Global Trends in Waste Management...2014/11/01 · Facility Glass Manufacturing Papermill 100 % MSW...
Transcript of Global Trends in Waste Management...2014/11/01 · Facility Glass Manufacturing Papermill 100 % MSW...
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Global Trends in Waste Management
Klaus Fricke and Christiane Pereira
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Inhabitants
83 million (total) 192 million (total)
226 / km² 22.4 / km²
Federal Republic of Germany – Basic Data
• 43 Mio t MSW
• 518 kg waste potential capita*a (1,32 kg/d)
• 326 kg recycling /capita*a
• 192 kg remaining rest waste
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Trend Determining Influences
• Waste composition
• Environmental and resource protection
• Economics and markets
• Legal framework
• Available finances
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Trend Determining Influences - Brasil
Waste Composition
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Waste Compositions
% Germany
avarage
China Brazil Thailand India
Paper /
Cardboard
20 15,0 10.2 7.7 1.5
Glass 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.2
Organic 42 64 67 62 75
Plastic 9 16,9 8.7 12.0 0.9
Textiles 4.0 1,4 3.1
Metal 4 0,7 3.2 0.5 0.1
Rest 16.8 3.2 8.8 16 19.0
Water
content
Calorific V
kJ/ kg
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Waste Compositions
% Germany
avarage
China Brazil Thailand India
Paper /
Cardboard
20 15,0 10.2 7.7 1.5
Glass 8 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.2
Organic 42 63,9 67.1 62.0 75.2
Plastic 9 16,9 8.7 12.0 0.9
Textiles 4.0 1,4 3.1
Metal 4 0,7 3.2 0.5 0.1
Rest 16.8 3.2 8.8 16 19.0
Water
content
35 - 45 42 - 60 46- 58 41 - 53 42 - 60
Calorific V
kJ/ kg
8.500 4 - 7.300 3 - 6.900 4 - 7.500 < 4.000
Waste with a calorific value lower 3.500 - 4.000
kJ/kg needs additional fuel for combustion
efficiently burning >> 6.000 kJ/kg
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Trend Setting Influences - Consequences
Waste composition
• Efficiently waste incineration for entire MSW not usefull
and not possible
• Mechanical pre-treatment is required (Splitting and
sorting)
• Waste drying
• Biological treatment for 60 - 70% of the waste suitable
• Development
• packagages production e.g.
• reduction of glas and metals
• Increase plastic
• Reduction of calorific value due to increasing
material recycling
• Reduction of Print media
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0
7
14
21
28
35
42
Billio
n D
ollar
*
1850 1900 1950 2000
BIP
Globale Dynamics - Markets
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0
15
30
45
60
75
90
Gig
ab
arr
el
Ölä
qu
iva
len
t/a
1850 1900 1950 2000
Need of Resources
287
306
324
343
361
380
399
pp
m
1850 1900 1950 2000
CO2-
Konzentration
Globale Dynamics
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Securing of Resources
…what can we do?
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World Bank:
One approach to
solve the problem is
>90% Recycling
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Trend Determining Influences
Environmental and resource protection
What is the most sustainable strategy?
Material recycling or energy recovery or
disposal?
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Waste management in EU and Germany
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Result: Material Recycling versus Energy Recovery
• Regarding resource efficiency, material recycling shows
significant advantages compared to energy recovery and
disposal (Paper, Plastics)
• Higher energy efficiency corresponds to lower climate
effects (CO2-Emissions)
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Trend Setting Influences - Consequences
Environmental and Resouce Protection
• Improve Material Recycling by means of
• upgrading separate collecton
• establishing assorting facilities
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GHG-Emission Mitigation by Means of Material Recycling,
Energy Recovery and Treatment before Landfill[k
g C
O2
eq
/ t
]
1700
1100
100
-420
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
landfill landfill with
gas collection
after pre-treatment
(MBT)
material recycling
and
energy recovery
8-12 % of GHG-
Emissionen are generated
by landfills!!!!
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Trend Setting Influences - Consequences
• Landfill ban for untreated waste since 2005 in
GER, CH and A
• As from 2016 landfill for untreated waste has
banned allover Europe!!!!!
• Treatment technologies for non recycable - MBT
and incineration
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Marine Litter
20
• 18.000 debris items per km2
• 1 kg plancton comes 6 kg of plastic components
• 30% on the surface, 70% sediment onto the ground – e.g. 200 Mio t in the
sediment of the Mediteran Sea
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Trend Setting Influences - Consequences
Environmental and Resouce Protection
Marine litter :
• Ban of plastic articles (e.g. shopping bags
in Italy)
• Changes in plastic quality e.g.
biodegredable plastics)
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Waste Collecting and Recycling Ship
Use of ships for collection, transportation and treatment in
coastal metropolitan areas and islands
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Trend Determining Influences
Economics and Markets
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Markets for Secondary Products
- Oil
Source: indexmundi (2012)
Oil Uranium Energy index
Development of Oil Price
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Markets for secondary products
- Paper and Plastic
(Quelle: EUWID: 02.2011)
Paper
PVC
PET
LD-PE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
€/t
2013
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Need for Compost – But no Markets Available
Need for fertilizers
• Hongkong 20 - 45 €/t
• Java 30 - 50 €/t
• Bali 35 - 45 €/t
• Phnom Penh 25 - 40 €/t
• Mexico City 20 - 55 €/t
• GER up to 50 €/t
Revenues
compost
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Trend Setting Influences - Consequences
Economics and MarketsCurrently revenues for secondary recourses are high -
in the medium term, it can be expect that..
……revenues for secondary resources will rise
significantly!!!!
• Upgrading separate collecton
• Establishing assorting facilities
• RDFand biogas production for energy
recovary production
• Compost production
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Rest
Waste
Organics
Anaerobic
digestion /
Composting
Facility
MBT or
Incineration
Collection Systems
- Germany
+ Paper Packaging+ + + Glas
Sorting
Facility
Glass
ManufacturingPapermill
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100 %
MSW (43 Mio t)
63 % separate collection
24 % Treatment before landfill
IC, MBT, RDF (Energy + CO2, H2O)
8 % Recycling 0,5 t Ne and Fe; 3,1 Mio t slag
5 % landfill < 2 Mio t
Mass flow MSW - Germany
Recycling
(27 Mio t)
Treatment before landfill (16 Mio t)
Mass flow MSW
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Material Recycling in Germany
- Development of Recycling Intensity
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Waste incineration plants MBT plants
(composting and fermentation technologies)
Treatment Technologies
• 2013 in EU 369 MBTs in operation
• since 2009 every year 25 new MBT took into operation
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Biological treatment
Anaerobic / aerobic
Shreddering
Municipal solid waste
FeFerrous metals
2 - 4 %
Landfill35 - 45 %
TOC < 18 %
RDF
5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Sieving 120 mm
RDF
20 - 38 %
Hu= 11 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Fe> 120 mm
Reduction of
organic matter,water
25 - 30 %
MBT Mass Flow (GER)
> 30 - 40 mmScreening
20 - 40mm
Sorting
• Plastic
• Paper/.
• Glass
• Wood
• Textiles
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Sortierung – Low Tech
…with a high number of staff and
high product quality
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Sorting and Refining - High Tech
…with a minimum of staff
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Biological treatment
aerobic/anaerobic
Shreddering
Municipal solid waste
FeFerrous metals
2 - 4 %
Further mechanical
treatment
Landfill
15 - 45 %TOC< 18 %
Refuse derived fuel
5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Sieving 120
mm
Refuse derived fuel
25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg
Fe
< 120 mm
> 120 mm
Reduction of
organic matter,water
25 - 30 %
Filter material
Methane oxidation
layer
Separation of recyclable materials by MBT
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Average Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR) by
Alternative Fuels in the German Cement Industry
36
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
%
avera
ge T
SR
of
VD
Z-M
em
ber
wo
rks
(Source: VDZ 2013)
1.6 Mio t/a RDF
Revenues: up to € 35.-
Production costs € 20 – 45.-
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Biological treatment
aerobic/anaerobic
Shreddering
Municipal solid waste
FeFerrous metals
2 - 4 %
Further mechanical
treatment
Landfill15 - 45 %
TOC< 18 %
Refuse derived fuel
5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Sieving120
mm
Refuse derived fuel
25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg
Fe
< 120 mm
> 120 mm
Reduction of
organic matter,water
25 - 30 %
Filter material
Methane oxidation
layer
Biological Treatment Step
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Technological Aspects
- Aerobic Treatment Technologies
Appropriate technologies
are available
• low and high tech
• low and high cost
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Technological Aspects
- Aerobic Treatment Technologies
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e.g.Bekon
C6H12O6 3CO2 + 3CH
Technological Aspects
- Anaerobic Treatment Technologies
Appropriate technologies
are available
• low and high tech
• low and high cost
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Biological treatment
aerobic/anaerobic
Shreddering
Municipal solid waste
Fe Ferrous metals2 - 4 %
Further mechanical
treatment
Landfill15 - 45 %
TOC< 18 %
Refuse derived fuel
5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Sieving 80 mm
Refuse derived fuel
25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg
Fe
< 80 mm
> 80 mm
Reduction of
organic matter,water
25 - 30 %
Compost
MBT output - stabilised fine-grained Fraction
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Digestate as Fermentation Product and Compost
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Biological treatment
aerobic/anaerobic
Shreddering
Municipal solid waste
Fe Ferrous metals2 - 4 %
Further mechanical
treatment
Landfill15 - 45 %
TOC< 18 %
Refuse derived fuel
5 - 8 %Hu = 12 – 13,500 MJ/Mg
Sieving 80 mm
Refuse derived fuel
25 - 35 %Hu= 11 – 12,500 MJ/Mg
Fe
< 80 mm
> 80 mm
Reduction of
organic matter,water
25 - 30 %
Filter material
Methane oxidation
layer
MBT output - stabilised fine-grained Fraction
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MBT disposal on landfills…
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Construction of a Methane Oxidation Layer
>120 cm
Methane oxidation layer
Gas distribution layer
Landfill body, top layer preferably
uncompressedCH4 CH4 CH4
O2O2 O2
CO2
H2O
CO2
H2O
CO2
H2O
Biological methane oxidation with methanotrophic bacteria:
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + biomass + 210.8 kcal/mol
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Ga
s e
mis
sio
n [N
l/k
g T
S]
200
20
2
MSW
untreated
MSW
MBT pretreated
90 %
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
MSW
with MOL
Methane Emission Reduction Efficiency of MBT and MOL
MOL = Methane Oxidation Layer
99 %
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E-Waste
- Rare earth elements and strategic metals
Recycling rates <1%
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48
Ohne Worte
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© Kai Löffelbein, Deutschland | Student der Fotografie, Hochschule Hannover
UNICEF-Foto of the year 2011 – Ghana
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Landfilled MSW
Germany:
since 1975: approx. 2,5 billion t MSW with demolition and commercial waste)2)
World wide:
since 1975: approx. 60 billion t3)
1) Umweltboard, Fricke 20082) Bilitewski 2000, Görner et al. 2002,
UBA 20063) MSW UNEP = 0,28 Mg /cap./a)
Sources:
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Resource Potential in Landfills
– Germany
Landfilled waste since 1975:
• 250 Mio. t calorific fraction on basis of coalequ resp. Oilequ. 63,0 bn. US$
• 1,20 Mio. t copper scrap 8,4 bn. US$
• 0,50 Mio. t aluminium scrap 1,5 bn. US$
• 0,65 Mio. t phosphor 1,4 bn. US$
Phosphor
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Prolongation of Landfilling by Reclamation of Volume
• Excavation and new landfilling 30 % Volume reclamation
with higher density
• Excavation and new landfilling 60 % Volume reclamation
withhigher density and recycling (RDF and metals)
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Research work in the labs of TU Braunschweig
New Technologies
- Algaes Breeding
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New Technologies
- Algaes Breeding
Research work at Pohlsche Heide (Semi scale) by GVoA
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New Technologies
- Oiling Process
• Fuel production
• EEE pre-treatment
catalytic pressure-less
depolymerisation
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New Technologies - Sewage Sludge
• Digestion of raw sludge
• Solar drying and energy revovery
• Co treatment in MBT
• Phosphate recycling (out of waste water, sludge or slake)
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Self financing waste management?
Currently:
• Various organics like greenwaste
• Metals
• Paper and Cardboard
Short Term:
• RDF
Medium Term:
• Plastics
Long Term:
AD and Composting
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Summary Tendencies
• Ban of plastic articles e.g. shopping bags; reduction of
glas
• Shortage of resources - increasing revenues for
secondary resources
• Increasing material recycling
• Decline in the konventional Incineration in favour of
RDF-use
• Decline of composting in favour of anaerobic digestion
• Landfill ban for untreated waste
• E-Waste recycling
• Landfill Mining
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waste-bin race in Germany
Thank you for your attention !