Global Warming Debate

Q&A: Climate change • Accelerating ice-melt may be a sign

of global climate change• The Earth is getting warmer.

Scientists predict increasing droughts, floods and extreme weather and say there is growing evidence that human activities are to blame.

• BBC News Online looks at the key questions behind climate change and global warming.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3928017.stm

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• What is climate change? • The planet's climate is constantly changing. The

global average temperature is currently in the region of 15C. Geological and other evidence suggests that, in the past, this average may have been as high as 27C and as low as 7C.

• But scientists are concerned that the natural fluctuation has been overtaken by a rapid human-induced warming that has serious implications for the stability of the climate on which much life on the planet depends.

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• What is the "greenhouse effect"? • The "greenhouse effect" refers to the role played by a

layer of gases which effectively trap the heat from the Sun in the Earth's atmosphere. Without them, the planet would be too cold to sustain life as we know it.

• These gases include carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, which are released by modern industry, agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels.

• Their concentration in the atmosphere is increasing - the concentration of carbon dioxide has risen by more than 30% since 1800.

• The majority of scientists accept the theory that an increase in these gases will cause a rise in the Earth's temperature.

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• What is the evidence of warming? • Temperature records go back to the late 19th Century

and show that global average temperature increased by about 0.6C in the 20th Century.

• Sea levels have risen 10 - 20cm - thought to be due mainly to the expansion of warming oceans.

• Most of the recorded non-polar glaciers are in retreat and records show Arctic sea-ice has thinned by 40% in recent decades in summer and autumn.

• There are anomalies however - parts of the Antarctic appear to be getting colder, and there are discrepancies between trends in surface temperatures and those in the troposphere.

• How much will temperatures rise? • If nothing is done to reduce emissions, current climate models

predict a global temperature increase of 1.4 - 5.8°C by 2100. • To put this in context, global temperatures are thought to have

fluctuated by only one degree Celsius since the dawn of human civilisation.

• Even if we cut greenhouse gas emissions dramatically now, scientists say the effects would continue because parts of the climate system, particularly large bodies of water and ice, can take hundreds of years to respond to changes in temperature.

• Some scientists say it is possible that we have already irrevocably committed the Greenland ice sheet to melting.

• This would take centuries - if not millennia - but would cause an estimated seven metre rise in sea level.

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• How will the weather change? • Globally, we can expect more extreme weather events,

with heat waves becoming hotter and more frequent. • Scientists predict more rainfall overall, but say the risk of

drought in inland areas during hot summers will increase. • More flooding is expected from storms and rising sea

levels. • There are, however, likely to be very strong regional

variations in these patterns, and these are difficult to predict.

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• What will the effects be? • The potential impact is huge, with predicted freshwater

shortages, sweeping changes in food production conditions, and increases in deaths from floods, storms, heat waves and droughts.

• Poorer countries, which are least equipped to deal with rapid change, will suffer most.

• Plant and animal extinctions are predicted as habitats change faster than species can adapt, and the World Health Organisation has warned that the health of millions could be threatened by increases in malaria, water-borne disease and malnutrition.

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• What don't we know? • We don't know exactly how much warming is caused by

human activities or what the knock-on effects of the warming will be.

• Global warming will cause some changes which will speed up further warming, such as the release of large quantities of the greenhouse gas methane as permafrost melts.

• Other factors may mitigate warming - such as plants taking more CO2 from the atmosphere as their growth rate is increased by warmer conditions.

• Scientists are sure how the complex balance between these positive and negative feedback effects will play out.

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• What about the sceptics? • Most global warming sceptics do not deny that the world

is getting warmer, but they do doubt that human activity is the cause.

• Some say the changes now being witnessed are not extraordinary - similar, rapid changes can be seen at other times in Earth's history when humans did not exist.

• Some point to the Sun's present high activity as the prime influence on recent temperature trends.

• Nevertheless, there is a growing scientific consensus that, even on top of the natural variability of the climate, something out of the ordinary is happening and humans are to blame.

• What is the international community doing? • An international agreement, the Kyoto Protocol, commits

industrialised countries to specific targets for reducing their greenhouse gas emissions.

• It must be ratified by a certain number of countries before it becomes binding. The protocol suffered a huge blow when the US - responsible for a quarter of global emissions - pulled out in 2001.

• The agreement will now only come into force if Russia ratifies it.

• While many countries have taken steps to reduce their emissions, the Kyoto targets are just a fraction of the emissions reductions thought necessary to slow global warming significantly.

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• History of Global Warming

NOW with Bill Moyers

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• Debating Global Warming

NOW with Bill Moyers

Skeptical of global warming fears: In favor of a global effort to reverse climate change:

"Environmentalists have viewed climate change as a catastrophe necessitating immediate and major steps to head off or mitigate. Whether global warming will occur is uncertain. Although temperature data until now could reflect a warming planet, they are also consistent with normal fluctuations in weather. From a scientific viewpoint the evidence for global warming must be 'not proven.'" - Thomas Gale Moore, Hoover Institute

"Even if the theory of global warming is wrong, we will be doing the right thing — in terms of economic policy and environmental policy." - Tim Wirth, former U.S. Senator from Colorado

Source: http://www.pbs.org/now/science/climatedebate.html

Skeptical of global warming fears: In favor of a global effort to reverse climate change:

"I believe that it is fair to say that the people once labeled as 'a small band of skeptics' — those who championed the position that warming would be modest and primarily in the coldest air-masses have won the day. Many of these same scientists are now forming a new environmental paradigm. It is that the concept of 'fragile earth' must be abandoned. And it asks the impertinent question: since when is everything that man does to the planet necessarily bad?" - Patrick J. Michaels, CATO Institute Congressional Testimony

"In the United States…we have to first convince the American people and the Congress that the climate problem is real." - former President Bill Clinton, 1997 address to the United Nations

Source: http://www.pbs.org/now/science/climatedebate.html

Skeptical of global warming fears: In favor of a global effort to reverse climate change:

"Scientists who want to attract attention to themselves, who want to attract great funding to themselves, have to (find a) way to scare the public…and this you can achieve only by making things bigger and more dangerous than they really are." - Petr Chylek, Professor of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia

"People are changing the climate that made life on earth possible and the results are disastrous - extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, disruption of water supplies, melting Polar regions, rising sea levels, loss of coral reefs and much more. It is not too late to slow global warming and avoid the climate catastrophe that scientists predict. The solutions already exist. Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar offer abundant clean energy that is safe for the environment and good for the economy." - Greenpeace

Source: http://www.pbs.org/now/science/climatedebate.html

Skeptical of global warming fears: In favor of a global effort to reverse climate change:

"The Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warming that preceded it from 950 to 1300 AD stand out in every temperature record as the major weather events of the last 1,000 years, and they're a hefty problem for global warming advocates. If the world was warmer in 1200 AD than today, and far colder in the year 1400, why would we blame current temperatures trends on auto exhausts?" - Dennis Avery, Center for Global Food Issues

"Emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols due to human activities continue to alter the atmosphere in ways that are expected to affect the climate." - Summary for Policymakers, A Report of Working Group 1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Source: http://www.pbs.org/now/science/climatedebate.html

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• BBC Global warning? program

CLIMATE WARS

Programme 1: The scienceTwo Harvard astronomers became the toast of Washington as they attacked the consensus view that global warming

is a problem, and argued that humanity has survived similar episodes as recently as the Middle Ages.

Gerry Northam charts the genesis and fate of this research, how it has been taken up by Washington conservatives, and the highly enflamed

debate that followed.

CLIMATE WARS

Programme 2: The action

The Kyoto protocol was meant to be the first step towards stopping and reversing global warming, but when the US declared it would have nothing to do with it in 2001, the treaty looked dead. That's

what the US administration argued at the time.

But with Russia perhaps on the brink of signing the protocol, despite a fog of words suggesting the opposite, and with the rest of the

industrialised world and even individual states in the USA moving ahead with climate measures, it may be that Washington gets left

behind.

Geo I: Global Warming Debate

• The Kyoto Agreement BBC site

Extreme Weather

• Increasing temperatures means the World is likely to see less frosty days and cold spells, but we are expected to experience an increase in heat waves and hot spells

• Greater risk of drought in summer in continental areas • The greatest warming over the next 100 years is expected to be at higher

latitudes and the smallest amount of warming, in the tropics • Increase in extreme precipitation events • Hurricanes likely to be more intense in some parts of the World due to

more rainfall and more intense winds • It’s not clear what will happen with thunderstorms or tornadoes • An intensification of the Asian summer monsoon is expected • There is no evidence for changes in the frequency, intensity or location of

tropical storms • Storm surges are expected to increase in frequency and in the UK the

south east coast is expected to see the largest surges at around 1.2m higher than we have now (this is in the 2080’s with the "medium high emissions" scenario)