Globalization I: Age of Empire (1495-1945?) European Imperialisms.
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Transcript of Globalization I: Age of Empire (1495-1945?) European Imperialisms.
Globalization I:Age of Empire (1495-1945?)
European Imperialisms
Military Technology-Political Aspects(NEXT WEEK ECONOMIC)
Inter-European competition, rivalries = new military technologies
sea - gunboat, steam, metal land - multiple fire rifles, breech-loading cannon, Maxim gunresult: shift in balance of power, numbers no longer key
Military
“With the bible and the Gatlin gun…”
“To my mind the Embu haven’t been sufficiently hammered.”
From coastal periphery to interior of Africa, South, Southeast and East Asia
Mode of penetration: overwhelming force to awe into submission
MODELS AND STRATEGIES OF IMPERIAL RULE
Partial Colonialism vs. Full Colonialism
Indirect Rule vs. Direct Rule
Cultural conversion -- Christian missions, European education
Partial Colonialism
Indirect Rule:
Co-opt native rulers into colonial administration.
Froze local population in “tradition.”No attempts to ‘modernize’.Maintain distinction between colonizers
and colonized (segregation)
Full Colonialism
Direct Rule:
European administrators govern ‘native’ peoples.
Train ‘natives’ to act as low-level administrators & tax collectors
Examples: British East Africa and Southern Africa
French West Africa
Indigenous Military Units
Laws, French language and education imposed.
‘Assimilation’ -- French citizenship possible.
Full colonialism in French W. Africa
Variation:
Settler Colonies (South and Central America, Caribbean, Kenya, Rhodesia, Australia)
•Always direct rule• Takeover agricultural land (Kenya, Rhodesia, parts of Indochina)
• Convert indigenous population into wage laborers and service class
•Taxes
CHINA
CEYLON
SOUTH AFRICA
"Civilizing Mission"
SOFT SIDE Of Imperialism
Christian Missions and ChurchesConvert through preaching, goodworks, medicine and education
Schools Train native
civil servants
Social Darwinism
Hard side of imperialism
Scientific Racism and Survival of the Fittest
Right to rule over "inferior" people
Imperialism in China to 1912
Assault on the Qing Empire1842 and 1942 -- the century of strong foreign commercial and political influence.
GoalsOpen China to Western Commercial PenetrationAlter Ch’ing Diplomatic Forms
MethodWarfare (Gunboat Diplomacy)Military Garrisons Imposition of Unequal Treaties, Treaty Ports
By 1830's, English drug-trafficking had become huge.
Opium grown in India, sold illegally in China
Profits pay for colonial administration of India +
China -- Addiction devastating… 20-30 million addicts
Silver to India -- Economic instability in China
Crackdown … war
Unequal Treaties
Opium Wars, 1839-1842, 1856-1860
Treaties
-- Treaty Ports: Tiny enclaves of foreign influence and government located in coastal and eastern China, Extraterritoriality
--After 1860, foreigners legally free to travel.
-- Christian missionaries had the right to work, live, own, or lease property anywhere.
-- tariff control, business concessions
Foreign Treaty Ports
Shanghai
Qing Reaction
WesternizationGraft Western Technology onto Chinese Values
Foreign Experts + Technology Limited to Military
Limited Reform of Government and Educational System
Tests -- France, 1884; Japan, 1894-1895European spheres of influence: Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia
U.S. ‘Open Door’ Policy
Reaction: Boxer Rebellion, 1900
• Popular uprising -- anti-Christian, anti-Western
• missionaries killed, siege of legations
• “Relief” and Retribution
• Settlement destroys legitimacy of Qing
• Several decades of disorder, civil war, foreign exploitation
• Ends with Communist Revolution of 1949 -- abrogation of treaties, seizure of Western property + eradication of opium
“Never Forget National Humiliation” Wall Old Summer Palace, destroyed by British 1860
Contemporary Memory
Colonialism in Asia to World War II.