GLYCOLYSIS AND OTHER PATHWAYS EMP PATHWAY— ANOTHER NAME FOR GLYCOLYSIS.
-
Upload
anabel-lang -
Category
Documents
-
view
255 -
download
0
Transcript of GLYCOLYSIS AND OTHER PATHWAYS EMP PATHWAY— ANOTHER NAME FOR GLYCOLYSIS.
GLYCOLYSIS A UNIVERSAL
PATHWAY YIELDS 2ATPS [NET] THROUGH
SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
OCCURS IN CYTOSOL ANAEROBIC
GLUCOSE + ATP IN THE PRESCENCE OF GLUCOKINASE=
GLUCOSE-6 PHOSPHATE
FRUCTOSE-6 PHOSPHATE +ATP=
FRUCTOSE 1,6 DIPHOSPATE
2 PGAL- - ->2 PEP- 2 PYRUVIC ACID
MOLECULES
FATE OF PYRUVIC ACID UNDER
ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS IT IS FERMENTED
IN HUMANS IT BECOMES LACTIC ACID
IN YEAST IT BECOMES ETOH + CO2
TRANSITION REACTIONAN AEROBIC REACTION
CO ENZYME A [CO A] PUTS ONE CARBON ON TO O2 TO FORM CO2, PICKS UP 2 CARBONS FROM PYRUVIC ACID AND BECOMES ACETYL-CO ENZYME A [ACETYL CO A] WHICH CARRIES THE CARBONS WITH THE H AND ELECTRONS ATTACHED INTO THE MITOCHONDRIA INTO THE KREB’S CYCLE
NAD NAD—NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE
DINUCLEOTIDE—A COENZYME-A CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH PICKS UP H+ AND ELECTRONS AND CARRIES THEM INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM WHERE 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL BE FORMED
NIACIN – a “B VITAMIN” THAT IS NECESSARY FOR NAD TO FUNCTION and FORM
FAD FAD—FLAVINE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE
— A COENZYME A CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH CARRIES H+ AND ELECTRONS INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM YIELDING 2 ATP MOLECULES
RIBOFLAVIN-A “B VITAMIN” WHICH MUST BE PRESENT FOR FAD TO FUNCTION and FORM
KREB’S CYCLEAN AEROBIC REACTION TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE AND
CITRIC ACID CYCLE [OTHER NAMES] OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE
MITOCHONDRION 3 IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
CITRIC ACID [6 C] ALPHA-KETOGLUTARIC ACID [5 C] OXALOACETIC ACID [4 C]
KREB’S CYCLE CONTINUED FOR EACH TURN
OF THE CYCLE THERE ARE
3 NADHs FORMED 1 FADH2 FORMED 2 CO2 FORMED 1 ATP HEAT
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM AN AEROBIC REACTION CYTACHROME
SYSTEM RESPIRATORY
CHAIN COMPOSED OF A
SERIES OF OXIDATION- REDUCTION REACTIONS [ReDox]
FINAL PHASE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN WHICH NADH AND FADH2 ARE OXIDIZED WITH THEIR ELECTRONS BEING PASSED ALONG THE CHAIN
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM CONTINUED IF NADH BRINGS THE
ELECTRONS AND HYDROGENS INTO THE SYSTEM THEN 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL BE MADE USING THE ATP-SYNTHASE MOLECULE [CF 1 OR F1 PARTICLE]
WHEN FADH2 BRINGS THE H+ AND ELECTRONS THEN ONLY 2 ATP MOLECULES ARE MADE
THE LAST 2 COMPOUNDS, CYTACHROME A AND CYTOACHROME A3 ACT AS THE ENZYME CYTACHROME OXIDASE—THEY PLACE ELECTRONS AND 2 HYDROGENS ON TO OXYGEN TO FORM THE WASTE PRODUCT WATER
WASTE PRODUCTS ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
WATER [H2O] KREB’S CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID
CYCLE OR TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE CARBON DIOXIDE [CO2]
FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS ENTERING THE KREB’S CYCLE FATTY ACIDS
DISSOLVE THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE
UNDERGO BETAOXIDATION
FORM INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS WHICH CAN LEAVE THE CELL AND LOWER THE pH Keto acids =Acetone,
acetoacetic acid, betahydroxybutyric acid
AMINO ACIDS ENTER BY
PINOCYTOSIS ARE DEAMINATED
NH2 REMOVED AND CHANGED TO UREA
FORM THE SAME INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS AS FATTY ACIDS DO
BOTH FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS CAN ENTER THE KREB’S CYCLE THROUGH ACETYL CO A
SUMMARY 1 GLYCOLYSIS-
OCCURS IN CYTOPLASM
TRANSITION REACTION-STARTS IN CYTOPLASM ENDS IN THE MITOCHONDRION
KREB’S CYCLE OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRION
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM OCCURS ON THE CRISTAE OF THE MITOCHONDRION
SUMMARY 2 GLYCOLYSIS
—2 ATPS NO OXYGEN
USED TRANSITION
REACTION [T R]— IF OXYGEN USED
2 CARBONS GO INTO THE KREB’S CYCLE
T R CONTINUED AND NAD OR FAD
CARRY Electrons AND HYDROGEN INTO THE ETS
IF NO OXYGEN USED FERMENTATION OCCURS
SUMMARY 3 KREB’S CYCLE [CITRIC ACID CYCLE]
A 2-CARBON CPD IS ATTACHED TO A 4-CARBON CPD TO FORM CITRIC ACID
3 TURNS TO MAKE 1 PGAL [A 3-CARBON CPD]
OXYGEN IS USED ATP IS MADE CO2 IS A WASTE PRODUCT
SUMMARY 4 ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM [OCCURS
ON THE CRISTAE] A SERIES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS [GIVING UP ELECTRONS AND TAKING ON ELECTRONS.]
IF NAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS THEN 3 ATPS ARE MADE
IF FAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS ONLY 2 ATPS ARE MADE
THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS OXYGEN WHICH THEN COMBINES WITH 2 HYDROGENS TO MAKE WATER [H2O]