Vacuum Atmospheres Company cert.pdf · 2016. 4. 20. · Vacuum Atmospheres Company
Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate...
-
Upload
brice-foster -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate...
![Page 1: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Global Warming and the Global Warming and the Dominican RepublicDominican Republic
Kerry EmanuelKerry Emanuel
Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climateand Climate
Department of Earth, Atmospheric Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciencesand Planetary Sciences
MITMIT
![Page 2: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
ProgramProgram
• History of the earth’s climateHistory of the earth’s climate
• The science of global warmingThe science of global warming
• Possible effects of climate change on the Possible effects of climate change on the Dominican RepublicDominican Republic
![Page 3: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Faint Young Sun Paradox: Why The Faint Young Sun Paradox: Why didn’t the Earth Freeze?didn’t the Earth Freeze?
![Page 5: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Snowball EarthThe Snowball Earth
![Page 6: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A detailed record of the earth’s climate has A detailed record of the earth’s climate has emerged over the last few decades, from analyses emerged over the last few decades, from analyses
of ice cores and deep sea sedimentsof ice cores and deep sea sediments
![Page 7: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ice Cover, Last Glacial Maximum Ice Cover, Last Glacial Maximum (~18,000 years ago)(~18,000 years ago)
![Page 9: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Paleo reconstructions of temperature change Paleo reconstructions of temperature change over the last 2000 yearsover the last 2000 years
Year
Instrumental Record
![Page 10: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Estimates of Global Mean Surface Temperature Estimates of Global Mean Surface Temperature from the Instrumental Recordfrom the Instrumental Record
![Page 11: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Some Characteristics of Climate Some Characteristics of Climate ScienceScience
• Described by some as the most difficult scientific problem ever faced
• Draws on all the major scientific disciplines:– Chemistry, geology, atmospheric science,
oceanography, solar physics, orbital mechanics, biology
– Climate prediction also requires understanding of economics, politics, human psychology
• Very much a frontier science
![Page 12: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
John Tyndall (1820-1893)
The Greenhouse EffectThe Greenhouse Effect
![Page 13: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tyndall’s Discovery:
Oxygen (O2) and Nitrogen (N2), which together comprise about 97% of the atmosphere, are transparent to solar and infrared radiation
If that’s all there were: 40
1(1 )4sT a S
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
a = Planetary albedo
= Solar constant
0S
255 0sT K F
![Page 14: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
But certain trace gases interact strongly with radiation:
H20 (water vapor)
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
CH4 (methane)
Clouds also interact strongly with radiation. Together, they yield:
288 60sT K F
![Page 15: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Elements of the Greenhouse EffectElements of the Greenhouse Effect
![Page 16: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
If the Only Feedback Were If the Only Feedback Were Temperature, Doubling Carbon Temperature, Doubling Carbon Dioxide would Increase Surface Dioxide would Increase Surface Temperature by about 1.1 Temperature by about 1.1 ooC.C.
![Page 17: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Feedbacks in Climate ModelsFeedbacks in Climate Models
Water vapor Cloud Surface albedo
Lapse rate Water vapor + lapse rate
![Page 18: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Climate Climate Forcing Forcing
by Orbital by Orbital VariationsVariations
Milutin Milanković, 1879-1958
![Page 19: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Climate Forcing and ResponseClimate Forcing and Response
![Page 20: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Black: Time rate of change of ice volumeBlack: Time rate of change of ice volume
Red: Summer high latitude sunlightRed: Summer high latitude sunlight
Strong Correlation between High Latitude Summer Strong Correlation between High Latitude Summer Insolation and Ice VolumeInsolation and Ice Volume
P. Huybers, Science, 2006
![Page 21: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Causes of Recent Climate Causes of Recent Climate ChangeChange
![Page 23: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Variation in Variation in carbon dioxide carbon dioxide and methane and methane over the past over the past 20,000 years, 20,000 years, based on ice based on ice core and other core and other recordsrecords
![Page 25: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Contributions to net radiative forcing change, 1750-2004:Contributions to net radiative forcing change, 1750-2004:
![Page 26: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Distribution of temperature change, 1901-2005Distribution of temperature change, 1901-2005
![Page 28: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Global Climate Models: Global Climate Models: How Good Are They, and What How Good Are They, and What
Do They Tell Us about The Do They Tell Us about The Future?Future?
![Page 29: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Global Climate ModelingGlobal Climate Modeling
• General philosophyGeneral philosophy:– Simulate large-scale motions of atmosphere,
oceans, ice– Solve approximations to full radiative transfer
equations– Parameterize processes too small to resolve– Some models also try to simulate
biogeochemical processes– First GCMs developed in 1960s
![Page 30: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Equations solved by discretizing Equations solved by discretizing to finite volumesto finite volumes
![Page 31: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Unresolved physical processes Unresolved physical processes must be handled parametricallymust be handled parametrically• Convection
• Thin and/or broken clouds
• Cloud microphysics
• Aerosols and chemistry (e.g. photochemical processes, ozone
• Turbulence, including surface fluxes
• Sea ice
• Land ice
• Land surface processes
![Page 32: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Global mean temperature Global mean temperature (black) and simulations (black) and simulations using many different using many different global models (colors) global models (colors) including all forcingsincluding all forcings
Same as above, but Same as above, but models run with only models run with only natural forcingsnatural forcings
![Page 33: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Projected Warming:Projected Warming:
![Page 34: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Climate Risks to the Climate Risks to the Dominican RepublicDominican Republic
![Page 35: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Warming RisksWarming Risks
• Rising sea level• Concentration of rainfall into fewer but more
intense events...more drought, floods• Increased incidence of some tropical diseases• Increased production of allergens• Increased mortality from heat waves• Increased consumption of electricity• Increase in violent hurricanes• Ocean acidification, increased species
extinctions
![Page 36: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Sea Level, 1860-2003Sea Level, 1860-2003
Reconstructed
Tide Gauge
Satellite altimetry
![Page 37: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Arctic Minimum Sea Ice ExtentArctic Minimum Sea Ice Extent
![Page 38: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Greenland Greenland surface elevation surface elevation
change, 1989-change, 1989-20052005
![Page 40: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Hurricane Power is Changing in Concert with Hurricane Power is Changing in Concert with Tropical Ocean TemperatureTropical Ocean Temperature
![Page 41: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Today’s global climate Today’s global climate models are far too coarse to models are far too coarse to simulate tropical cyclonessimulate tropical cyclones
![Page 42: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Our ApproachOur Approach• Step 1: Seed each ocean basin with a very large
number of weak, randomly located cyclones
• Step 2: Cyclones are assumed to move with the large scale atmospheric flow in which they are embedded
• Step 3: Run a coupled, ocean-atmosphere computer model for each cyclone, and note how many achieve at least tropical storm strength
• Step 4: Using the small fraction of surviving events, determine storm statistics.
![Page 43: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
200 Synthetic U.S. Landfalling tracks (color 200 Synthetic U.S. Landfalling tracks (color coded by Saffir-Simpson Scale)coded by Saffir-Simpson Scale)
![Page 44: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Present Climate: Spatial Present Climate: Spatial Distribution of Genesis PointsDistribution of Genesis Points
Observed
Synthetic
![Page 45: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Now Use Daily Output from IPCC Now Use Daily Output from IPCC Models to Derive Wind Models to Derive Wind
Statistics, Thermodynamic State Statistics, Thermodynamic State Needed by Synthetic Track Needed by Synthetic Track
TechniqueTechnique
![Page 46: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
1. Last 20 years of 20Last 20 years of 20thth century century simulationssimulations
2.2. Years 2180-2200 of IPCC Years 2180-2200 of IPCC Scenario A1b (COScenario A1b (CO22 stabilized at stabilized at
720 ppm)720 ppm)
Compare two simulations each Compare two simulations each from 7 IPCC models:from 7 IPCC models:
![Page 47: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Change in Destructiveness of HurricanesChange in Destructiveness of Hurricanes
![Page 48: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Return PeriodsReturn Periods
![Page 49: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Sample Wind SwathSample Wind Swath
![Page 50: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Sample Storm SurgeSample Storm Surge
![Page 51: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Sample Rain SwathSample Rain Swath
![Page 52: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Sample Rain Rate at Santa DomingoSample Rain Rate at Santa Domingo
![Page 53: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Change in Landslide RiskChange in Landslide Risk
![Page 54: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
SummarySummary
• Earth’s climate has changed radically and often abruptly through time
• Primary culprits:– Changing insolation, through solar evolution and
orbital variations– Changing concentrations of trace greenhouse
gases– Changing concentration of aerosols: Volcanic
eruptions
• Evidence for human-induced climate change now very compelling
![Page 55: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
• Principle risks of Global Warming to the Dominican Republic:– Increased incidence of flash floods– Ocean acidification and damage to marine
ecosystems– Coastal flooding owing to sea level rise– Increased frequency and severity of
hurricanes, including storm surge and fresh-water flooding
![Page 56: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 58: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Possible Benefits of Warming:Possible Benefits of Warming:
• Fewer deaths from exposure
• More vigorous plant growth
• Increase of arable land at high latitudes
• Increased mining potential in current permafrost regions
• Arctic waterways become navigable
• Reduced heating costs
![Page 60: Global Warming and the Dominican Republic Kerry Emanuel Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022070412/56649ebc5503460f94bc5a00/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Changing Distributions of PrecipitationChanging Distributions of Precipitation