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Transcript of Globalisation
GLOBALISATION
BPLN0302 :
PLANNING THEORY - I
COMPILED BY:
Aman Singh Rajput
Amruta Mahakalkar
Bhupendra Pratap Singh
Divya Holani
Rajesh P
Sarthak Verma
What is GLOBALIZATION?
What are it’s IMPORTANCE in PLANNING?
What are it’s POSITIVE impacts?
What are it’s NEGATIVE impacts?
What are it’s IMPACT on the CITY?
CASE STUDIES
STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION
SHRINKING
WORLD
GLOBAL
SOCIETY
BORDERLESS
WORLD
HOMOGENITYDEATH OF
DISTANCE
TAIPEI
MUMBAILONDON
SINGAPORE DUBAI
MOSCOW
ONE
WORLD
What is Globalization?
Is a process which embodies a transformation
in the spatial organisation of social relations
and transactions – assessed in terms of their
1. extensity – spatial/geographical reach
2. Intensity – number & quantity of flow
3. Velocity – speed of movement of flow
4. impact – overall impact on the city
generating transcontinental or interregional
flows, and networks of activity, interaction,
and the exercise of power
Globalization refers to all those processes by
which the people of the world are incorporated
into a single world society, global society
The process of continuing integration of the
countries in the world
DETERRITORIALIZATION : Process of the “recon- figuration of geography, so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial borders.”
INTERNATIONALIZATION : The “global” in globalization is viewed “as simply another adjective to describe cross-border relations between countries.”
MODERNIZATION : The social structures of modernity (capitalism, industrialism, etc.) are spread the world over destroying cultures and local self-determination in the process
UNIVERSALIZATION : Process of spreading ideas and experiences to people at all corners of the earth so that aspirations and experiences around the world become harmonized
LIBERALIZATION : Removing government- imposed restrictions on movements between countries
Broad sets of Division
IT IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE, GOODS AND SERVICES, TRADES, IDEAS AND INFORMATION FLOW ACROSS THE BORDERS OF COUNTRIES WITH ADVANCEMENT IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
Fast global transactions and greater
personal mobility
Reductions in transportation costs and technology
transfer
Knowledge-intensive and high-
tech industries
Magok District is located to the southwest of Seoul and it is a
futuristic high-tech city
Hibernia's Global Financial Network (GFN) provides a network for financial exchanges,
global banks North America, Europe and Asia
IS AN ECONOMIC CONCEPT WHERE CAPITAL, LABOUR AND COMMODITY, MARKET, INFORMATION, RAW MATERIAL, MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION ARE INTERNATIONALIZED AND FULLY INTERDEPENDENT THROUGHOUT THE PLANET
Golden age for business, commerce and trade
Increases in trade and
liberalization policies
Export-based
economies to propel
American multinational retail corporation that runs chains of large
discount department stores
World's largest chain of hamburger fast
food restaurants, serving more than 119
countries
THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE GLOBALLY, FACILITATED BY THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, OBJECTS, SIGNS AND SYMBOLS, BOOKS AND CULTURAL ARTIFACTS
Common shape of
local cultures
Minimizing cultural diversity
Formation of Global Culture
The process of globalization
suggests simultaneously two
images:
STAGE 1
The compression of cultures.
Things formerly held apart are
now brought into contact and
juxtaposition
Berlin celebrating HoliMovement organized by
WWF celebrated globally
STAGE 2
Entails the extension of a particular culture to its
limit, the globe. Heterogeneous cultures become
incorporated and integrated into a dominant culture
which eventually covers the whole world
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION MEANS INTEGRATING THE GOVERNMENTS OR RULING POWERS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS IMPOSING THREAT TO THE WORLD
Worldwide infrastructur
e of inter-national
agreements
End geopolitics
and the advent of a
new age— the era of global
politics
Political integration
schemes such as the
European union
Group of seven industrialized nations of the world, formed by Canada, USA, France, Germany,
Italy, japan, and the UK
SAARC: geopolitical organization of
eight countries that are located in South
Asia
ENVIRONMENTAL GLOBALIZATION MEANS TO CONSTRUCT PHYSICAL STRUCTURES IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY ARE SUSTAINABLE IN TERMS OF SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT
Economy is a wholly owned
subsidiary of the ecology
Better living for
all—sustainably
Environment and
globalization deeply welded
together
UNCED: Earth Summit
where 172 governments
participated with 116
heads of state govt
(WMO) is an intergovernmental
organization with a membership of
191 Member States and Territories
What are the EFFECTS of Globalization?
DEATH OF DISTANCE
Distance – barrier against trade
The trade of goods and services has become feasible with technological developments and trade agreements that decrease or eliminate tariffs
Distance is the diffusion of production into the whole world
Currently, through FDI, MNC’s have diffused their productions to many countries
END OF NATION STATE
As the development of modern nation-state depends on inter-state relations, the definition of state becomes more evident in the globalization process
Globalization increases the local awareness and solidifies ―auto-awareness instead of eliminating nation-state
DOMINANACE OF R & D
Investment on knowledge forms the basics of innovativeness and technologic development
Developing countries have significant R & D expenditures and expenditures on education is increasing in most OECD countries
1700 1900 2000 & above
ECONOMICS Agriculture Manufacture Information
TECHNOLOGY Plough Machine Computer
OUTPUT Food Good Information
RESOURCE Land Capital Knowledge
UNIT Family Company Network
ENERGY Muscle Fossil Fuel Brain
COMPETITION Local National Global
DEMAND Minimal Remarkable Continuity
10000 B.C
4,000 BC
14th century
late 17th century
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
AGRICULTURAL
INFORMATION
ERA
WRITING
KNOWLEDGE
ERA
COMMUNICATION
ERA
SPACE ERA
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
PRINTING PRESS
CULTURAL EROSION
“Particular culture” – heterogeneous culture dissolves, covers the whole world
“tightening of culture” – cultures flow without organizational principle
Local cultures have the possibilities to interpret the global and redefine it in their authentic characteristics framework
Anthony smith declares that ― “global culture is problematic”
GLOCALIZATION
Combination of the terms “global” and “local”
The creation of goods and services that are customized to supply global markets but consistent with local values
Glocalization does not eliminate all differences but ceases that globalization will wipe all the differences out
Now globalization evolves itself in order to include local values
CONTEMPORARY THESIS OF GLOBALIZATION
Hyperglobalist Transformationalists Sceptic
A new global era
Global civilization &
government
Promote unrestricted &
free international
interactions
Extinction of nation-state
Increased regionalism
Internationalized political
economy lead by world’s
superpowers
Strengthening of nation-
state
Unprecedented
interconnectedness
National policies owned
not only by nation but
international governments
Transforming government
pattern
What is it’s IMPORTANCE in PLANNING?
Planning can be said to be a subset of globalization
In planning we try to bring positive aspects of different
societies into one by combining them
The planners’ location is in the middle of the ideological
spectrum of hyperglobist and sceptic & are viewed to be a
sign of weakness Appreciate the potential for growth, development which
globalization offers, at the same time concerned about
it’s ill effects.
Through advancement in communication and
transport system planners try to evolve a society
such that it sustains and remains in equilibrium
between the past and future.
Incorporates a global society forming “ethnic
enclaves”, within the complete mosaic of a city
A planner should be able to attract private
investment without totally abandoning all labour
and environmental standards of the city
COMPROMISE AS STRENGTH
World cities - New York, Tokyo and London : impact of the spatial planning system w.r.t
economic concepts.
What are it’s POSITIVE impacts?
A better economy – it introduces rapid development of the
capital market
Introducing new technologies- the new technologies and
progress in telecommunication, introduction of satellites,
mobiles etc
The new scientific research patterns
Rise in living standards
Better trade, more employment & increase in productivity due
to modern technology
In cultural context, globalization has brought in different
ideologies, and thought process amongst people
In political context, onset of western democratic system has an
impact on politics in eastern world
National policies control the extent of globalization in that
country and vice versa.
What are it’s NEGATIVE impacts?
Loss of national integrity , too much exchange of trade,
money etc. independent domestic policies are lost.
Unemployment , mental pressure on companies that causes
many people to lose their jobs
Cultural homogenization , people start to get westernize in
different culture lagging in their own heritage
Increasing gap between the rich and poor.
Developed countries are much benefited by this process rather
than underdeveloped & developing countries.
Forfeiture among nations , Too much flow of capital amongst
countries introduces unfair and immoral distribution of income.
Globalization also provides a chance to the evil society i.e.
Terrorists and criminals to attack, also there are increasing
number of cases of cyber crimes
Cheaper synthetic bags
overcoming jute
industries in West Bengal
United Nations is believed
to be influenced by Global
Superpower, USA
Mumbai terror attack
What are it’s IMPACTS on the CITY?
The impact of global forces can be argued to have had a fundamental impact on
the society.
W.r.t. planning, Inc. flow of immigrants may be more concerned with
substantial economic and social advancements.
At city level actual question is access to jobs and services.
Economic and social change impacts on civil society and political expression in
the city.
Globalisation impacts the socio-cultural beliefs of the city people; they start to
adopt western culture
It also impacts the city environmentally; degrading it.
Pressures on planning comes both from the need to integrate city economics
with global forces and need to integrate fragmented interest within the city
Case Study
The Impacts Of Globalization On Indian Cities and City Policies:
The post-1991 period has seen notable changes in India’s macroeconomic policies, with the result that the Indian economy today is far more open and far more integrated with the global system than anytime since the 1960s
The pick up in GDP growth has helped improve India’s global position. Consequently India’s position in the global economy has improved from the 8th position in 1991 to 4th place in 2001
Changes have taken place during the same period in the nature and pattern of urban growth.
New townships with high quality infrastructure have sprung up on the periphery of large cities.
Globalization and INDIAN it outsourcing Industry :
The emergence of the software and services outsourcing industry in India is one of the most visible outcomes of globalization, stimulated by the spread of modern information and communication technologies.
low-end software services providers, such as India, have played a central role in the development of this economy by enabling work to be performed faster, cheaper and around the clock
The software and services industry in India has grown rapidly from small beginnings in the 1980s, to generate total earnings of $ 13.5 billion in 2004-05, of which $ 10 billion were from exports
INDIA
Case Study
Globalization of ADITYA BIRLA GROUP
Launched globalization journey four decades ago
Established first overseas company in Thailand in 1969
Anchored by 133,000 employees from 42 nationalities
Over 1.5 million shareholders
A metals powerhouse . One of the biggest producers
of primary aluminum in Asia
Largest producer of carbon black
Fourth largest producer of insulators
Fifth largest producer of acrylic fiber.
Globalization and INDIAN IT outsourcing Industry :
The emergence of the software and services outsourcing industry in India is one of the most visible outcomes of globalization, stimulated by the spread of modern information and communication technologies.
low-end software services providers, such as India, have played a central role in the development of this economy by enabling work to be performed faster, cheaper and around the clock
The software and services industry in India has grown rapidly from small beginnings in the 1980s, to generate total earnings of $ 13.5 billion in 2004-05, of which $ 10 billion were from exports
INDIAInternational establishments:
1. Thailand
2. Philippines
3. Indonesia
4. Egypt
5. China
6. Canada
7. Australia
8. Laos
9. North and south America
Case Study
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION IN INDIA
Indian culture which in effect means Hindu culture, Hindu religion, Hindu society, Hindu civilization
In the Colonial Era in India from 1700-1875: All native Hindus were despicable creatures who don't have to be treated like human beings till they take their fateful decision to embrace Christianity
Along with Christian religion came the rest of British or Western culture, thought and customs and the gradual end of traditional ways of life
The British rulers attempted to colonize our minds by eliminating all our traditional schools and education systems through a progressive system of Western education
After the end of colonization rule in India this western culture still flourished but now under the heading of globalization
INDIA
Swami Vivekananda foresaw the dangers of Globalization as early as in 1893 when he spoke at the Parliament of World Religions in Chicago and asked “Would India die?”
Land And Housing Market Impacts :
Globalization leads to emergence of global property market, dominated by global real estate firm.
Presence of global firms and global business class in the cities leads to demand for high quality office space and residential space and scare land and housing in the globalizing cities are diverted to catering to these new demands.
There is also another effect of globalization on land and housing markets. For making local economies competitive, the cities are in the process of improving city image and quality of life through infrastructure and city beautification projects. Finance for these activities gets raised locally through sale of lands
All of a sudden, the role of private sector in city affairs has increased. This has brought in corruption and promotion of vested interests through the process of contracting out the work to private sector
In the property markets, the vested interests are forcing the local governments to transfer public lands to the commercially lucrative projects. In instances where such lands are squatted upon by slums, local governments are expected to displace them and then resettle them under the guise of public-private partnership. The outcome of many of these processes has been eviction of the poor from prime lands and locations in many of the globalizing cities.
INDIA
Egypt’s , 2011, Revolution was however, prepared
online, through the virtual political youth
movements on Facebook and other social media
sites.
The movement adopted the non-violent resistance
methodology, which they promoted through
Facebook. As a result of this movement, President
Mubarak stepped down after 30 years in power.
EGYPT
INDIA
Dec 2013: Media played an important role by
providing coverage of this unfortunate incident.
As the movement to bring the gang rape victim to
justice went viral, the nation saw widespread protest
that spilled on streets across the country . This
inspired a whole generation to stand together for
women’s rights and make the state answerable for its
citizens.
THANK YOU