261© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 A.A.-D. Arafat, The Rise of Islamism in Egypt, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53712-2

Glossary of arabic Terms

Al-Adou Al-Baeed far enemy (the United States and the West)Al-Adou Al-Qareeb near enemy (apostate Muslim rulers)Al-da’wa religious callAl-amn Al-markazi Security ForceAl-Da’wa Al-Salafeyya The Salafist CallAl-Salafiyya ‘ilmiyya scientific SalafismAl-Salafiyya Al-Saalah or liquid Salafism is an expression to non-

affiliated SalafistsAl-dawla Al-madaniya civil stateAl-Faridah Al-Ghaibah Absent (or Forgotten) DutyAl-Gama`a Al-Islamiyya The Islamic GroupAl-hakimiya God’s sovereigntyAl-Haya Al-Shariyya lil-Haquq wa-l Islah Islamic Legitimate Body of

Rights and Reformational-iktifa’a al-thati seeking self-sufficiencyAl-jahiliya state of divine ignoranceAjjanad Miser Egypt Soldiers Groupal-jihaz al-sirri secret paramilitary unit, the Special Apparatus or Secret

UnitAl-sama’ wata’a hear and obey, total obedienceAl-Tabri’a The ExonerationAl-Takfir Wal-Hijra Excommunication and Exodusach 'amal working brother

262 GLoSSARy oF ARABIC TERMS

Afghan Arabs veterans of the Afghan warIkhwanisiation Arabic for Brotherhoodization, is a process by which the

Muslim Brotherhood members enter and perhaps even dominate offi-cial institutions

Ansar Al-Jihad Supporters of Holy WarAsma’ wa al-sifat unity of Allah’s names and attributesBid’ah religious innovation that has occurred since the time of prophet

MohamedBaraka blessingCaliph pan-Islamic rulerCaliphate centralized Islamic authority that dominated most Islamic

state until it was abolished by Turkey in 1924Dawa ProselytizingEmir prince, leaderFatwa religious edict or rulingFiqh Islamic jurisprudenceFitna seditionḥarām forbidden in IslamHadiths Prophetic traditionsHalal permissible to use or engage in according to Shari’aHalaqat study circlesHizb Al-Tayar Al-Masri The Egyptian Current PartyHizb Al-Tahrir Al-Masry Liberation PartyHizb Al-Nahda Al-Misri The Egyptian Renaissance Partyhizb Al-kanba the "couch party", mainstream EgyptiansHisbah the right of the government to force citizens to abide by Islamic

lawHizbiyya partisanshipHudud Shari’a corporal punishmentImamat CaliphateJama‘a Islamic group or societyJama’t al-Muslimin Society of MuslimsJihad armed struggleJihadi radical Muslim fighterJizya special tax paid by Christians and Jews as a return for not perform-

ing military service. It has been abolished in all Islamic statesIntifada uprisingIjtihad individual’s effort at interpretationKefaya Enough

GLoSSARy oF ARABIC TERMS 263

Kufar infidelsKufr apostasy or polytheismMa‘lim fi al-Tariq milestonesmabahes amn al-dawla State Security Investigations ServicesMajles Shura Al-Ulamaa Council of ScholarsManhaj ideology or method or a belief systemmanhaj tarbawî program of educationmujahid, mujahedeen Islamic fightersMusharaka one of the Islamic finance system, where profits or losses are

split between both lenders and borrowersriba usurySalaf pious ancestorsSalafi a person belonged to SalafismShahid martyrSharia Islamic lawShura consultationShura Council Consultative CouncilSunna all the deeds and words of the Prophet, second in importance to

the Qur’anTafsir Qur’anic exegesisTakfir the practice of excommunication of MuslimsTashih Al-Mafahim Correcting ConceptionsTawhid affirmation of the oneness of GodTawhid ‘ubudiyya unity of worshiptawhid rububiyya unity of lordshipTawhid wa-l-Jihad Monotheism and Holy WarTaqnin to institutionalizationUlama religious scholarsUmmah or Omah Islamic nation or the Muslim community worldwideUsar familiesWaqf an Islamic personal charity traditionWahhabiya Wahhabism, it is a puritanical religious doctrine founded

by the eighteenth century evangelist Muhammad b. Abd al-Wahhab in Saudi Arabia

265© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 A.A.-D. Arafat, The Rise of Islamism in Egypt, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53712-2

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Al-Mosour.Al-Osbou’.Al-Sh’ab.Al-Sharq Al-Awsat.Al-Tahrir.Al-Athad, newspaper (UAE).Al-Watan.Al-Wafd.October.Roz Al-Yousef.Sabah Al-Khir.Sawt Al-Umma.

287© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 A.A.-D. Arafat, The Rise of Islamism in Egypt, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53712-2

Ajjanad Miser, 153, 240AKP, The, 251–255Alaa El-Aswany, 200Al-Afghani, 97, 120Al-Asala, The, 133, 140, 149, 150,

152, 175Al-Azhar University, 77, 158, 219Al-Banna, 65–68, 72, 77, 84, 85, 239,

251, 256Al-Da’wa Al-Salafiyya (The Salafist

Call), 102, 105, 156Al-Da’wah Al-Salfiyya, 70Alexandria, 15, 70, 82, 103, 104, 106,

107, 109, 114, 139, 175, 183, 192, 209

Alexandria Church, 2, 7, 15Alexandria Salafist School, The, 98,

136, 152Alfred Stepan, 35, 38, 58Al-Gam’eyya Al-Shar’eyya, 99al-Gamyia, 101Algeria, 39–41, 49Ali Al-Selmi, 219Ali Goma’a, 143Al-Jamiyya al-Shari’a lil-’amilin bi-l-

kitab wa-l-sunna, 98

A‘Abd Al-Halim Abu Ghazala, 44–46,

50, 62‘Abd al-Qadir Ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 118‘Abd Al-Rahman ‘Abd al-Khaliq, 139,

156‘Abdel-Ghfour, 245‘Abdel-Moneim Abul-Fotouh, 74‘Abdel-Moneim Al-Shahat, 142‘Abdoud Al-Zumur, 111, 115, 116Abdul Hakim ‘Amer, 42, 45, 46Abu al-‘Ala Madi, 74Abu al-A’la Mawdudi, 99Activist Salafism, 98, 101, 107, 108,

121Adel ‘Abdel-Maqsoud, 134Administrative Judicial Court, The,

247Advisory Council, 101, 186, 193, 219,

220, 247Ahmed Maher, 5Ahmed Mekky, 201Ahmed Nazif, 8, 12, 14Ahmed Shafiq, 11, 20, 148, 199, 204,

205, 208, 245Ahmed ‘Izz, 12

index

288 INDEX

Al-Jihad group, The, 101, 109, 111, 114–118, 121, 137, 168

al-Karma, 14, 27Al-Madkhaliyya Salafism, 98, 101Al-Mahalla, 5, 12Al-Muqaddam, 104Al-Nahda party, 82, 149Al-Nour Party, 19, 104, 108, 133,

138, 139, 141, 143, 144, 147, 148, 153, 168, 182, 183, 203, 208, 209, 211, 229, 242, 245

Al-Nuqrashi pasha, 67Al-Qaeda, 85, 95, 104, 106, 108, 113,

116–119, 121, 240, 241, 253Al-Qaradawi, 71‘al-salaf al-salih, 96Al-Salafiyya ‘ilmiyya (scientific

Salafism), 102Al-Salafiyya Harakiya, 98, 107Al-Selmi document, 219, 220, 225Al-Shater, 72, 78, 91, 107, 148, 149,

197–199, 201, 244, 245, 255Al-Sunnah al- Muhamadiyya Society,

98Al-Twahid Waljihad, 119, 240Al-walā’ wa al-barā, 120Al-Wasat, 74, 152, 167, 176, 190,

198, 220, 246Al-Watan Party, 134, 147, 149, 156,

245‘Alwi Mustafa, 114Amos Perlmutter, 38‘Amr Moussa, 199, 200, 202, 205Ana al-Salafy, 103Ansar al-Sharia, 99, 119, 240Ansar Byat al-Maqdes, 99, 240Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis, 1196 April youth Movement, The, 1Arab-Afghans, 117, 130Arab League, 199, 202Arab organization for

Industrialization; the NSPo, 50

Arab spring, 14, 22–24, 26, 27, 29, 34, 39, 40, 55, 59, 62, 90, 101, 138, 187, 215, 234, 236

Arab world, 39, 76, 89, 90, 191, 192, 236, 257

Article 2, 154, 171, 226Ashraf Thabet, 146, 148Asma’ wa al-sifat (unity of Allah’s

names and attributes), 96Ataturk, 66Ayman Al-Zawahiri, 110, 113–115,

117, 118, 121

BBahrain, 39, 40Bashar Al-Assad, 10, 41, 237Beginning (Bidaya), The, 176, 190Bid’ah, 96, 99, 100, 120, 241Body of Senior Ulama (scholars) of

Al-Azahar, 143British, The, 42, 66, 99Brotherhood 95 Division, 77, 91Brotherhood, The, 16, 66, 67,

69–77, 79–83, 85, 97, 106, 110, 111, 116, 120, 146, 168, 171, 174, 180–182, 197–199, 201, 206, 207, 210, 226, 240–242, 244–247

Business elite, 3, 4, 53

CCairo Salafist group, 98Camp David, 112, 145, 151, 178, 202Central Security Force (CSF) (Al-amn

Al-markazi), The, 45Christian minority, 15Citizenship, 71, 74, 77, 81, 85, 118,

140, 213, 228, 229, 239Civil state, 71, 78, 80, 82, 83, 100,

144, 219, 226, 252

INDEX 289

Civil-Military Relations, 57–61, 63, 64Civil-Military Relations patterns, 33Civil-Military Relations theories, 33CMR, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42Constituent Assembly, 165, 166, 182,

185, 186, 193, 204, 206, 207, 217–219, 221–223, 227, 229, 231, 233, 238, 242, 243, 247

Constitutional Declaration, 172, 186, 188, 218, 221, 223

Constitution First’, 165, 166, 170, 239

1971 constitution, The, 54, 166, 170, 218, 222, 224, 226–228, 230, 248

Coptic Christians, 15, 19, 74, 84, 86, 126, 140, 141, 189, 198, 205, 245

Coptic Church, 105, 219, 221, 247Coptic Church in Alexandria, 105Coptic minority, 74Copts, 15, 71, 77, 79, 96, 104, 112,

140, 147, 150, 206, 207, 230, 241, 248, 249, 252

Correcting Conceptions, 113Costa Salafists, 99, 240Couch party, The, 19

DDawa, The, 102, 105, 106, 148Declaration of the Fundamental

Principles of the New Egyptian State’, 219

Deliberalization, 2, 7, 8Democracy, 4, 18, 21, 23, 27, 29,

30, 34, 57, 71, 74, 77, 84, 85, 96, 100, 101, 103, 110, 133, 136–138, 144, 153, 168, 207, 226, 229, 237–239, 241, 242, 252, 253, 255

Democratic Alliance for Egypt’, 173, 176, 220

Democratic Front Party, 6, 16, 176Demonstrators, 5, 15, 17, 18, 21, 28,

40, 52, 55, 240Dhimmis, 104

EEgyptian armed forces, 29, 33, 34, 42,

43, 50, 167Egyptian Bloc, The, 181, 185Egyptian Citizen Party, 181Egyptian Current, 73, 83, 175Egyptian Islamic Jihad, (EIJ), 112,

115, 119, 150Egyptian Islamism, 242, 249, 253,

254, 256Egyptian Salafism, 95, 97, 98, 120,

123, 125, 127, 134, 156, 191, 240

2010 election, The, 6, 11Electoral College’ (EC), 174Electoral Complexes’ system, 174Emad ‘Abdel Ghaffour’, 139Emergency laws, 2, 136Esraa Abdel Fattah, 12Essam El-Erian, 186EU, 85, 252, 253Eva Bellin, 39

FFadila (Virtue) Party, The, 134, 149Far enemy, The, 110, 116, 117, 122Fatwa, 16, 108, 135, 137, 153, 179,

180, 242feloul, 176Fethullah Gulen, 253Freedom and Development Party

(FJP), The, 19

290 INDEX

Freedom and Justice Party (FJP), The, 78, 83, 93

Free Egyptians Party (FEP), The, 175, 222

Fundamentalist groups, 117

GGalal Al-Morrah, 146Gamaa Al-Islamiyya, 102Gamal Abdel-Nasser, 42Gamal Mubarak, 5, 9–11, 14, 26, 53,

80Gam’iyat Ansar Al-Sunna, 120Gaza, 15, 108General Hassan al-Alfi, 112General Intelligence Directorate

(GID),The, 45General Intelligence Service (GIS),

The, 17Ghad al-Thawra, 223Gomaa Amin, 70Grand Imam of Al-Azhar, 143, 177Grand Mufti of Egypt, 143Gregory Gause III, 39Guidance Bureau, 74, 75, 78, 255Gülen movement, The, 253, 260

HHabib Al-Adli, 17Hakmiyya, 65, 67–69, 84, 85, 95,

100, 107, 121, 150, 229, 239, 241, 251, 253, 254

Hamas, 69, 85, 119Hamdeen Sabbahi, 199, 200, 209Hamed al-Dafrawi, 82Hassan Isma‘il al-Hudaybi, 69Hassan Malek, 78, 255Hatem Bagato, 170Hazemoun Salafism, 99, 108Hazem Salah Abu Ismail, 240

Hereditary succession, 2, 9, 10, 14, 53, 136

Hezb Al-Nahda, 82Hezbollah Shi’ite militia, 119Hidden Duty, The, 111Hizam Salah Abu Ismail, 99, 240hizb al-kanba, 1, 19, 196, 198, 199,

202, 205, 206, 238, 245–248, 256

Hizb Al-Tahrir, 152Hizbiyya, 66, 76, 96, 110, 121, 254Hizmet, 252Holger Albrecht, 41Hosni Mubarak, 9, 10, 18, 20, 28, 29,

44, 45, 63, 200Hossam al-Ghariani, 223Hudud, 141, 152

IIbn Taymiyya, 97Ibrahim al-Zafarani, 82Ikhwanisation, 211Illiberal democracy, 249, 258Individual Candidacy (IC) system, 172International Atomic Energy Agency,

2, 15, 28, 200International Monetary Fund (IMF),

2, 147International organization of the MB,

The, 75Iran, 40, 118, 147Iraq, 40Islam Lutfi, 83Islamic Caliphate, 66, 110, 115Islamic fundamentalism, 15, 46, 255Islamic Legitimate Body of Rights and

Reformation (ILBRR), 107Islamic Liberation organization

(ILo), 115Islamic nation, or Omah, 136, 228

INDEX 291

Islamic Research Centre (IRC), The, 143

Islamic Society, 45, 206Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS),

85Islamic State of Sinai’, 99, 241Islamic Student Associations, The, 73Islamist Alliance, The, 174Islamist groups, 45, 69, 85, 100,

104–106, 108, 109, 121, 125, 150, 152, 169, 240, 241, 248, 249

Ismail Tantawi, 114Ittihad (Union) Party, The, 176

JJabhat al-Nusra, also known as the

Nusra Front, 85, 240Jahiliyya, 69, 87, 107, 110, 111, 121Jama’t al-Muslimin (Society of

Muslims), The, 76, 85January 25 revolution, The, 5, 13,

23, 24, 28–30, 63, 93, 127, 152, 201, 208

Jihad, 46, 65, 67–69, 84, 85, 95, 106, 109–111, 113–115, 118, 120, 121, 126, 133, 137, 151, 239, 241, 251, 253

Jihadism, 65Jihadist Salafism groups, 19Jihadist Salafism, 19, 98, 108, 109,

117, 121Jihan Al-Halafawy, 104Jizya, 140Juan Linz, 38Judges Club, 227Justice and Development Party (JDP),

his, 86, 167Justice Party (Centrist), 83, 92, 176,

202

KKandahar Friday, 141, 169"Kefaya" or “Enough”, 1, 4, 62, 173,

179, 206, 224, 242Kenya, 118, 231Khalid al-Islambouli, 68, 111Khalid Daoud, 82King Farouk, 42, 66Kuwaiti Revival of Islamic Heritage

Society, The, 179

LLatin America, 36, 58Leftists, 18, 175, 202, 223Liberalization, 255Libya, 40, 62Lieutenant General Sami Hafez Anan,

167Loyalist Salafism, 98, 101

MMahmoud Al-Maseri, 134Mahmoud Ghazlan, 70Majles Shura al-Ulamaa, 101Major General Mukhtar Al-Mulla, 186Ma‘lim fi al-Tariq (Milestones), 69,

85, 110, 111, 116Mamdouh Hamza, 220Ma’mun Al-Hudaybi, 70March 30 Declaration, The, 218MB bloggers, The, 73MB, The, 1, 8, 11, 16, 18–20, 45–47,

65–75, 77–86, 95, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 108, 110, 111, 114, 116, 117, 119–122, 134, 138–140, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151–153, 165–171, 173, 174, 176–182, 184–186, 195–197, 199–202, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 217, 218, 220–223,

292 INDEX

225, 227, 229, 230, 238–248, 251, 252, 255, 256

Michael Makara, 40Middle class, The, 3, 4Middle East, 6, 21–24, 26, 27, 29, 30,

33, 34, 37, 38, 40, 50, 57, 59, 60, 63, 64, 68, 85, 255, 256, 258

Militant Salafism, 107, 108, 121, 240Military economy, 33, 49, 50, 63Military intervention, The, 1, 54Military, The, 11, 19, 33, 35, 37, 41Military Intelligence Directorate

(MID), The, 45MNP, The, 249Modern Egypt Party (Masr

Al-Haditha), The, 176Mohamed Abd al-Salam Faraj, 110,

121, 128Mohamed Abduh, 97, 120Mohamed Al-’Awa, 200Mohamed Badi’a, 72, 73, 82, 84Mohamed Bouazizi, 14Mohamed El-Baradei, 2, 15, 101Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, 18, 51Mohamed Mustafa al-Muqri’, 112Mohamed Nour, 144, 147, 153Mohamed Sa’ad, 117, 122Mohamed Salim al-Rahal, 115Monotheism and Holy War, 119, 240Morocco, 40Morris Janowitz, 34Mubarak, 1, 3–12, 14–21, 33, 38, 39,

41, 44–57, 71, 73, 76, 79, 80, 101, 102, 104, 106, 108, 113, 119, 133–138, 143, 150, 153, 166, 167, 169, 171, 179, 183, 185, 196, 198–201, 205, 207, 208, 220, 224, 237, 238, 241, 242, 245, 255

Mubarakism, 30, 54, 63Mubarak’s coup-proofing strategy, 20,

33, 49, 53

MUSİAD, 254, 255, 260Muslim Brotherhood, The, 7, 18, 19,

67, 68, 78, 80, 82, 83, 96, 100, 106, 202, 211

Muslim Brother Salafist, 121, 198Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, 85Mustafa Mash’hur, 70

NNabil Al-Bor’ai, 114Nader Bakar, 140, 145, 148, 210Naguib Mahfouz, 112, 142Naguib Sawiris, 147Nageh Ibrahim, 111, 118Nakşibendi, The, 252National Defense Council, The, 225Nasserists, 16, 18Nathan Brown, 2, 184, 229NATo, 191, 252Nawwara Nagm, 247NDP, The, 2, 4, 7, 9–11, 14, 53, 80,

81, 169, 170, 176, 199, 239, 245, 247

Necmettin Erbakan, 86Nepal, 231, 249New Ghad, 173New guard, The, 10, 70New Wafd, 7, 176NP, 139, 178–186, 218, 242, 243Nurculuk (Nur), 158, 252, 253Nur movement, The, 253

Oold guard, The, 10, 40, 65, 70, 73,

78omar Abdel Rahman, 111, 117, 129omar Suleiman, 17, 18, 20, 28, 198,

199, 245opposition forces, 9, 73, 185organizational’ associations, 98

INDEX 293

organizationalist faction, 65, 70, 71osama Ben Laden, 68, 106, 113, 116,

121, 169, 241osama yassin, 77

PPA, 12, 171–173, 176, 181, 182, 186,

200, 205, 218, 221, 222, 242, 243, 247

Parliament, 8, 11, 14, 104, 138, 144, 150, 165, 171, 172, 183, 186, 197, 201, 208–210, 218–221, 227, 230, 238, 240, 243, 244, 247, 248, 256

2010 parliamentary elections, The, 2, 9

Peace and Development Party, The, 82People’s Assembly (PA), The, 11, 166Pion-Berlin model, 36Political activism, 6, 12, 67, 74Political mobilization, 8, 11, 39Political parties, 9, 48, 72, 73, 79, 84,

108, 119, 142, 144, 150, 153, 169, 172, 176, 181, 202, 222, 241

Politician faction, 65, 70, 72, 84, 195, 199, 202, 239

President Morsi, 108, 148, 206, 211, 246

Professionalization, 34, 39, 42, 43, 45, 48, 56

Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice Authority’, (PVPVA), 141

Proportional Representation (PR) system, 172, 231

QQutbism, 70, 107, 108, 121, 150,

241, 245, 251, 253, 255

Qutbist faction, 65, 66, 69–72, 84–86, 95, 195, 196, 199, 229, 239, 254, 255

Qutbist Salafists, 137

RRafiq Habib, 79Rashid Rida, 97, 120Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 86, 250Referendum, 8, 138, 142, 170, 171,

209, 218, 223, 225, 231, 247Revisionism, 112, 118, 119, 130–132Revolutionaries, 18, 54, 166, 168,

170, 173, 185, 205, 220, 238, 243

Revolutionary forces, The, 19, 165, 167–170, 220, 239

Revolutionary youth Council, The, 19Revolution Continues Alliance’

(RCA), 83, 175

SSadat, 43–46, 49, 56, 68, 70, 76, 81,

85, 109, 111, 112, 115, 117, 122, 200

Safwat ‘Abdel-Ghani, 151Safwat Al-Sharif, 12Said Abdel-Azeem, 103Said Nursi, 253Salafism, 45, 67, 70, 82, 96–99, 101,

102, 105, 107–109, 117, 120, 121, 134, 149, 182, 209, 229, 240, 253

Salafist bloc, 174Salafist Call (Al-Da’wah Al-Salfiyya),

70, 102Salafist Call, The, 19, 98, 102–108,

119–122, 133–136, 138, 139, 142, 144, 146, 148, 152, 166–169, 171, 175, 180–183, 195,

294 INDEX

196, 200, 204, 209, 210, 222, 240, 242, 244, 245, 247, 256

Salafist Front, 108, 152, 210, 246Salafist groups, 19, 95, 98, 103, 121,

122, 133, 134, 153, 184, 203, 209, 230, 241, 245, 246

Salafist leaders, 16, 106, 142Salafists of Alexandria, 102Salvation Party, The, 250Sameh ‘Ashour, 220Samuel Huntington, 34, 37Saudi Arabia, 100–102, 123, 179, 248Sawt al-Salaf, 103Sayyid Belal, 7, 105Sayyid Imam Al-Sherif, 115Sayyid Qutb, 65, 68, 84, 85, 88, 93,

98, 110, 116, 130, 239Secularization, 97Security forces, 12, 14, 16, 17, 40, 48,

55, 106, 112, 118Security services, 15, 51, 106Shabab Mohamed group, 76, 85‘Shadow of the Quran’, 116Shari’a, 67–69, 71, 77, 79, 80, 84,

96, 104, 114, 120, 135, 136, 139–142, 144–148, 150, 151, 153, 168, 171, 177, 178, 217, 226, 239, 242, 251, 252, 255

Sharia Law organization for Rights and Reform (SLoRR), 180

Sheikh Ahmed Al-Tayyeb,, 143Sheikh Mahmoud ‘Amer, 101Sheikh Mohamed ‘Abdel-Maqsoud,

137, 149Sheikh Mohamed Hamid al-Fiqi, 100Sheikh Mohamed Hassen Yakoub, 134Sheikh Mohamed Khalil Hras, 114SheikhMahmoud Khattab al-Sobky, 99Sheikh Mustfa Al-Adawi, 134Shiite, 69, 85, 104, 143

Shura Council, 75, 78, 107, 151, 172, 181, 182, 218, 221, 227, 242, 243, 247, 255

Sinai, 81, 99, 119, 151, 202, 241Social Democratic Party (SDP), The,

175Socialist Popular Alliance Party, The,

175Social media, 5, 12, 13, 16, 103, 140Socio-economic grievances, 1Soviet Union, 42, 43, 115, 117Special Apparatus (al-jihaz al-sirri),

67State Security Intelligence (SSI), 11,

106Sufi Egyptian Liberation Party, 143Sufi orders, 99, 104, 105, 143, 252Sufism, 67, 143, 252, 254Supreme Administrative Court (SAC),

151Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC),

The, 86, 226, 227Supreme Council of the Egyptian

Armed Forces (SCAF), The, 18Supreme Electoral Commission (SEC),

173Supreme Guide, 66, 69, 70, 72, 73,

75, 77, 82, 89, 106, 121, 196, 202, 206, 244

Supreme Presidential Election Commission (SPEC), The, 199

Suzan Mubarak, 12Syria, 10, 39–41

TTagammu party, 10, 16Tahaney Al-Gebali, 227Tahrir Square, 17–19, 51, 52, 54, 77,

134, 135, 169, 196, 220

INDEX 295

Takfir, 65, 67–69, 76, 84, 85, 95, 107, 108, 120, 121, 239, 241, 251, 253, 254

Tareq El-Basheri, 83, 197Tariq Al-Zumur, 116Tawhid (the unity of God), 96Tawhid rububiyya(unity of lordship),

96Tawhid ‘ubudiyya(unity of worship),

96Tawhid wa-l-Jihad, 119Thirwat Salah Al-Shehata, 137Thomas C. Bruneau, 36Traditional Salafism, 70, 98, 99, 109Transparency, 3, 5, 74, 173, 231True Path Party, 250Tunisia, 14, 15, 39–41, 51, 55, 57,

173, 237Tunisian revolution, 2, 7, 13–15, 20Turgut Ozal, 254Turkey, 35, 41, 86, 168, 249–254,

256Turkey’s Sufi orders, 252Turkish armed forces, 253Turkish Hezballah, 253Turkish Islamism, 249, 251–256Turkish Islamists, 86TUSKoN, 254, 255

UUmar al-Tilmisani, 202Unemployment, 1, 3, 145

United States, 43, 68, 110, 116, 117, 121, 122, 144, 150, 151, 168

Upper Egypt, 109, 111, 115, 141, 151, 184, 209, 224

2011 uprising, 1, 2, 4–6, 51, 72, 73, 95, 101, 119, 121, 136, 150, 153, 237, 246, 247

WWahhabism, 117, 120, 121, 251, 253Wahhabi Salafism, 68, 70, 97, 100,

102, 120We Are All Khaled Said, 1, 6, 13, 14Welfare Party, 86, 250Westernization, 66, 97, 252, 253Wiktorowicz, 95, 98

YYahi Hasham, 114yasser Borhami, 104, 105, 136, 139,

141, 145, 146yemen, 40, 103Younis Makhyoun, 104, 147youth Coalition (RyC), 83Yusri Hammad, 144, 147

ZZine El-Abdine Ben Ali, 13Zionism, 67, 100, 117, 201