Globalization 1
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Transcript of Globalization 1
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Globalization
Introduction to Cultural
Anthropology
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Globalization
Process of intense global interconnectedness
Framework for thinking about the flows of people,
information, goods, and
technology
Major force of contemporary culture
change
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Defining Globalization
The intensification of global interconnectedness.
A process that promotes economic, political, and other cultural connections among people living
all over the world.
The world condition created by relatively recent developments in information, communication
and transportation technologies.
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Is Globalization Really New?
World has been global and interconnected since 16th
century
Precursors to Globalization:
Human groups have always moved around carrying their
culture, exchanging goods,
stories, and ideas.
European Exploration and Colonialism (1500-1950)
Spread of Industrial Capitalism (1850-present)
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Histories of Globalization
Globalization new forms of
Diffusion: spread of cultural trait
Acculturation: acquiring second
culture
Colonialism: organized system of occupation
and exploitation
Imperialism: creating empire
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Lessons from Early Forms
of Globalization Global culture change is
always complex and
multidimensional.
Global culture change brings benefits and
burdens.
The benefits and burdens of global culture change are
not distributed evenly.
Globalization of the past shapes globalization of the
present.
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Factors in the Rise of Globalization
Economic factors
Transnational corporations
Integrated financial markets
Free trade zones
Global flow of information and communication
Political changes
Fall of communist regimes
Rise of IGOs and INGOs
Rising importance of international coalitions (the European Union,
United Nations, etc.)
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Globalization
The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked
the symbolic
beginning of our
present period of
globalization.
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Globalization
As yet one more leading indicator of rapid globalization, more than half of all U.S.-based franchises are now located in other parts of the world, as is this KFC restaurant in Shanghai, China.
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Globalization in everyday life
1. IKEA furniture ______________
2. Wii games ______________
3. H&M fashions ______________
4. LOreal beauty products ______________
5. Samsung cell phone or PDA ______________
6. Molson beer ______________
7. Birkenstock sandals ______________
8. Diesel jeans ______________
9. Apple iPhone ______________
10. American Express credit card ______________
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Globalization in everyday life1. IKEA: founded in Sweden, now owned by a Dutch
foundation
2. Wii: MNC in Kyoto, Japan
3. H&M: Swedish company
4. LOreal: Paris suburb
5. Samsung cell or PDA: Seoul, South Korea
6. Molson beer: Montreal, Canada
7. Birkenstocks: Germany
8. Diesel jeans: Molvena, Italy
9. Apple iPhone: established in California, parts from
China
10. American Express: New York City
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Cultural Consequences of Globalization
The local context is shaped more by global
issues.
Experience here is tied more to events there.
People and culture are less tied to specific
places.
Culture, identity, and tradition are disrupted
and reworked.
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Cultural Consequences of Globalization
As a result of these global flows, new ways
of living and new forms
of culture are created:
transnational lives and cultures
cosmopolitan outlooks
hybrid cultural forms
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Are These Global Flows
Good or Bad?
It depends!
on who you are
on where you are
on how you look at it
Generally
Who is more likely to benefit?
The haves of the world
Who is more likely to suffer?
The have-nots of the world
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The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Money comes easily, money goes easily.
Jobs are created more easily, jobs are relocated more easily.
You can spread information easily, you cannot control information easily.
Corporate networks more easily established, illicit and terrorist networks more easily established.
Computers and programmers move more easily, weapons and sex traffickers move more easily.
New medical technologies spread more easily, diseases spread more easily.
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The Central Cultural
Dynamic of Globalization
Increasing Homogeneity:
the world is becoming smaller, and we are all becoming more alike.
Increasing Heterogeneity:
The world is fragmenting, and we are emphasizing our difference more.
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What is Global Culture?
Is global culture simply
American cultural imperialism?
the spread of American consumer culture?
the McDonaldization of the World?
YES, AND NO
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Global McDonalds
McDonald's franchises and operates more than 32,000 fast-
food restaurants in over 100
countries.
Europe ... $7,072 (35% of total company revenues)
United States ... $6,955 (34%)
Australia/Asia-Pacific ... $2,815 (14%)
Latin America ... $1,327 (6%)
Canada ... $948 (5%)
Other ... $1,343 (6%)
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McDonalds Culture
McDonaldization refers to "the principles of the fast-food restaurant coming to dominate more and
more sectors of American society as well as of the
rest of the world. (Ritzer, The McDonaldization of Society, 1993)
McDonalds Emphasizes
Efficiency
Calculability
Predictability
Control
McDonalds and Culture In China
Promoting young, independent consumers
Promoting birthday celebrations
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Global Hollywood
The U.S. entertainment industry generates more revenue from overseas sales than any other
industry other than the commercial aerospace
industry.
From the late 80s-late 90s, the U.S. share of the European film market rose from 56% to over 90%.
"Washington's crusade for free trade is often seen abroad as a Trojan horse for companies, such as
Walt Disney Co. and Cable News Network that
would dominate foreign lifestyles and values. Most
Americans react to these fears with a shrug. That's
a big mistake. Jeffrey Garten, former U.S. Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade (Business Week , November 30, 1998)
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Models of Cultural Interaction
Clash of civilizations
McDonaldization of culture
Hybridization
Localization or glocalization
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Is Global Culture American Culture? Yes!
American corporate consumer culture clearly
shapes global culture,
raising consumer
aspirations and providing
models for living for
people all over the world.
Exporting not just a product or a franchise,
but a culture, a
worldview, a way of life.
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Is Global Culture American Culture?
No!
Globalization is also the spread of culture from all
over the world.
Tiendas in Silver Spring
Tasley Pharmaceuticals in Shady Grove
Bollywood in Gaithersberg
Sushi in College Park
World Music in Baltimore
Al Jazeera in Washington DC.
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Impacts of Globalization
Gross differences in wealth and health exist between and within
countries
Migration and refugees
Overurbanization
Decreasing biodiversity
Increasing global warming
Over 1 billion lack safe water
Nearly 3 billion live on less than $2 a day
25 million in Sub-Saharan Africa are living with HIV/AIDS
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Globalization Increase Heterogeneity?
Movement of ideas, art, music, and food
More of a two-way process
Practically no human group that does not exchange with others for consumer goods
Exchanges alter culture
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Conformity and Conflict
Article 32How Sushi Went Global
Describes the journey of a bluefin tuna from the New England coast to the Tokyo fish market.
Shows the interdependence between fishermen and the international market.
Looks at the growth of tuna fish farming in the Mediterranean.
Notes the growing worldwide demand for sushi and the effect of demand on tuna prices and production.
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Conformity and Conflict
Article 34The Road to Refugee Resettlement
Follows the life of a refugee as he makes his way from southern Sudan to permanent residence in the United States.
Defines what the designation, refugee, means.
Reveals the role of NGOs (non governmental organizations) and the United Nations in providing aid to refugees.
Shows how difficult it is for a refugee to find a permanent home in a new country.
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Conformity and Conflict
Article 35Global Women in the New Economy
Describes the life of a nanny who unequally divides her time between her foreign employers family and her own family at home.
Traces the migration routes of nannies from their homes to work in other societies.
Looks at how home countries encourage women to work abroad as a way to promote foreign exchange.
Addresses the personal cost for women working abroad.
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Canvas Reading: Japanese Hip-Hop
Interprets Japans vibrant hip-hop scene, explaining how a music and culture that originated halfway around the world is appropriated and remade in Tokyo clubs and recording studios
Draws attention to the collaborative, improvisatory character of cultural globalization
Contends that it was the pull of grassroots connections and individual performers rather than the push of big media corporations that initially energized and popularized hip-hop in Japan