Glossary-Index · Glossary-Index References for maps, figures, or tables are set in italics....
Transcript of Glossary-Index · Glossary-Index References for maps, figures, or tables are set in italics....
Glossary-Index
References for maps, figures, or tables are set in italics.
accommodation: narratives of, 1, 2, 3acculturation: narratives of, 1, 2, 3. See also
assimilationadministration. See Guangxi,
administration ofagricultural and economic life. See under
Guangxi provinceai (strategic pass): symbol for, 130Ai Mu (jr. 1558), 174almanacs. See encyclopedias and almanacsan fu shi (pacification commissioner),
61. See also native chieftainsAnlong Si : tax quota for, 73Annam : annexation of, 23, 37, 64, 76,
91, 158; in early Chinese history, 7, 10;mercury in, 49; Ming borders with, 8,100, 101; as Ming concern, 127; andSiming Fu, 75, 76, 77, 89
Anping Zhou : size of, 68assimilation (tong hua): narratives of, 1, 2,
3, 205; rhetoric of, 184, 195, 196–97.See also acculturation; civilization; guihua; xiang hua
autonomous administrative areas (zi zhiqu), 105, 199–200
Ayuwang , Mount (Zhejiang), 173
Ba : as category, 191Bai Gui (1419–75), 160bai miao tu . See miao albumsBaiyue : as category, 195Baman . See Eight Manbandits and banditry, 118; in Bazhai, 101;
along Fu River, 25, 135; in Gutian,122–25; in Huaiyuan, 106–07; aspersistent problems, 91, 93, 126; inRattan Gorge, 117–22; sources of,112–17. See also disorder
Banyizhongnu : as category, 142,143, 149, 191
bao (military fort): symbol for, 130bao (“watch”) and bao jia (“watch
and tithing”), 38Bao Ruji (js. 1607): Record of Things
Heard in Guizhou (Nan zhong ji wen), 166
“barbaric people” ( ye man ren), 197Barth, Fredrik, 5Bazhai , 98, 101–102, 118bei (defense): Fan Zhongyan on, 163ben xin (disposition): of native people,
138bi ji (informal jottings), 14, 21, 176.
See also sourcesbian min (registered subjects), 107. See
also minbie zhong (variant), 146, 147Bin Zhou (Liuzhou): as campaign
base, 87; drought and plague in, 50Bing : as category, 142, 191; depictions
of, 147Bo : as category, 141Bobai county (Wuzhou): decline of
population in, 110Book of Poetry (Shi jing), 103border zones. See borderlandsborderland, southern: expansion as
demarcation and categorization in, 5,8–9; historical narratives of, 1–4; inMing dynasty, 8, 18; perceivedboundaries between “central plains”and, 47; perils of (see perils); in Qingdynasty, 186–90; sources on, 166–67; asterm, 18. See also Guangdong; Guangxi;Guizhou; Huguang; Sichuan; Yunnan
borderlands: construction of boundaries ashistory of, 5, 11–13, 205–206; northernversus southern, 8, 18, 160, 163–64;sources on, 165–70; and state-building,6–7, 185. See also frontiers
227
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boundaries: dialectics of, 208; expansionas construction of, 5, 11–13, 205–206;history as transformation of, 19,204–206; Ming construction of, 8–9,11–13; state-building and formation of,6–7, 185. See also “Chinese” and“non-Chinese”; “Han” and “non-Han”;min and man yi
Bozhou (Sichuan), 72, 75, 102Brook, Timothy, 170, 182bu zheng shi si (provincial
administration commission), 29, 31bu zu (“tribes”), 198Buyi : as “minority nationality,”
204
Cahill, James, 179Caijia : as category, 141Cangwu county (Wuzhou): floods in,
49–50Cao Bang (Annam), 100Cao Shuji , 44n35Cao Xuequan (1574–1646):
Descriptions of Famous Sites of Guangxi(Guangxi ming sheng zhi ),175
cartographic symbols, 130, 132. See alsomaps
Cen Bao , 82n29Cen Bin , 82–83Cen Boyan , 82Cen Hanzhong , 82Cen Jian , 85Cen Jixiang , 100Cen Jun , 86Cen Langguang , 82Cen Meng (1490–1526), 73, 92, 95;
alleged crimes of, 86–87; demise of, 88;demotion of, 86; frightful of, 89;rebellion of former headmen of, 96;reinstatement of son of, 97. See alsoCens (Tianzhou); Tianzhou
Cen Peng (d. 35 CE), 70Cen Pu , 85–86Cen Shao , 85Cen Shaoxun , 102Cen Yan , 82n29Cen Ye , 71Cen Ying (d. 1478), 82–84, 95. See
also Sien (Fu)Cen Yong , 85Cen Yongchang , 82Cen Yunhan , 102–103Cens : of Guangxi, 74–75; of Guishun
Zhou, 103; of Right River region, 82–90,
100–101; of Sicheng Zhou, 70; of Sien(Fu), 83
Cens (Tianzhou), 83; alliance betweenMacs (Cao Bang) and, 103; militaryprowess of, 89; in Qing dynasty, 187;transgressions of, 96; in Xunzhou, 120.See also Cen Meng; Tianzhou
censuses, population, 200–201“central dominion” (zhong guo): as term,
17; under Zhou dynasty, 8. See also“China”
Central Guard (Guilin), 113Central Institute (University) of
Nationalities ( ), 200“central plains” (zhong yuan; zhong zhou):
perceived boundaries between southernborderland and, 47; as term, 17
centrality, concept of: in Shang and Zhoudynasties, 8
centralizing state. See state, centralizingCenxi county (Wuzhou): as center of
violence, 118; maps of, 132, 132–34;“Lang” of, 188, 189
Chang’an Zhen (Liuzhou): tigers in,52
chao (native settlements), 107, 119, 128,130
charity schools ( yi xue). See under schoolsChen Jian (js. 1607), 53–54. See also
Gazetteer of Wuzhou PrefectureChen Jin (1446–1528), 39, 121, 135Chen Lian (1370–1454), 27–28Chen Sui (1457–1504), 64, 73, 90Chen Xian , 48Chen Yongbin (js. 1571): Annotated
Illustrations of the non-Chinese in Yunnan( Yunnan zhu yi tu shuo ),166
Cheng , Prince of, 160. See also Jingtaiemperor
Cheng Tinggong (js. 1475), 142–43.See also General Gazetteer of Guangxi(1493)
Cheng Zhengyi (js. 1571): Notes onthe non-Chinese Natives in Sichuan (QuanShu tu yi kao ),166
Chens (Quan Zhou), 46chi patents: for native chieftains, 62Chiang Kai-shek (1888–1975): on
unity of Chinese people in China’sDestiny, 193
chieftain system. See native chieftaincy,institution of
chieftains. See native chieftains
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Glossary-Index 229
“China” (Zhongguo): (national) history of,xiii, 4, 184; as term, 17; transformationof boundaries as history of, 204–206.See also “central dominion”;nation-state, making of
China, People’s Republic of. See People’sRepublic of China
“Chinese” (hua; huaxia; xia): as category,3, 17; as civilization, 2, 4; constructionof boundaries as history of, 204–206,208; and “Han,” 3, 192–93, 195; asidentity, xiii, 206; Ming dynasty as, 10;as nation (Zhonghua min zu), xiii, 4,193–95, 198. See also “Han”; min zu
“Chinese” and “non-Chinese”: boundariesbetween, 3, 157, 159–70, 181–83, 205;as conceptual binary, 3, 10; dialecticalrelationship between, 208. See also“Han” and “non-Han”; markers; minand man yi; “non-Chinese”
Chinese Communist Party, 184, 185; on“minority nationalities,” 198–202. Seealso People’s Republic of China
Chinese state. See state, centralizing“Chineseness”: as historical, 204–205; as
situational, xiiiChongshan Xian : conversion of, 31chu (“civilized”), 25city walls, 33n19civilian militias (min bing; min zhuang),
38–39civilians. See mincivilization: “current” of, 28; efforts on,
34, 71–72, 96; rhetoric of, 57, 94, 108,140, 182, 185, 187; through wen jiao,103, 104, 158, 162. See also assimilation;enlightenment
clans, notable, 46. See also native clansclimate. See under Guangxi, geography ofCollected Statutes of the Ming (Ming hui
dian), 14, 71colonization, 1, 5. See also expansioncommercialization. See economy,
commercialization of“Common Guidelines” (Gong tong gang
ling), 199confrontation: narratives of, 1–2, 3, 205Confucian schools. See under schools“Constitution of the Chinese Soviet
Republic,” 199courier stations ( yi ), 64, 127, 130. See also
postal relay stationsCrossley, Pamela Kyle, 4, 186, 188cultural hierarchy, assumption of, 185customs. See under markers
da ge , custom of, 181. See also markersDa Ming yi tong zhi See Union
Gazetteer of the Great Mingda zheng (large-scale expedition),
concept of, 126Dai Yao (js. 1568), 72Daliang : as category, 142, 143, 149,
191; as type of Yao, 154Dan / : as category, 141, 142, 143,
191Dan : as category, 142, 144, 191; in
Huaiyuan, 147, 181dao shui (“sword tax”), 149dao xue . See Learning of the WayDateng Xia . See Rattan GorgeDatong defense area (Shanxi), 159Daxin county, 70de Bary, Wm. Theodore, 182Deng Tingzan (1430–1500), 91,
124Di : as category, 8, 142, 144Di : as category, 167, 168, 169. See also
hybrid creaturesdi li (geography; “coherence of the
earth”), 27, 28, 174. See alsogeographical knowledge; Guangxi,geography of
di mo (“veins of the earth”), 27Di Qing (1008–57), 70, 77diao jiao (surgical strike), concept of,
126Dingluo , Fort, battle of, 88diseases. See malaria; miasma; plagues;
perilsdisorder: propensity for (see under
markers); sources of, 74, 112–16,138–39. See also bandits and banditry
Dong : as category, 142, 143, 144,147n12, 149, 191, 197; depictions of,147; in Huaiyuan, 145, 147, 181
Dong / : as category, 141dong / (native settlement), 106,
147n12Dong Yuanru (js. 1601), 33n20Dongan county (Guangdong), “Lang”
in, 149Donglao : as category, 142na, 143;
masquerading as Yao, 140. See alsoGelao; Lao
Dongyue : as category, 164“downstreaming,” practice of, 17droughts. See nature-induced disastersdu (wards), 134Dubei , Great King of, 152Duara, Prasenjit, 184
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Dujie Zhou : chieftain of, 99; taxquota for, 72
Duxiu Shan (Peak of SingularBeauty), 30
e (intractable) “Zhuang,” 124–25economic life. See under Guangxi provinceeconomy, commercialization of: and
increased mobility of population, 170,171–172; and pressure on literati, 182
education. See Imperial Academy;institutes of nationalities; schools;“special education”
Eight Man (Baman): as category, 153elephants, 51–52, 62empirical knowledge: emphasis on,
178–82. See also firsthand observations;geographical knowledge
Encheng Zhou , 69, 70encyclopedias and almanacs (lei shu), 167,
169–70. See also sources“enlightened people” (wen ming ren), 197enlightenment (kai hua): rhetoric of, 184,
185, 196–97. See also civilizationenvironment, natural: as barriers, 163,
164; and China’s expansion, 2, 11–12,51–55
Esen (d. 1455), 159, 160. See alsoMongols
Essential Information for Governing Guangxi(Dian Yue yao zuan ), 106, 120,128–30, 131, 132, 133, 141, 142,143–44, 144–45. See also Yang Fang
ethnic groups. See min zuethnic identities: as constructed, xiii“ethnic landscape,” 13, 206“ethnic” markers. See markersethnicity, concept of, 3ethnology (min zu xue): as academic
discipline, 197European empires (in the Americas), 7evidential learning (kao zheng xue), 180.
See also empirical knowledgeevolution, rhetoric of, 196–97expansion: as demarcation and
categorization, 5, 208; narratives of,1–4; and natural environment, 2, 11–12,51–55; and state-building, 6–7
fa (to manifest), 29famines. See nature-induced disastersfan (“non-Chinese” in western regions),
138, 188Fan Chengda (1126–93), 22–23;
depictions of Yao in Descriptions of
Forests and Marshes of the Gui Region(Gui hai yu heng zhi ), 151–53
Fan Zhongyan (989–1052), 163Fang Yizhi (1611–71), 180fang zhi . See gazetteers, localfarmer-soldiers (geng bing), 39. See also
native soldiersFeathereds: as category, 169. See also
hybrid creaturesFei Xiaotong , 2n2, 202Feng Bin (js. 1529), 36Feng Jun (js. 1460), 110Feng Run , 102field investigations, 197, 200, 201First Emperor of Qin (r. 221–210
BCE), 10, 11. See also Qin dynasty“First Nations,” 6firsthand observations: importance of, 139,
141, 143, 150, 176, 177, 178, 188, 190.See also empirical knowledge
fiscal problems: of princely estates, 30; ofwei suo system, 34, 39. See also taxcollection
Five Marchmounts (wu yue), 173Five-part Series on Nationalities Issues (Min
zu wen ti wu zhong cong shu),201–202
floods. See nature-induced disastersFried, Morton H., 1frontiers: “new” history of, 19; in
state-building, 6; as term, 18. See alsoborderland, southern; borderlands
fu lao (senior advisor), 69Fu River : disorders in region, 25, 39,
118; military campaign of 1572–73, 98,135–36; as strategic route, 25, 33
Fu Youde (d. 1394), 73
gai tu gui liu (conversion of nativedomains into regular administrativeunits), 186–87
Ganza, Kenneth, 179–80gao patents: for native chieftains, 62Gazetteer of Huaiyuan County (Huaiyuan
xian zhi ), 147, 181–82Gazetteer of Nanning Prefecture (Nanning fu
zhi ), 147Gazetteer of Pingle Prefecture (Pingle fu zhi
), 115n14, 182Gazetteer of Qingyuan Prefecture (Qingyuan
fu zhi ), 146, 147Gazetteer of Quan Zhou (Quan zhou zhi
), 114n13Gazetteer of Rong County (Rong xian zhi
), 196
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Gazetteer of Siming Prefecture (Siming fu zhi), 64–67, 76
Gazetteer of Taiping Prefecture (Taiping fu zhi), 68, 148
Gazetteer of Wuzhou Prefecture (Wuzhou fuzhi ), 53, 132, 134, 149, 154. Seealso Chen Jian
Gazetteer of Yongfu County ( Yongfu xian zhi), 156, 157
Gazetteer of Yongning County ( Yongningxian zhi ), 196
Gazetteer of Zhaoping County (Zhaopingxian zhi ), 136
gazetteers, local (fang zhi), 14, 127, 141,170, 174, 190, 196. See also individualtitles
ge wu (investigation of things), 180Gelao / : as category, 141, 142na,
143; masquerading as Yao, 140. See alsoDonglao; Lao
Gelao : as “minority nationality,” 201Geling : as category, 146. See also Linggenealogies: of native clans, 69, 70General Gazetteer of Guangxi (Guangxi tong
zhi ; 1493), 141–42, 191General Gazetteer of Guangxi (1531):
categories of man yi in, 142, 143, 191; onelephants, 51–52; on environment, 20,25, 28; on officials, 67; population datain, 41, 42; on Tianzhou and Sien, 85; on“Yao,” 152–53; on “Zhuang,” 155
General Gazetteer of Guangxi (1599):categories of man yi in, 142, 143, 191; onenvironment, 46; on “Gelao” and“Donglao,” 140; map of Cenxi, 132,133; map of Quan Zhou, 130, 131;military population data, 36; on nativechieftains, 56; registered populationdata, 40, 41; on tigers, 52; on “Yao,”154. See also Su Jun
General Gazetteer of Guangxi (1733), 21,146n10, 147n12, 148, 190–92
General Gazetteer of Guangxi (1801), 191,192
geng bing . See farmer-soldiersgeng hua (obstructive), 128geographical knowledge: demand and
supply, 170–71, 174–78. See alsoempirical knowledge; si yi: sources on
geography. See Guangxi, geography ofGladney, Dru C., 4, 13, 202gong (tributes). See tributary relationsgong sheng . See “tribute students”Gong tong gang ling . See “Common
Guidelines”
Gongyao (Tianzhou), battle of, 88gou wei shan (dog’s tail blouse),
154grand coordinator (xun fu), office of, 29Great Wall, 8, 159, 160, 163gu poisoning, 48–49; and Zhuang
women, 156, 182Gu Xiancheng (1550–1612),
174Gu Xingzu (ca. 1390–1460),
117Gu Yanwu (1613–82): Strengths and
Weaknesses of the Various Regions of theRealm (Tian xia jun guo li bing shu
), 178Guan Daxun (js. 1565), 33n20Guangdong province: as borderland,
18, 29; disorders in, 119; in earlyimperial period, 7, 10; grain from, 50;“Lang” in, 149; migrants from, 45;population density of, 44; soldiers from,38. See also borderland, southern
Guangxi province, 24; agricultural andeconomic life in, 46–49, 85, 114–15; incomparative perspective, 10–11, 26–27,28–29, 177; development of, 28–29,177; in early imperial period, 7, 10–11;perils of (see perils); tenancy in, 114,122, 136–37. See also borderland,southern; Guangxi Zhuang AutonomousRegion
Guangxi, administration of: bureaucraticstructure, 29, 31; creation anddistribution of administrative seats,31–33; elimination of official posts, 31,34, 67, 110; incompetence of officials,34, 67, 94, 96, 138; infrastructureprojects, 33. See also fiscal problems
Guangxi, geography of, 22–29; climate,26–27, 37, 93; di li and qi energy, 27,28–29; “extraordinary” landscape,22–23; karstic topography, 26; rainfall,26–27, 50–51; regional diversity, 25–26;river system, 11, 23–25, 26, 177
Guangxi, population of, 40–46, 108–12“decline,” 40, 41, 109–110; distribution,45–46, 107, 110–11, 127–28, 129, 130,132; estimates, 44; official data and itslimits, 40–44, 111. See also man yi;migration; min; min and man yi
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: establishment of, 199–200
“minority nationalities” in, 201Guanyang county (Guilin), 43n33,
128, 129
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guard (wei) and battalion (suo) system, 11,34–40. See also military officers andsoldiers
Gui River . See Fu RiverGuideways through Mountains and Seas
(Shan hai jing), 167, 168, 170gui hua (transformation through
submission): rhetoric of, 184, 185. Seealso assimilation; xiang hua
Guilin (commandery), 10Guilin (prefecture): accessibility of,
46; clans of, 46; landscape of, 22–23,26; population of, 41, 42, 45–46, 111;tenancy in, 114 “Zhuang” in, 155
Guilin (provincial capital): nativesoldiers in, 91; princely estate at, 29–30;routes to, 23–25; “Zhuang” attacks of,123, 124. See also Lingui county
Guilin shan shui jia tian xia(“the mountains and waters of Guilinare the most splendid ofall-under-heaven”), 22–23
Guiping county (Xunzhou), 118, 120Guishun Zhou , 88, 100–101, 103Guizhou : as borderland, 18, 29;
geography of, 177; miao albums of, 190;native domains in, 58; native soldiersfrom, 120; as province, 8; rebellions in,92; tax exemption for, 73; “Zhuang”migrants from, 157. See also borderland,southern
Guo : as category, 191Guo Fei (1529–1605): Descriptions of
the non-Chinese in South of the Range(Lingnan zhu yi zhi ), 166
guo jia , 192, 193. See also nation-state,making of
guo shan bang (“certificates ofmountain crossing”), 17. See also Yao
Guo Yingpin (1500–86), 98,135–36
Guo zi jian . See Imperial AcademyGupeng Zhen , 101–102. See also
native police officesGutian county (Guilin): disorders in,
122–24; renamed Yongning Zhou, 125;military campaign of 1570–71, 98,124–25; “Yao” in (Song dynasty),152. See also Yongning Zhou
“Han”: as category, 3, 4, 18, 186; and“Chinese,” 3, 193, 198, 202;construction of identities as history of,208; Ming dynasty as, 10; as min zu, 3,193, 195, 196, 198, 206; people (in
Ming), 98, 110. See also “Chinese”; minzu
han (chill; cool), 27“Han” and “non-Han”: boundaries
between, 3, 187–88; commonalitiesbetween, 197–98; as conceptual binary,3, 206; dialectical relationship between,208; as members of she hui, 196; rejectedas history’s building blocks, 4, 6. See also“Chinese” and “non-Chinese”; majorityand minority; markers; “non-Han”;“unitary multi-national state”; unity anddiversity
Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), 15,115, 162
han er zhi (ferocious and crude), 25Han Yong (1422–78): on decline of
military population, 36; militarycampaigns of, 119–20, 122, 135. See alsoRattan Gorge; Yao
Hanlin Academy, 161hao ren nu shou (“when content
[the man yi act like] they are humans;when discontent [they behave as if] theyare beasts”), 106, 116
Harrell, Stevan, 207“haunts.” See chaoHazelton, Keith, xixhe po suo (fishing-tax office), 34headmen. See native headmenHechi battalion, 37Heijdra, Martin, 16, 44Heng , Mount (modern-day Hunan), 173Heng , Mount (Shanxi), 173Heng Zhou (Nanning), 47–48, 146,
176. See also Wang JiHistory of the Liang (Liang shu ), 150History of the Sui (Sui shu ), 150Hongwu emperor (r. 1368–98):
“Ancestral Instructions” (Zu xun), 165;edicts to chieftains, 56, 76; andelephants, 51; enfeoffment of princes,29, 30; and institution of nativechieftaincy, 57–58, 61, 71, 72, 103, 104;message to officers, 37n25; on nativeclans, 74–75; “Proclamation ofAccession,” 57; rhetoric of wen jiao, 104,158
Hongzhi emperor (r. 1488–1505),161, 162
horses: as “tributes,” 61, 62Hostetler, Laura, 188, 190Hou Dagou , 119, 121Hou Gongding , 121Hou Shenghai , 121
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Glossary-Index 233
hu (“non-Chinese” in the north),115
hua (“Chinese”), 17, 94, 96, 146, 149,164
hua (civilized; transformed), 18. See alsogui hua, kai hua, tong hua, xiang hua,xian dai hua
Hua , Mount (Shaanxi), 173hua and yi, 160, 161, 162, 163, 182, 183.
See also “Chinese” and “non-Chinese”hua yi zhi fang (defense of the
boundaries between “Chinese” and“non-Chinese”), 161
Huaiyuan county (Liuzhou), 145:categories of man yi in, 144, 147, 181; ascenter of violence, 106–108, 118;customs of man yi in, 147, 181–82“Yao” in (Song dynasty), 152; “Yaobandits” in, 107
Huang Fang (js. 1508), 52Huang Fu (1363–1440), 23Huang Gang (d. 1438), 78–79Huang Guangcheng (1383?–1413),
76, 77, 78, 80Huang Hong (1401?–57), 76–77,
78–80, 81Huang Hudu (1347–98), 76, 77, 80Huang Qing zhi gong tu . See
Illustrations of the Tributaries of the QingImperium
Huang Qiu , 79Huang Shang , 80, 81Huang Shao (d. 1505), 80Huang Tai , 80Huang Wenchang , 80Huang Xiaoyang (d. 1450), uprising
of, 138, 139Huang Yinglei , 80Huang Yu (1426–97), 48–49Huang Zhen (d. 1468), 79, 80Huang Zhong , 109Huangs : of Guangxi, 74–75; of Shangsi
Zhou, 77Huangs (Siming), 78; as buffer against
Annam, 89; entrenched power of,75–81; family history of, 77; marriagepractices of, 77; relations with Mingcourt, 76–77, 79–81. See also Siming Fu
Huaxia : as “lineage” (xi), 195huaxia (“Chinese”), 17, 162Hucker, Charles O., xixHuguang province: as borderland, 18,
29; migrants from, 45, 114; nativedomains in, 58; soldiers from, 38, 88,120. See also borderland, southern
Hui (Muslims), 192, 193, 196, 201hui hao (labels) and hui zhang
(markers), 197hun er tong (“mixing with and
assimilating to”), 164Hunan province: miao substatutes in,
187Huo Ji (1516–75): Annotated
Illustrations of the Northern Borders ( Jiubian tu shuo ), 166
Huo Tao (1487–1540), 26hybrid creatures: illustrations of, 167–170
“iconic circuit,” 170identities: as constructed, xiii, 5–6,
202–204, 207; prisoners of modernist,xiii
illustrations: of hybrid creatures, 167–70;of “non-Han” (in Qing dynasty),188–190. See also maps
Illustrations of the Tributaries of the QingImperium (Huang Qing zhi gong tu),188–90
Imperial Academy (Guo zi jian), 71, 161;students ( jian sheng), 65–66, 67, 112“tribute students” (gong sheng), 71
inscriptions, stone, 14, 15–16, 23n5, 69,70, 77, 103. See also sources
institutes of nationalities , 200
ji mi (“loosely reined”) domains, 7, 75.See also native domains
Ji Zongdao (js. 1499), 114jian (scoundrel), 136jia : as subdivision in native domain, 68,
69, 97; as “tithing,”. 38, 41najian sheng . See under Imperial Academyjiang hu shi da fu (literati circle),
21Jiang Mian (1463–1533), 64, 92, 116Jiang Wan (1452–1507), 85Jiang Yuan (js. 1430), 79Jiangs (Quan Zhou), 46Jiao /Jiaozhi . See Annamjie (subdivision in native domain), 68Jie Ji (js. 1424), 93–94, 97, 109; on
“Ling,” 146jin shi (metropolitan graduates)Jing : as “minority nationality,” 201Jingjiang prefecture (Song dynasty),
22, 152Jingtai emperor (r. 1450–56), 79, 160Jinhua , Mount (Zhejiang), 173Jingzhou prefecture (Huguang), 54Jiucenglou (mountain), 120
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Jiuhua , Mount (modern-day Anhui),173
ju ren (provincial graduates)jun tun (military colonization). See
guard and battalion systemJurchens, 139, 159
kai hua . See enlightenmentKang : as category, 191Kangxi emperor (r. 1662–1722): and
miao albums, 190kao zheng and kao zheng xue . See
evidential learningke (“guest”), 18Khitans, 139Ku , Emperor, 151Kuan : as category, 138, 142
Lai as category, 191Laian Lu , 61, 82Lancang defense circuit (Yunnan), 173land: clashes over, 12, 108, 113, 115–16,
116–17, 121, 122, 136–37; limitedproductivity of, 46–48, 110; for militaryfarms, 36; for or in native domains, 73,85, 120, 136. See also tenancy
landlord–tenant relationships. See tenancyLang : as category, 191lang bing . See under native soldierslang huo (native headmen), 147lang ji (disorderliness), 148Lang people / : as category, 142,
147–49, 191; of Cenxi, 188, 189;“proliferation” of, 110, 148; in Wuzhou,134, 149
languages. See under markerslao : as generic “non-Chinese,” 26Lao : as category, 4, 8, 19, 138, 141,
142–43, 191Lao . See RauLattimore, Owen, 2Le clan (Annam), 100Learning of the Way (dao xue), 180Left River , 177; region, 59, 60, 64, 89,
126, 148lei (stock; variety), 147lei shu . See encyclopedias and almanacsLi : as category, 8Li : as category, 141, 188Li : as category, 191li (coherence; pattern), 181li (distance) = 0.54 kilometer (approx.)li (“hundred”), 41, 109, 110Li Chi (Li Ji ; 1896–1979): Formation
of the Chinese People, 193–94Li Dongyang (1447–1516), 39
li ji zhi min tian (“to register thepopulation and to catalog people’sland”), 73
li jia (“hundred and tithing”) system,41na
Li Jifu (758–814): IllustratedDescriptions of the Administrative Regionsin the Yuanhe Period ( Yuanhe jun xian tuzhi ), 150
Li Mengyang (1432–1509), 109li mu (administrative clerk), 67Li River , 23, 24, 33Li Shizhen (1518–93): Material
Medica: A General Outline (Ben chao gangmu ), 178–79, 180
Li Wenfeng (js. 1532), 49Li Zengbo , 154–55Li Zhi (1527–1602), 180–81Li Zhou , 82n29Li Zongxian (js. 1460), ordeals of,
20–22, 48liang (tame), 128Libo county (Qingyuan): “Zhuang” in,
155Lin Fu (js. 1502), 97–98; on “Han,”
98Lin Huixiang : History of the Chinese
Nation (Zhongguo min zu shi ),193, 194–95
Ling : as category, 4, 19, 138, 142–43,144, 149, 191; depictions of, 146; inHuaiyuan, 147, 181
Ling (Numinous) Canal , 11, 23, 24,33
ling wai (distinct), 146n10Ling Yunyi (js. 1547), 36, 126. See
also Record of the Office of the SupremeCommander at Cangwu
Linglao : as category, 146. See also LingLingquan county (Guilin): “bandits”
in, 123 “Zhuang” in, 128Lingui county (Guilin): clans of, 46;
relative peace in, 111; types of “Yao” in,154
Lingyun county, 103Linhai (Zhejiang), 172, 173Lipu county (Pingle): military
campaign in, 119 “Zhuang” in, 155Lis (Guangxi), 75literary history (wen xue shi): of “minority
nationalities,” 16literati (wen ren): circle, 21; pressure on,
182–83; travelers, 170, 172–74Litzinger, Ralph, 203Liu Jie . See Liu XifanLiu Jin (d. 1510), 86
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Liu Pu (d. 1461), 37Liu Ren , ordeals of, 22Liu Xifan : Notes on the non-Han of
Guangxi (Ling biao ji man ),197
Liu Yaohui (1522–85), 126. See alsoRecord of the Office of the SupremeCommander at Cangwu
Liu Zongyuan (773–819), 22Liuzhou prefecture: environment of,
26; isolation of min people in, 110;landscape of, 22; native soldiers in, 91;official population data of, 41, 42; tigersin, 52
Liuzhou Guard , 117livelihood, modes of. See under markersLolo. See Yilong (“dragons”), 29Long Zhou , 61, 77, 86Longjia : as category, 141lu (route command), 82lu (“non-Chinese” in the north), 138;
sources on, 166Lu Simian (1884–1957): History of
the Chinese Nation (Zhongguo min zu shi), 194
Lu Su , 96, 97Lu Tiaoyang (1516–80), 38Lu Wanli , 102Lu You , 80, 81Lu Zhao , rebellion of, 85Lu Zhi (754–805), 162luo hou (backward), 196Luo Yuejiong (jr. 1585): Record of
Tribute Guests (Xian bin lu ), 165Luoding Zhou (Guangdong):
“Lang” in, 149Luoluo : as category, 141Lus (Lingui), 46
Ma : as category, 141, 191Ma Duanlin (ca. 1254–ca. 1325):
Comprehensive Study of ImportantDocuments (Wen xian tong kao ),151
Ma Feng , 53–54, 55Ma Jun , 123ma lan dwellings, 156, 157Ma Xuan , 123Mac Kinh Khoan , 100. See also
AnnamMacs (Cao Bang), 100, 103. See also
Annammajority and minority: concepts of, 6;
state-building and making of, 7, 13, 202,206
malaria (nue ji ), 26, 28. See also miasma;plagues
man : as generic “non-Chinese,” 12, 19,26, 43, 57, 58, 70, 107; as “non-Han” inRepublican period, 197, 198. See alsoman yi; “non-Han”
Man : as category, 8, 143; of Fushui ,142na; of Guangyuan , 142, 143,191; of Xiyuan , 142, 143, 191
man yi : as generic “non-Chinese,” 19,43, 57, 90, 107; categorization of,140–49, 187–92; nature of, 116, 137,138, 182; “proliferation” of, 108–12; assource of disorder, 114–17, 137; taxcollection from, 114–15, 125, 134–35,146, 149, 182. See also min and man yi;“non-Chinese”; si yi
man yi zhang guan (squad leader;chief), 61. See also native chieftains
Manchus, 186, 192, 193, 206Mangjia : as category, 141Mao Ruizheng (js. 1601): Record of
the Interpreters of the Ming Imperium(Huang Ming xiang xu lu ),165
Mao Zedong (1883–1976), 199Maonan : as “minority nationality,”
201Maping county (Liuzhou): decline of
population in, 110; tenancy in, 114maps: accuracy of, 130, 134, 144;
cartographic symbols in, 130, 132;demarcation and categorization in,143–45; in local gazetteers, 130–34; inmilitary handbooks, 127, 129–33. Seealso illustrations
margins: groups at, 205. See alsoborderlands
markers: customs and religions, 147, 150,151, 152, 153, 154, 155–56, 157, 182,190, 193, 197, 199, 201; languages,138, 146, 196, 197, 198, 199; marriageand mating practices, 147, 149, 150,152, 153, 154, 157, 181, 182; modes oflivelihood, 107, 146, 147, 150, 151,152–53, 188, 201; physical appearance,146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153–54,188, 196; places of abode/origin, 107,146, 149, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157,188, 191, 193; propensity for disorder,117, 122, 146, 147, 149, 151, 152, 153,154, 155; Stalin on “nation,” 200–201;Sun Yat-sen on min zu, 192–93. See alsonationality identification;self-representations; sheng and shu
Marks, Robert B., 11n16, 44, 51, 52–53
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236 Glossary-Index
marriage and mating practices. See undermarkers
mercenary soldiers (mu bing), 38–39,87
merchants, itinerant, 45, 48–49, 116, 170,171–72
mercury, 49Miao : as category, 141, 142, 188, 191,
197, 201; in Huaiyuan, 144, 145, 147,181; language, 198; as “minoritynationality,” 202–203
miao albums (bai miao tu; miao man tu), 190. See also illustrations
miao li (miao substatutes), 187miao yao : as generic “non-Chinese,”
187. See also man yimiasma (zhang), 20, 26, 27–28, 37, 55. See
also perilsmigration, 44–45, 114, 122, 157; in Qin
dynasty, 10, 11military colonization ( jun tun). See guard
and battalion systemmilitary farms (tun tian): disappearance of,
36military officers and soldiers: as agents of
“civilization,” 34; depleted ranks of, 36,37–38; migration of, 44–45;encroachment by, 113; hardship met by,37, 93; indiscriminate killings by,112–13. See also civilian militias;farmer-soldiers; guard and battalionsystem; mercenary soldiers
min (registered subjects): as category,12, 18, 107 “depletion” of, 109–10,111; as landlords, 114, 122, 136–37; asmiddlemen, 115; as minority, 108–109,110–11 “under siege,” 108–109,115–16. See also Guangxi, population of
min and man yi: demarcation of, 12, 107,111–12, 116, 125–35, 138; distributionof, 107, 110–11, 127–28, 129, 130, 132;relations between, 107, 108, 115,116–17, 122. See also bandits andbanditry; hua and yi; man yi; markers;tenancy
min bing /min zhuang . See civilianmilitias
Min Gui (1430–1511), 123min zu : as category, 196, 198; as
constructed, 185; five major, 13, 193,206; Li Chi on, 193–94; Lin Huixiangon, 194–95; “special,” 197; Sun Yat-senon, 192–93; as term, 192. See also“Chinese”; “Han”; “minoritynationalities”; “non-Han”; nation
Min zu wen ti wu zhong cong shu. See Five-part Series on
Nationalities Issuesmin zu shi bie . See nationality
identificationmin zu xue . See ethnologyMing dynasty (1368–1644), 9; borders
with Annam, 8, 100–101; boundaryformation, 8; as “Han Chinese,” 10;Ministry of Personnel, 61, 69; Ministryof Rites, 63; Ministry of War, 61, 110,166; politics, 29, 30, 53, 56–58, 79, 86,158–60, 170, 172, 174; relations withMongols, 57, 158–60, 163; relationswith Southeast Asia, 57; significance,8–10, 185, 206; “universal appeal,” 57,158
Ming hui dian . See Collected Statutesof the Ming
Ming shi lu . See Veritable Records ofthe Ming
Ming state. See state, centralizingminority, concept of. See majority and
minority“minority nationalities” (shao shu min zu):
as category, 6; and “downstreaming,”17; fieldwork among, 200, 201; literaryhistory of, 16; Ming antecedents of, 8–9;official classification of, 200–201; officialhistory of, 203, 207; online communitiesof, 203–204; under People’s Republic,13, 198–204; in post-1949 Guangxi,201; (self-)representations of, 202–204,207; in “unitary multi-national state,”202. See also majority and minority; minzu; “non-Han”; “unitary multi-nationalstate”
Minyue : as category, 164mo (“uncivilized”), 25Mo clan (Xincheng), 95Mo Guoqi , 155Mo Zheng , 93modernization (xian dai hua): rhetoric of,
184, 185Mongols, 57, 79, 115, 158–60, 162, 163;
in Republican period, 192, 193, 206Mongolia, 158, 184, 186, 193Moyao : as category, 150mu (area) = 570 square meters
(approx.)mu bing . See mercenary soldiersmu ye clay, 151Mulao : as category, 141Mulao : as “minority nationality,” 201Muslims. See Hui
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Nadi Zhou (Qingyuan), 48Nandan Zhou (Qingyuan), 93,
155Nanhai commandery, 10Nanning (present-day provincial
capital): floods, 51; Institute ofNationalities, 200
Nanning prefecture: intermingling ofmin and man yi in, 110; lack of rainfallin, 50; official population data of, 41, 42;“Shanzi” in, 146–47
Nanyue : as category, 164nation: national history and concept of,
xiii, 4; Stalin on, 201. See also min zunational history: of China, 4, 206; and
concepts of nation and nation-state, 4national identities: as constructed, xiiiNationalist Party : First National
Congress, 193nationalities. See min zu; “minority
nationalities”Nationality Affairs Commission (State
Council) , 202Nationality Affairs Committee
(National People’s Congress), 200, 201
nationality identification (min zu shi bie),project of, 200–201
nation-state (guo jia), making of: collapseof Qing dynasty and, 4, 192–93;demarcation and categorization in, 185,206; and national history, xiii, 4; Minglegacies in, 185, 206; in Republicanperiod, 184; Sun Yat-sen on, 192. Seealso majority and minority; “unitarymulti-national state”; unity anddiversity
“native”: as term, 18–19; voices, 13, 16,19, 207
“Native Americans,” 6native chieftaincy (tu si), institution of: as
accommodation, 2; as fragile alliance,73–74, 74–81, 81–90, 100–104; legaciesof, 12, 104–105; and limits of state, 12,57, 67, 71–73, 89–90, 100–104; Mingrationales for, 56, 57–58, 58, 81, 89,90–99; and notion of legitimacy, 81,104; theory and practice of, 58–74,100–105; tributary relations as part of,62–63, 104; as vehicle of “civilization,”94, 104; in Yuan dynasty, 58, 61
native chieftains (tu guan; tu si): “civil”versus “military,” 61, 64; “civilization”of, 71–72, 94, 96, 103; co-option of, 7,12, 56, 57–58, 58–74; genealogies of,
69, 70, 71, 77, 102, 103, 104; increasedreliance on, 93–99; reactions against gaitu gui liu by, 187; rules and regulationsfor, 61–74; succession issues of, 69–70,71, 75, 78–79, 85–86, 100; symbolicgifts (formal attires; patents; seals) for,62; as term, 18–19; tributary missionsof, 61, 62–63; use of kinship ties by, 75,77, 81, 88, 104; use of poisons by, 67,87, 89; women as, 62, 69
native clans: entrenched power of, 74–81,81–90
native domains (tu si): administrativestructure of, 64–69; as buffers, 56, 89,98, 99, 101, 104; classification of, 64;conversion of, 31–33, 86, 89, 95, 96,186–87; distribution of, 58, 59–60;increased recognition of, 12, 92–99;“loosely reined” ( ji mi ), 7, 75; regularofficials in, 64–67; schools in, 71–72;size of, 68, 74; subdivisions ( jia; jie;zhou) in, 68; tax collection from, 59,72–73, 94, 109; as term, 19n24;upheavals in, 74, 75, 78–80, 82–83,84–86, 96; warfare among, 74, 75, 80,82n29, 84, 85–87, 99, 100; XuHongzu’s impression of, 99–103
native headmen (tou mu), 68, 80, 85, 96,121
native officials (tu guan): as term, 19n24.See also native chieftains
native police offices (tu xun jian si), 97, 98,101–102, 120–21
native population. See man yinative soldiers (tu bing): as
“farmer-soldiers,” 39; recruitment of,63–64, 90–91, 136; reliance on, 73,90–92, 96; as term, 18–19; unrulinessof, 87, 92; as “wolf soldiers” (lang bing),63, 147–48
“natives” and “settlers”: boundariesbetween, 187; as terms, 18
nature-induced disasters, 27, 49–51. Seealso perils
nei (inside) and wai (outside),boundaries between, 162
nei di (interior), 106“non-Chinese”: as category, 3;
construction of identities as history of,206–208; expansion as demarcation andcategorization of, 5, 8, 13. See also“Chinese” and “non-Chinese”; man yi;markers; si yi
Nong ?: as category, 191Nong Zhigao (fl. 1022–55), 70
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“non-Han”: as category, 3, 4, 18, 206;construction of identities as history of,206–208; as “minority nationalities,”184, 198–204; in modern-day Guangxi,43, 196–98, 200, 201; in Qing dynasty,187, 190; in Republican period, 184,196, 197. See also “Han” and“non-Han”; markers; “minoritynationalities”
nue ji . See malariaNung (Nong) : as “minority nationlity,”
204
obsessions ( pi ), 180–81officials: inepitude and misconduct of, 34,
67, 94, 96, 112–13, 138–39online communities: and construction of
identities, 203–204outlaws (wang ming zhi peng) and loafers
( you shou ba min), 113Ottoman empire, 7Ouyue : as category, 164
Pan (surname), 152Panhu , 151, 152, 153, 182People’s Republic of China: autonomous
administrative areas (zi zhi qu), 105,199–200; Constitution (1954), 199;field investigations, 201; GuangxiZhuang Autonomous Region, 10,199–200; institute of nationalities, 200;Law of Autonomy for MinorityNationality Regions , 199;nationality identification, 13, 184,200–201; population censuses, 200–201.See also “minority nationalities”;“unitary multi-national state”
perils: for visitors, 11, 20–22, 25–26,26–28, 33–34, 37, 48–49, 99. See alsobandits and banditry; miasma;nature-induced disasters; plagues;poisons; tigers
Peterson, Willard J., 180physical appearance. See under markerspi . See obsessionsPingle prefecture: disorders in, 25; min
and man yi in, 110, 111; officialpopulation data of, 41, 42; “Yao” and“Zhuang” in, 182
Pingnan county (Xunzhou), 118places of abode/origin. See under markersplagues ( yi li ), 11, 37, 50. See also malaria;
miasma; perilsPlaks, Andrew H., 182poisonous vapors. See miasma
poisons: use of, 67, 87, 89. See also gupoisoning; perils
population. See Guangxi, population ofpopulation censuses, 200–201postal relay stations (pu), 33, 130. See also
courier stationsPrakash, Gyan, 208princely estate (Guilin), 29–30pu . See postal relay stationspublishing: boom in, 167–70, 170–71
174–77Puding Fu (Guizhou), 71Putuo Island (Zhejiang), 173
qi (ether; energy), 27, 28–29qi (extraordinary) landscape, 22–23Qian River , 117, 118, 119, 121Qianlong emperor (r. 1736–95), 187,
188, 206Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), 115;
southward expansion, 7, 10, 11, 51Qin Wanxian , 123qing (area) = 5.7 hectares (approx.)Qing dynasty (1636–1912): “alien” rule,
10, 186; approaches to the south, 184,186–88; categorization of man yi, 184,188–92; “civilization” of nativepopulation, 187; conversion of nativedomains, 186–87; Illustrations of theTributaries of the Qing Imperium, 188–90;miao albums, 190; miao substatutes,187; modern nation-state and collapseof, 4, 192; quarantine policy, 187; as“universal empire,” 185, 186, 188
qing jun (conscription), 37, 38, 44–45qing sentiments, 181Qingyuan prefecture: elimination of
administrative posts in, 67; as “end ofheaven-and-earth,” 23; isolation of minpeople in, 110; “Ling” in, 146; nativechieftains and domains of, 43, 67, 93;official population data of, 41, 42; tigersin, 52; tin from, 62–63; “Zhuang” in,155
Qingzhou prefecture (Song dynasty),70
Qiongshan (modern-day Hainan), 161Qiu Jun (1421–95): on boundaries
between hua and yi, 161–65; on nativechieftaincy, 94, 164; on sources ofdisorder in Guangdong and Guangxi,112–13, 115, 119; on trade between minand man yi, 164; Supplement to the“Extended Meaning of the Great Learning”(Da xue yan yi bu ), 161–62
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Qu Dajun (1630–96): News fromGuangdong (Guangdong xin yu ),149
quan (land deeds), 114Quan Zhou (Guilin), 43n33; clans of,
46; floods in, 49; maps of, 130, 131; minand man yi in 128, 129; relative peace in,111
Qufu (Shandong), 173
“race.” See ren zhong; zhong; zhong zuracial identities: as constructed, xiiiRanjia : as category, 141Rattan Gorge (Dateng Xia), 120 : as center
of violence, 117–19, 121; as ChoppedRattan (Duanteng ) Gorge, 119;creation of native domains in, 120–21;military campaigns in, 91, 119,121–122, 135. See also Yao
Rau (Lao) , 204Rauz.net (Zhuang zu zai xian), 204Record of the Office of the Supreme
Commander at Cangwu (Cangwu zong dujun men zhi ), 126–28;maps, 76, 84. See also Ling Yunyi; LiuYaohui, Ying Jia
registered subjects. See minreligions. See under markersren qun (grouping), 196ren zhong (“race”): Sun Yat-sen on,
192Republican period (1912–49): creation of
nation-state, 184, 192–98; five major minzu, 13, 193; rhetorics of assimilation andenlightenment, 184, 185, 195, 196–97
Right River , 177; region, 59, 60, 64,82–90, 102, 126, 148
river system. See under Guangxi, geographyof
Roman empire, 7Rong : as category, 8, 167, 168Rong county (Liuzhou), 106–107; in
Republican period, 196Rong county (Wuzhou), 54, 118Rongshui (Rong Zhou ): “Yao”
in (Song dynasty), 152Rossabi, Morris, 159route books, 174. See also geographical
knowledge; publishingru xue . See schools: Confucianruo dian (weaknesses), 197Russian empire, 7
salt: administration, 31; barter system,171–72; smuggling, 30; trade, 121
san ze wei min, ju ze wei dao (“whendispersed [the man yi] behave as min;when assembled they become bandits”)
, 116Schein, Louisa, 203schools: in Annam, 158; charity ( yi xue),
187; Confucian (ru xue), 64, 71–72, 96;for man yi, 182, 187; for “minoritynationalities,” 200; for “non-Han,” 197
Scott, James C., 208“sedan-chair” ethnographies, 13self-determination/self-rule, 193, 198–200self-representations: of “minority
nationalities,” 202–204, 207Sha : as category, 191shan (tractable) “Zhuang,” 124–25Shan hai jing . See Guideways through
Mountains and SeasShan Yun (d. 1438), 39, 117–18, 122,
148Shandong : as source of native
chieftains, 69, 70, 77Shang dynasty (ca. 1700–ca. 1100
BCE): and concept of centrality, 8Shang Luo (1414–86), 135n41Shangshixi Zhou : conversion of,
31–33Shangsi Zhou : conversion of, 31;
Huangs of, 77Shanzi : as category, 142, 143, 149,
191; depictions of, 146–47shao shu min zu . See “minority
nationalities”shao shu min zu she hui li shi diao cha
(investigation of thesocieties and histories of minoritynationalities), project of, 201
she hui . See “society”she ren (housemen), 36Shen Defu (1578–1642): Random
Gleanings from the Wanli Period (Wanli yehuo bian ), 61, 71
Shen Jiefu (1533–1601): Collection ofRecords ( Ji lu hui bian ), 176
Shen Yi (js. 1448), 109Shen Zhou (1427–1509), 52sheng (“wild”) and shu (“tame”), 138,
139, 139–40n2, 142 “Zhuang,” 155. Seealso Yao
Sheng Wannian (js. 1583), 50Shi jing . See Book of PoetryShi Wanxiang , 112Shin, Nathan C., xvShizhai . See Bazhaishu. See sheng and shu
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Shui : as “minority nationality,” 201Shuixi domain (Guizhou), 103shu li (coarse), 27shu -millet, 151shui ke si (commercial-tax office), 34Shunzhi emperor (r. 1644–61): and
education of miao yao, 186si yi (“non-Chinese of the four
quarters”): sources on, 165–70. See alsoman yi
Sicheng Zhou : Cens of, 70; disputeswith Li Zhou, 82n29; mercury in, 49;native soldiers from, 90, 92; invasion byTianzhou, 87; size of 64; troubles in,102–103, 104
Sichuan province: as borderland, 18,29; rebellions in, 139; native domains in,58. See also borderland, southern
Sien (Fu): Cens of, 83; conversion of,31, 33, 86, 96; elevation from zhou, 82;under Cen Ying, 82–84, 95; invasion ofTianzhou, 86; min people in, 110; nativepolice offices in, 97; population of, 41,42, 84, 85; school in, 71
Sien county (Qingyuan): “Zhuang” in,155
Siji Zhen , 101–102. See also nativepolice offices
Siming Fu , 76; descriptions of, 75;disputes with Annam, 76; recruitment ofnative soldiers in, 90–91; “regular”official posts in, 64–67; reliance onnative soldiers from, 91; school in, 72;size of, 64, 75; troubles in, 78–80. Seealso Huangs (Siming)
Siming Lu , 61Siming Zhou , 80sinicization: China’s expansion as, 2;
concept of, 2n1. See also assimilationSizhou (Guizhou), 75Skinner, G. William, 11n16“society” (she hui): creation of, 196soldiers. See military officers and soldiersSong , Mount (Henan), 173Song dynasty (960–1276): and man yi
labels, 146, 147, 155; and nativechieftains, 69, 70, 77, 84; political crisesin, 159; travelers to Guangxi, 22–23;“Yao” in, 150–53
Song Wenbing : History of the ChineseNation (Zhongguo min zu shi ),193, 194
Song Yingxing (jr. 1615):Exploitation of the Works of Nature (Tiangong kai wu ), 179
Songjia : as category, 141Songxi (Fujian), 176sources, limitations of, 16–17, 141; on
northern borderland, 166; range of,14–16; on si yi, 165–70; on southernborderland, 166–67; for travelers,174–78. See also bi ji; encyclopedias andalmanacs; gazetteers, local; illustrations;inscriptions, stone; maps
Southeast Asia. See “southern seas,”countries of
southern borderland/border zone. Seeborderland, southern
“southern seas,” countries of, 57, 165. Seealso Annam
“special education” (te zhong jiao yu), 197Stalin, Joseph: on “nation,” 201state, centralizing: limited reach of, 29–40,
58–74; representatives and agents of, 18,112, 113; as term, 17. See also Mingdynasty
state-building: construction of boundariesas, 6–7, 185
“stockades.” See zhaiStrassberg, Richard, 170Su Jun (1541–99): categorization of
man yi, 143; categorization of “Yao,”154; on native chieftains, 99; onproductivity in Guangxi, 114; on sourcesof disorder, 113. See also GeneralGazetteer of Guangxi (1599)
Su Kuan , 95su -millet, 151Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925):
“Principle of the Nation” (Min zu zhu yi) 192–93; Three Principles of the
People (San min zhu yi ), 192suo (battalions). See guard and battalion
systemsupreme commander (zong du), office of,
29, 36, 127
Tai , Mount (Shandong), 173Taiping Lu , 61Taiping prefecture : official population
data of, 41, 42Taiping Zhou : subdivisions in, 68Taiwan: quarantine, 187Tan Qixiang , xixTang dynasty (618–907): Qiu Jun on,
162; references to “Moyao,” 150;travelers to Guangxi, 22; “Yao” in,150
Tang Geng (jr. 1396), 37n25Tang Lian (js. 1562), 110
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Glossary-Index 241
Tang Xianzu (1550–1616), 181tax collection: decline of, 109–10; and
demarcation of min and man yi, 107,111–12, 150; from man yi, 114–15, 125,134–35, 146, 149, 182; from nativedomains, 59, 72–73, 94, 109. See alsofiscal problems
Tay (Dai) : as “minority nationality,”204
te dian (characteristics), 197te zhong jiao yu . See “special
education”tenancy, 114, 122, 136–37Teng county (Wuzhou), 118, 119Tian Rucheng (js. 1526): career,
140; categorization of man yi, 140–141,142; on “current of civilization” (wenfeng), 28; on ineptitude of officials, 112;on “Ling,” 146; on perils, 25; on RattanGorge, 121, 122; Record of Things Heardon the Torrid Frontier (Yan jiao ji wen
), 140–41, 142, 175; on “Yao,”153; on “Zhuang,” 155–56
tian xia zhi li (“coherence ofall-under-heaven”), 162
Tian Zhen , 36Tians (Sizhou), 75Tianshun emperor (r. 1457–64), 80,
160, 175. See also Zhengtong emperorTiantai , Mount (Zhejiang), 173Tianzhou (Fu), 84; demotion of, 98;
descriptions of, 84–85; efforts toconvert, 86, 89, 95–98; expansion of,82; frightful of, 67; internal strife,85–86; invasion of, 86; reliance on nativesoldiers from, 87, 90, 91, 92; school in,96; subdivisions in, 68; tax exemptionfor, 73; as Tianning , 97; war against,87–89; war with Guishun, 100–101. Seealso Cen Meng; Cens (Tianzhou)
Tianzhou Lu , 61, 82Tibet and Tibetans, 184, 186, 192, 193,
206tigers, 25, 51, 52–55tin, 62–63ting fu (submissive), 128tong hua . See assimilationtong yi duo min zu guo jia
See “unitary multi-national state”“topographical paintings,” 179–80tou mu . See native headmentravel: costs of, 172; for edification, 99,
170, 172; of exiles, 22, 45, 172; oflaborers, 49; of merchants, 45, 48–49,170, 171–72, 174; perils of, 11, 22, 25,
26, 27–28, 33–34, 99, 117; popularityof, 170
travel writings: commemorativeinscriptions, 15; diaries, 23, 25, 99,176; as forms of geographicalknowledge, 175–77; range of, 13,176
tribe, concept of, 1tributary relations, 61, 62–63, 188“tribute students” (gong sheng), 71. See also
Imperial AcademyTsin, Michael, 196tu (illustrations), 129–30; tu li (notes
on conventions), 130; tu shuo(profiles), 129. See also EssentialInformation for Governing Guangxi
Tu : as category of “non-Han,” 196tu (native), 19tu bing . See native soldierstu guan (native official), 19n24. See
also native chieftainstu mu (native chief ), 97tu ren (native people), 138tu si , 19n24. See also native
chieftaincy; native chieftains; nativedomains
tu xun jian si . See native policeoffices
tu zhi fu (native prefect), tu zhi zhou(native subprefect), and tu zhi xian
(native county magistrate), 61. See alsonative chieftains
tu zhong (“central lands”), 8Tumu debacle, 159–60tun tian . See military farms
Union Gazetteer of the Great Ming (Da Mingyi tong zhi ), 85, 175
“unitary multi-national state” (tong yi duomin zu guo jia), 2n2, 13, 184, 199,202
unity and diversity: of Chinese people,192–98, 202
Veritable Records of the Ming (Ming shi lu),14, 79
Vietnam. See Annamviolence. See disorder
wai yi (“non-Chinese from beyond”),104
Waldron, Arthur, 160wan wu zhi suo gui (“where ten
thousands things return”), 28Wancheng Zhou , 77
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242 Glossary-Index
Wang Ao (1384–1467), 138, 139, 141,142, 143
wang fu . See princely estate (Guilin)Wang Ji (d. 1540): on Cen Meng,
89n39; Hand-held Mirror for DailyInquiries in the Gentleman’s Hall ( Jun zitang ri xun shou jing ), 47,176; on Heng Zhou, 47–48, 176–77; on“Shanzi,” 146–47
wang ming zhi peng . See outlawsand loafers
Wang Qi (d. 1534), 109Wang Qi (js. 1565): Collected
Illustrations of Heaven, Earth, and People(San cai tu hui ), 169–70
Wang Sen (1653–1726): Anthology ofMiscellanies of Guangxi (Yue xi cong zai
), 21, 48; General Anthologies ofGuangxi (Yue xi tong zai ), 14–15,175; sources used by, 15, 175
Wang Shangxue (js. 1538), 113Wang Shixing (1547–98):
categorization of man yi, 138, 141, 142;on distribution of man yi, 110; on“dragons” (long), 28–29; on firsthandobservations, 177; Further Elucidations onmy Extensive Record of Travels (Guang zhiyi ), 177, 178; on geography ofGuangxi, 27, 177; influence of, 178; on“Lang,” 148–49; on “Ling” and“Dong,” 147; Notes on Travels to the FiveMarchmounts (Wu yue you cao ),174; penchant for travel, 172–74, 181;Record of Extensive Travels (Guang you zhi
), 27, 138, 142; on tenancy,114n13; on “Yao,” 153–54; on“Zhuang,” 157
Wang Shizhen (1526–90),179n64
Wang Shou , 96, 97Wang Shouren (1472–1529):
campaign against “Yao,” 121;deployment of native soldiers, 91; inTianzhou; 96–98
Wang Tongling (b. 1878): History ofthe Chinese Nation (Zhongguo min zu shi
), 193, 194Wang Yangming . See Wang ShourenWang Zhen (d. 1449), 159Wang Zhenggong (1133–1203),
22–23Wang Zongmu (1523–91), 172–73Wanli emperor (r. 1573–1620), 162,
174Ward, Julian, 180
warfare: among native domains (see undernative domains); types of, 126. See alsodisorder
wei and wei suo . See guard andbattalion system
Wei Chaowei , 123Wei Chaozhen , 106Wei Gongxin , 136–37Wei Huan (js. 1529): Notes on the
Northern Borders of the Ming Imperium(Huang Ming jiu bian kao ), 166
Wei Jun (js. 1604): categorization ofman yi, 141, 142, 147; in Guangxi, 176;Miscellanea of Guangxi (Xi shi er ),142, 175, 176–77; Miscellaneous Notes onGuangxi (Qiao nan suo ji ),177n61
Wei Yinbao , 123, 125Wei Zhongxian (1568–1627), 53wen fang (secretary), 69wen feng . See civilization: “current” ofwen jiao (rituals and institutions), 103,
104, 158. See also civilizationwen ming ren . See “enlightened
people”wen ren (“men of culture”): pressure
on, 182–83wen xue shi . See literary historyWest River , 11, 23, 24, 177White, Richard, 2n2Wiens, Herold J., 1wo (“non-Chinese” along southeast
coast), 138wo zhong you ni, ni zhong you wo (“you are
among us, and we are among you”), , 202
“wolf soldiers” (lang bing). See under nativesoldiers
women: as native chieftains, 62, 69; gupoisoning and “Zhuang,” 156–57, 182,196. See also markers: marriage andmating practices
Wu Chengzuo , 102, 103wu gong (military achievements), 104,
158wu yue . See Five Marchmountswu zu gong he (“peaceful
coexistence of five major nationalities”),193
Wu Liang (d. 1381), 106Wu, Peiyi, 172Wu Tingju (js. 1487), 38Wu Wenhua (1521–98), 135; on taxes, 110Wuhu : as category, 8Wuxing (Zhejiang), 176
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Glossary-Index 243
Wuxuan battalion (Liuzhou), 37Wuxuan county (Xunzhou), 117Wuzhou prefecture: accessibility of,
46; floods in, 50 “bandits” in, 118–19;intermingling of min and man yi in, 110,134; “Lang” in, 134, 149; militaryheadquarters at, 36, 127; native soldiersin, 91; population of, 41, 42, 45–46;tigers in, 53–54; travel routes to andfrom, 25, 117; “Yao” in, 134, 154“Zhuang” in, 134
xi (“lineage”), 194, 195xi dong settlements, 155xia , 17, 28; See also “Chinese”Xia Yan (1482–1548), 160xian dai hua . See modernizationxian jie tong hua yu Han (“now
all assimilated to Han”), 196Xiandu , Mount (Zhejiang), 173xiang (cantons), 130Xiang commandery, 10, 51xiang hua (coming to transform):
rhetoric of, 106. See also assimilation; guihua
Xiang River , 23, 24, 33Xiangwu Zhou , 61Xiao Daheng (1532–1612): Customs
of the non-Chinese in the North (Yi su jior Bei lu feng su ), 166
Xiao Tengfeng (js. 1568), 67Xie Hu (js. 1487), 67Xie Jin (1369–1415), 77n24Xie Zhaozhe (1567–1624): on
geography of Guangxi, 23; Customs of theSouthern Region (Baiyue feng tu zhi
), 175xin hu ren zhong zhi gai liang
(“human races can indeed beimproved”), 197
Xincheng Xian (Qingyuan):conversion of, 94–95; “Zhuang in,” 155
xing (human nature), 181Xing’an county (Song dynasty): “Yao”
in, 152Xinjiang (Eastern Turkestan), 184, 186,
193Xining county (Guangdong): “Lang”
in, 149xiu er wen (refined and cultured), 25Xiuren county (Pingle): decline of
population in, 110, 111; militarycampaign in, 119; “Yao” of, 188, 189;“Zhuang” in, 155
Xiyan police office (Quan Zhou), 129
Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), 180Xu Hongzu (1586–1641): appetite
for geographical knowledge, 175;emphasis on empirical knowledge, 180;on native chieftains in Guangxi, 99–103;penchant for travel, 172, 181
Xu Lun (1495–1566): Illustrations andDescriptions of the Northern Borders ( Jiubian tu lun ), 166
Xu Song (1781–1848): EssentialDocuments of the Song (Song hui yao
), 151Xu Songshi : History of the People of
the Yue River Region (Yuejiang liu yu renmin shi ), 198
Xu Xiake . See Xu Hongzuxuan fu shi /xuan wei shi
(pacification commissioner), 61. See alsonative chieftains
Xuande emperor (r. 1426–35), 76,158
xun (tranquil), 25xun fu . See Grand Coordinatorxun jian si, native. See native police officesXunxiang Guard, 45, 51, 52n49Xunzhou prefecture: hostile
environment of, 20–21, 26; nativesoldiers needed in, 39, 77, 79, 148;official population data of, 41, 42. Seealso Rattan Gorge; Yao
Xus (Wancheng Zhou), 77
Ya : as category, 191ya (gracious), 25ya (“dumb”) zhang , 28. See also
miasmaYan Congjian (js. 1559): Exhaustive
Inquiries on the Strange Lands (Shu yuzhou zi lu ), 165
Yan Song (1480–1565), 160Yang clan (Bozhou), 75Yang Fang (js. 1577), 39, 128–29,
130. See also Essential Information forGoverning Guangxi
Yang Jing (d. 1382), 57n2Yang Shen (1488–1559): 92; on
firsthand observations, 177; Guidewaysthrough Mountains and Seas Annotated(Shan hai jing bu zhu ), 167
Yang Shubao , 54–55Yang Tiyuan , 178Yanghuang : as category, 141Yangli Zhou : conversion of, 31Yangshuo (county): floods in, 49; min
and man yi ratio in, 111
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Yangzi River system: Ling Canal aslink to, 11
Yao : “bandits,” 22, 77, 107, 117–22; ascategory, 4, 19, 138, 140, 141, 142–43,144, 188, 191, 197, 206; categories of(Daiban ; Daliang ; Gaoshan ;Panlong ; Pingdi ), 154; and guoshan bang, 17; in Huaiyuan, 144, 145,147, 181; in Lingui, 154; Mingdepictions of, 153–54; nature of, 113,116, 182; “proliferation” of, 110; ofRattan Gorge, 91, 117–22; schooling of,182; sheng and shu, 138, 139, 143, 154;subsistence needs of, 121, 153; astax-payers, 114–15, 182; as tenants,114, 136; “white” and “black,” 143,154; in Wuzhou, 134, 154; of Xiuren,188, 189. See also Rattan Gorge;“minority nationalities”
Yao : “bandits,” 152; Fan Chengda’sdepiction of, 151–53; Xu Songshi on,198
Yao : as category in Tang dynasty, 150.See also Moyao
Yao : as “minority nationality,” 201;self-representation of, 203
yao dong (native settlements), 134yao lao : as generic “non-Chinese,” 26Yao Mo (1465–1538), 68, 87–89, 96Yao sha Yao, bu dong chao (“when a Yao
kills a Yao, the imperial court would notbe disturbed [by the Yao]”) ,116
yao wang (“kings of poisons”), 156.See also gu poisoning
ye man ren . See “barbaric people”Ye Sheng (1420–74), 91, 92, 109, 148Ye Xianggao (1559–1627): Notes on
the non-Chinese of the Four Quarters (Si yikao ), 165
Ye Zheng , 34Yellow Emperor , xiii, 194, 198Yellow Registers (huang ce ), 136yi : as generic “non-Chinese,” 12, 19, 43,
93, 96, 98, 106, 107, 113, 142, 163,164, 165, 181. See also hua and yi; man yi
Yi : as category, 8Yi : as “minority nationality,” 201;
construction of identity as history of,207; documents, 16; identity in makingof nation-state, 208
yi . See courier stationsyi di : as generic “non-Chinese,” 113,
162, 163, 181Yi Hai , 21
yi lao (of the Western Plains), 148yi li . See plaguesyi xue . See schools: charityyi yi gong yi (using “non-Chinese”
to tackle “non-Chinese”), 93yi yi zhi yi (using “non-Chinese” to
control “non-Chinese”), 12yi yu (strange country; foreign region),
25Yi yu tu zhi (Illustrations and
Records of Foreign Regions), 170Yi Zhou (Song dynasty), 155Yidu county (Song dynasty), 70Yin : as category, 142, 143, 191yin and yang forces, 163Ying Jia (1494–1554): Record of the
Office of the Supreme Commander atCangwu, 126–28
Yingtian (early Ming capital), 23Yining county (Guilin), 144:
categories of man yi, 144; disorders in,116–17; levels of “submission” of man yiin, 128; “Yao” in (Song dynasty), 152
Yishan county (Qingyuan): encroachedby Sien (Fu), 84, 95; “Zhuang” in, 155
Yong River : flooding of, 51Yongan Zhou (Pingle): creation of,
31, 135Yongding Si (Qingyuan): creation of,
95Yongfu county (Guilin): “Zhuang” in,
155, 156, 157Yongkang Xian : conversion of, 31Yongle emperor (r. 1403–24): and
southern border, 76; and northernborder, 158
Yongle Encyclopedia (Yongle da dian), 132
Yongning county: “evolution” of“non-Han” in, 196–97; floods in, 51
Yongning Zhou (Guilin): elevation ofGutian as, 125; map of, 144, 145. Seealso Gutian
Yongshun Si (Qingyuan): creationof, 95
Yongzheng emperor (r. 1723–35): andconversion of native domains, 186
Yongzhou (Song dynasty), 70you dian (strengths), 197you shou ba min . See outlaws and
loafersYu Dayou (1503–79): military
campaign, 124–25. See also Gutianyu ding (surplus men), 36Yu Ji (1272–1348), 139, 155
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Glossary-Index 245
Yu Qian (1398–1457), 36n23; 139n2,159–60
yu tu (administrative geography),127–28. See also maps; Record of theOffice of the Supreme Commander atCangwu
yu yi di (“subordinating thenon-Chinese”), 162. See also Qiu Jun
Yu Zijun (1429–89), 160Yu Xiangdou (fl. 1596): Authoritative
Source for Myriad Uses (Santai wang yongzheng zong ), 169–70
Yuan dynasty (1271–1368): “alien” ruleof, 10; legacies of, 31, 34; and nativechieftaincy, 58, 61; “Zhuang” in, 155
yuan e (original size): of militarypopulation, 36
Yuan Hongdao (1568–1610),180–81
Yuan Shikai (1859–1916), 193yue : as generic “non-Chinese,” 115, 164Yue : as category, 8Yue Hesheng (b. 1569), 23, 28Yulin Zhou (Wuzhou), 54Yunnan province: as borderland, 18,
29; in comparative perspective, 10, 11;incorporation of, 8, 73; miao albums of,190; native domains in, 58; rebellions in,92; sources on, 166
Yuyue : as category, 164
zhai (“stockades”), 88, 106, 119, 128zhang . See miasmaZhang Fu , 37Zhang Hong (1577–ca. 1652): Ten
Scenes of Yue, 179–80zhang guan (squad leader; chief) and
zhang guan si (chief ’s office), 61, 95.See also native chieftains; native domains
Zhang Ji (1451–1518), 25, 111Zhang Jing (d. 1555), 124Zhang Juzheng (1525–82), 174Zhang Li , 37Zhang Mingfeng (jr. 1552): Famous
Places of Guilin (Gui sheng ), 175;Historical Notes on Guilin (Gui gu ),175
Zhang Ning (js. 1454): MiscellaneousWords (Fangzhou za yan ), 21
Zhang Qiyun : Study of the ChineseNation (Zhongguo min zu zhi ),193
Zhang Qize : Miscellanea of Wuzhouand Xunzhou (Wu Xun za pei ),175
Zhang Xuan (1417–94), 92Zhangs (Lingui, Guilin), 37–38, 46Zhao Fu (d. 1486), 52zhao fu (“summoned and soothed”),
147Zhao Fuhui , 70, 71Zhao Renshou , 70zhao tao shi (pacification
commissioner), 61. See also nativechieftains
Zhao Yangsu (1564–1629), 69,71
Zhaoping county (Pingle): creation of,31; disorders in, 135–37
Zhaos (Guangxi), 75Zhaos (Encheng Zhou), 69, 70Zhaos (Long Zhou), 77Zhe E , 71Zhejiang province: population density
of, 44Zhen Dexiu (1178–1235): Extended
Meaning of the Great Learning (Da xueyan yi ), 161
Zhen’an Fu : succession crisis in,100–101, 103; tax quota for, 72, 73
Zheng Xiao (1499–1566): Notes on thenon-Chinese of the Four Quarters of theMing Imperium (Huang Ming si yi kao
), 165Zhengtong emperor (r. 1436–49),
79–80, 93, 94; Tumu debacle, 159–60.See also Tianshun emperor
Zhong : as category, 191zhong (“race”; “species”): “white” and
“black,” 194, 195; Zhuang, 196–97zhong guo . See “central dominion”zhong lei (variety; type) and zhong lei fei
yi (“not of the same variety”), 138zhong tu (“central lands”), 8zhong yuan /zhong zhou . See
“central plains”zhong zu (“race”), 198; as term, 192Zhongguo . See “China”Zhongguo ren (Chinese people): Sun
Yat-sen on, 192Zhonghua min zu . See “Chinese”:
as nationZhongjia : as category, 141zhou (subdivision; subprefecture)Zhou dynasty (ca. 1100–256 BCE): and
concept of centrality, 8Zhou Li , 48–49Zhou Qi (js. 1481), 115–16, 123–24Zhou Qufei (js. 1163), 152n22Zhou Zhenhe , 178
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246 Glossary-Index
Zhouan Zhen , 101–102, 103. Seealso native police offices
zhu (“hosts”), 18Zhu Hui , 38Zhu Xi (1130–1200), 180Zhuang : as category, 4, 19, 138, 141,
142–43, 144, 155, 188, 191, 197, 206;categories of (of Fu River; of Hubei ;of Right River; Southern ), 157;depictions of, 154–57; and gu poisoning,156, 182; of Gutian, 122–25; inHuaiyuan, 144, 145, 147, 181; natureof, 113, 116; “proliferation” of, 110;schooling of, 182; sheng and shu, 155; astaxpayers, 114–15, 182; as tenants, 114,122, 136; women, 156–57, 182, 196; inWuzhou, 134; in Yongning, 196; zhong,196. See also man yi
Zhuang : as “minority nationality,” 201Zhuang : Xu Songshi on (in Republican
period), 198
zhuang ding (“men who collide”),155
Zhuang sha Zhuang, bu gao zhuang (“whena Zhuang kills a Zhuang, an officialcomplaint would not be filed [by theZhuang]”) , 116
Zhuang zu zai xian (“Zhuangnationality online”), 204
zi zhi qu . See autonomousadministrative areas
zong du . See supreme commanderZou Yuanbiao (1551–1624), 174zu (“nation”; “nationality”), 194, 197.
See also min zuZu xun (“Ancestral Instructions”). See
under Hongwu emperorzui chun cui de Han ren (“the
purest Han people”), 198zui e (most repugnant), 181Zuo Zhou , conversion of, 31Zuo’s Tradition (Zuo zhuan ), 103
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