traits and Delivery of GM traits and consumer acceptance in some markets consumer acceptance in some markets remains an issue.remains an issue.
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New OpportunitiesNew Opportunities
�� Molecular “Molecular “pharmingpharming”” ––
plantplant--made pharmaceuticals made pharmaceuticals
e.g. smallpox vaccine in plantse.g. smallpox vaccine in plants
insulin produced by plantsinsulin produced by plants
�� High carotenoid tomatoesHigh carotenoid tomatoes
�� High omegaHigh omega--3 oil in canola & soybean 3 oil in canola & soybean (polyunsaturated fatty acid)(polyunsaturated fatty acid)
�� High oleic acid/low linoleic acid soybean & canolaHigh oleic acid/low linoleic acid soybean & canola
�� More & better soybean proteinMore & better soybean protein
�� Nitrogen Use Efficient (NUE) canolaNitrogen Use Efficient (NUE) canola
�� Drought resistant crops Drought resistant crops
�� Low caffeine coffee Low caffeine coffee
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GM future in AustraliaGM future in Australia
�� GM Cotton will continue to dominateGM Cotton will continue to dominate
�� GM Canola GM Canola –– already approved by OGTR already approved by OGTR
and held up by state and held up by state govtgovt moratoriamoratoria
��GM wheat GM wheat –– various OGTR field trials various OGTR field trials
underway (CSIRO, Universities, underway (CSIRO, Universities, CRCsCRCs, ,
Biotech companies, multiBiotech companies, multi--nationals)nationals)
(Salt stress, water stress, better starch (Salt stress, water stress, better starch
making properties, high making properties, high amyloseamylose ))
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The Future: Feeding the world while conserving natural ecosystems is a HUGE challenge – Needs brains & a
range of technologies, including GM!