Globalisation
description
Transcript of Globalisation
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GlobalisationGlobalisation
Concepts and ideas
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What is globalisation?What is globalisation?
• An economic phenomenon?
• A social, cultural and technological exchange?
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Some definitionsSome definitions
• The sociologist, Anthony Giddens, defines globalisation as a decoupling of space and time, emphasising that with instantaneous communications, knowledge and culture can be shared around the world simultaneously.
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Some definitionsSome definitions
• A Dutch academic, Ruud Lubbers, defines it as a process in which geographic distance becomes a factor of diminishing importance in the establishment and maintenance of cross border economic, political and socio-cultural relations
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Some definitionsSome definitions
• Left critics of globalisation present it as worldwide drive toward a globalised economic system dominated by supranational corporate trade and banking institutions that are not accountable to democratic processes or national governments.
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Some definitionsSome definitions
• Globalisation is the rapid increase in cross-border economic, social, technological exchange under conditions of capitalism.
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Some definitionsSome definitions
• Simon Reich defines globalisation as:
• A historical epoch
• A confluence of economic phenomena
• The hegemony of American values
• A technological and social revolution
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Some definitionsSome definitions
• David Held and Anthony McGrew write in their entry for Oxford Companion to Politics that globalisation can be conceived as a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, expressed in transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power.
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Our concernsOur concerns
• Globalisation of world economy
• Globalisation in manufacturing industries
• Globalisation in the Third World
• Globalisation and sustainability
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Globalisation in manufacturing ind.Globalisation in manufacturing ind.
refers to the processes whereby
• Capital is moved across the world
• Highly skilled labour, esp. those with professional & IT skills are moving around the globe to find employment where they are in demand.
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Who are the supporters?Who are the supporters?
• International organisations, e.g, WTO, World Bank, OECD, etc
• Business sectors, e.g. International Chamber of Commerce
• Developing country governments
• Internet and telecommunications industry
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Who are the opposition?Who are the opposition?
• Environmentalists
• Social development agencies, e.g Oxfam
• Left critics of capitalism
• Business organisations threatened by international competitions
• Unions in rich countries
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Look at the present situation.Look at the present situation.
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Global ManufacturingGlobal Manufacturing
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Global ManufacturingGlobal Manufacturing
• Is highly concentrated in the highly industrialized countries – the MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries)
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Highly industrialized countriesHighly industrialized countries
Found in the mid-latitude regions settled by Europeans
• USA, Canada,
• UK & EU countries e.g. Germany, Belgium, France
+
Japan
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Highly industrialized countriesHighly industrialized countries
• Between 1953-1995, the older industrialized economies’ share of world manufacturing output declined from 95% to 80%
• These core industrial nations still dominate the world economy in terms of their output.
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Newly Industrialized CountriesNewly Industrialized Countries
The Newly Industrializing Countries have experienced very rapid growth in manufacturing industries since the 1960s
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NICsNICs
• Asian ‘tigers’ e.g. Hong Kong, Singapore, S. Korea, Taiwan
• Thailand, China
• Latin American NICs e.g. Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela
• European NICs e.g. Portugal, Greece
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NICsNICs
• Today they are undergoing changes in employment structure that MEDCs went through some time ago
• The process is similar but the NICs are experiencing it later and much, much faster than MEDCs did in the 19th century.
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Less industrialized countriesLess industrialized countries
• Are the ELDCs (Economically less Developed Countries)
• Slow growth of manufacturing
between 1938-50, 3.5% growth in manufacturing.
between 1950-70, 6.6.% growth in manufacturing.