Global Seismology lowres
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SUNDA PLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE COCOS PLATE OKHOTSK PLATE PHILIPPINE SEA PLATE AMUR PLATE CAROLINE PLATE SCOTIA PLATE YANGTZE PLATE RIVERA PLATE GALAPAGOS PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE Nicaragua SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN SOUTHERN OCEAN SOUTHERN OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN ARABIA PLATE 120W 105W 125W 100W 115W 110W 130W 135W 140W 145W 150W 155W 160W 95W 90W 165W 85W 170W 80W 175W 75W 180E-W 70W 65W 60W 175E 55W 170E 50W 165E 45W 160E 40W 155E 35W 150E 30W 145E 25W 140E 20W 135E 15W 130E 10W 125E 120E 115E 105E 110E 100E 10E 15E 5W 20E 25E 30E 35E 95E 40E 90E 45E 85E 50E 80E 55E 75E 60E 70E 65E 5E 0 85N 85S 80N 80S 75N 75S 70N 70S 65N 65S 60N 60S 55N 55S 50N 50S 45N 40N 45S 35N 40S 30N 35S 25N 20N 30S 15N 10N 25S 20S 15S 10S 5N 5S 0 85N 85S 80N 80S 75N 75S 70N 70S 65N 65S 60N 60S 55N 55S 50N 50S 45N 40N 45S 35N 40S 30N 35S 25N 20N 30S 15N 10N 25S 20S 15S 10S 5N 5S 0 Afghanistan 1998 M 6.6 India 2001 M 7.7 180E-W 70E 65E 120W 105W 125W 100W 115W 110W 130W 135W 140W 145W 150W 155W 160W 95W 90W 165W 85W 170W 80W 175W 75W 70W 65W 60W 175E 55W 170E 50W 165E 45W 160E 40W 155E 35W 150E 30W 145E 25W 140E 20W 135E 15W 130E 10W 125E 120E 115E 105E 110E 100E 10E 15E 5W 20E 25E 30E 35E 95E 40E 90E 45E 85E 50E 80E 55E 75E 60E 5E 0 Russia Antarctica China Canada Brazil Australia United States India Iran Sudan Greenland Algeria Argentina K a z a k h s t a n Libya Mexico Mali Peru Chad Niger Mongolia Egypt Angola Bolivia Saudi Arabia Ethiopia Turkey Nigeria Colombia Iraq P a k i s t a n South Africa Spain Namibia Zambia France Mauritania Ukraine Venezuela Kenya Sweden Somalia Finland Yemen Botswana A f g h a n i s t a n Poland Thailand Indonesia Turkmenistan Syria Gabon Belarus Guinea Chile Italy Democratic Republic of the Congo Mozambique Norway Oman Morocco Madagascar Laos Germany Uzbekistan Cameroon Paraguay Japan Zimbabwe Myanmar (Burma) Ghana Romania United Republic of Tanzania Uganda Ecuador Nepal Guyana Senegal Cote d'Ivoire Central African Republic Tunisia Uruguay Iceland Malaysia Papua New Guinea Kyrgyzstan Burkina Faso Greece Western Sahara Cambodia United Kingdom Serbia Bulgaria Suriname Austria New Zealand Latvia Hungary Liberia Ireland Portugal Philippines Lithuania Croatia Estonia Slovakia Sri Lanka Czech Republic South Korea Sierra Leone French Guiana Taiwan Belgium North Korea Peru 2007 M 8.0 Chile 1995 M 8.0 Iran 2003 M 6.6 Peru 2001 M 8.4 Iran 1997 M 7.3 Mexico 1995 M 8.1 China 2008 M 7.9 Japan 2003 M 8.3 China 1996 M 6.6 Japan 1995 M 6.9 Alaska 2002 M 7.9 Turkey 1999 M 7.6 Pakistan 2005 M 7.6 Sumatra 2007 M 8.5 Sumatra 2005 M 8.6 Sumatra 2000 M 7.9 Kamchatka 1997 M 7.8 Northridge 1994 M 6.7 Kuril Islands 2006 M 8.3 New Ireland Region 2000 M 8.0 Kuril Islands 1994 M 8.3 Taiwan 1999 M 7.7 Chile 1960 M 9.5 Kamchatka 1952 M 9.0 Cascadia 1700 M ~ 9 Alaska 1964 M 9.2 Sumatra 2004 M ~ 9.2 Bolivia 1994 M 8.2 EURASIA PLATE PACIFIC PLATE NAZCA PLATE SOUTH AMERICA PLATE NORTH AMERICA PLATE EURASIA PLATE AUSTRALIA PLATE INDIA PLATE SOMALIA PLATE ANTARCTICA PLATE NUBIA PLATE Arkansas 1811 M ~ 7.2 - 7.4 Missouri 1812 M ~ 7.3 - 7.7 Fort Tejon 1857 M ~ 7.9 San Francisco 1906 M ~ 7.9 Guatemala 1976 M 7.5 Tangshan 1976 M 7.5 Nisqually 2001 M 6.7 GLOBAL BACKGROUND GLOBAL BACKGROUND SEISMICITY 1998 - 2009 SEISMICITY 1998 - 2009 This map shows global earthquakes of magnitude 4.0 and above for the 10-year period of 1998 – 2009. Some important and interesting historical earthquakes dating back to 1700 are also shown. These events are of note for their magnitude, their societal impact, or their scientific interest. Because earthquake catalogs are generally incomplete below magnitude 5.5 before 2000, it is not possible to show all the earthquakes below this magnitude. Areas with better seismic monitoring instrumentation have more complete catalogs for the magnitude range of 4.0 to 5.5. As a result, there are some areas in which more magnitude 4.0 to 5.5 earthquakes occurred than are seen on this map. For all the earthquakes below magnitude 9, the color of the earthquake indicates the depth of its hypocenter – where the earthquake rupture started. • Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries: Note that most earthquakes are clustered along the active plate boundaries seen in the previous two maps. Mid-ocean ridges generally have no earthquakes – the newly-formed crust in these ridges is too hot. The transform boundaries that connect the ridges have shallow and generally small earthquakes. Although there are some exceptions, the crust in these transform boundaries usually is thin and weak, and unable to build up the stress needed to produce large earthquakes. The largest and deepest earthquakes occur in convergent boundaries that also are subduction zones. The crust in subduction zones generally is very old, dense and cold, making it stiff and resistant to movement. This resistance allows great stresses to build up in the crust, leading to large earthquakes when the stress is released. Earthquakes also occur away from the plate boundaries, within the stable portion of plates, but often with much less frequency and lower magnitude. April 2009 NOTABLE HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES NOTABLE HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES Historical Earthquakes - Published by USGS National Earthquake Information Center Plate Boundary - Referenced from Bird, Peter (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries. (Orogen boundaries omitted.) Plate Convergence Vectors - Referenced from United States Geological Survey: Convergence data are shown by arrows describing direction and speed, relative to the plate across the boundary. Plate Divergence Vectors - Referenced from Digital Tectonic Activity Map: Divergence data are shown by double arrows describing direction and speed. World WorldSat Color Shaded Relief Image - Published by Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc Projection: Robinson (World) Produced by California Institute of Technology Tectonics Observatory • Pacific Ring of Fire: The most prominent band of earthquakes defines the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire starts on the west coast of South America, runs north along the continental coasts to Alaska, west along the Aleutian Islands to Russia, south along Japan and both sides of the Philippine Sea Plate, branches west into Indonesia and east towards Tonga and Fiji, and finally heads south to end in New Zealand. This ring of earthquakes is produced primarily by subduction of the Pacific Plate. Subduction also often produces volcanoes: the subducted crust is partially melted by the high temperatures inside the Earth, and the melted material rises back to the surface, erupting into volcanoes. Though not shown on this map, a majority of the Earth’s volcanoes are located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, giving it its name. As this map shows, smaller earthquakes occur in greater numbers than larger earthquakes. There are far more earthquakes of magnitude 4.0 to 6.9 than there are earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 and larger. As earthquake magnitude increases, the frequency of occurrence decreases: Global observation of earthquakes has shown that, on average, each year we can expect an estimated 1.3 million earthquakes of magnitude 2 – 2.9; 130,000 earthquakes of magnitude 3 – 3.9; 13,000 earthquakes of magnitude 4 – 4.9; 1319 earthquakes of magnitude 5 – 5.9; 134 earthquakes of magnitude 6 – 6.9; 17 earthquakes of magnitude 7 – 7.9; and only 1 earthquake of magnitude 8 and higher (source: USGS). Although more than 99% of the earthquakes which occur each year are magnitude 4.9 or smaller, these are the earthquakes which generally cause little or no damage. All of the global annual earthquake damage and destruction is caused by 0.1% of earthquakes. TRANSFORM CONVERGENCE DIVERGENCE PLATE BOUNDARY Converging Diverging Transform EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9 + 0 KM -735 KM EARTHQUAKE DEPTH
Transcript of Global Seismology lowres
SUNDAPLATE
CARIBBEANPLATE
COCOSPLATE
OKHOTSKPLATE
PHILIPPINESEA PLATE
AMURPLATE
CAROLINEPLATE
SCOTIAPLATE
YANGTZEPLATE
RIVERAPLATE
GALAPAGOSPLATE
JUAN DEFUCA PLATE
Nica
ragu
a
S O U T HP A C I F I CO C E A N
S O U T HA T L A N T I C
O C E A N
N O R T HA T L A N T I C
O C E A N
I N D I A NO C E A N
N O R T HP A C I F I CO C E A N
S O U T H E R N O C E A N
S O U T H E R N O C E A N
A R C T I C O C E A NA R C T I C O C E A N
ARABIAPLATE
120W
105W
125W
100W11
5W
110W
130W
135W
140W
145W
150W
155W
160W
95W
90W
165W
85W170W
80W175W 75W
180E-W 70W
65W
60W175E 55W170E 50W165E 45W160E 40W155E 35W150E 30W145E 25W140E 20W135E 15W130E 10W125E120E115E105E 110E100E 10E 15E5W 20E 25E 30E 35E95E 40E90E 45E85E 50E80E 55E75E 60E70E 65E5E0
85N
85S
80N
80S
75N
75S
70N
70S
65N
65S
60N
60S
55N
55S
50N
50S
45N
40N
45S
35N
40S
30N
35S
25N
20N
30S
15N
10N
25S
20S
15S
10S
5N
5S
0
85N
85S
80N
80S
75N
75S
70N
70S
65N
65S
60N
60S
55N
55S
50N
50S
45N
40N
45S
35N
40S
30N
35S
25N
20N
30S
15N
10N
25S
20S
15S
10S
5N
5S
0
Afghanistan1998M 6.6
India2001M 7.7
180E-W70E 65E
120W
105W
125W
100W
115W
110W
130W
135W
140W
145W
150W
155W
160W 95W
90W
165W 85W
170W 80W175W 75W
70W
65W
60W175E 55
W170E 50W
165E 45W160E 40W155E 35W150E 30W145E 25W140E 20W135E 15W130E 10W125E
120E115E105E 110E100E 10E 15E5W 20E 25E 30E 35E95E 40E90E 45E85E 50E80E 55E75E 60E5E0
Russia
Antarctica
China
Canada
Brazil
Australia
United States
India
Iran
Sudan
Greenland
Algeria
Argentina
Kazakhstan
Libya
Mexico
Mali
Peru
Chad
Niger
Mongolia
Egypt
Angola
Bolivia
Saudi Arabia
Ethiopia
Turkey
Nigeria
Colombia
Iraq
Pakistan
SouthAfrica
Spain
Namibia
Zambia
France
Mauritania
Ukraine
Venezuela
Kenya
Sweden
Somalia
Finland
Yemen
Botswana
Afghanistan
Poland
Thailand
Indonesia
Turkmenistan
Syria
Gabon
Belarus
Guinea
Chi
le
Italy
DemocraticRepublic
of the Congo
Mozambique
Norw
ay
Om
an
Morocco
Mad
agas
car
Laos
Germany
Uzbekistan
Cameroon
Paraguay
Japan
Zimbabwe
Myanmar(Burma)
Ghana
Romania
UnitedRepublic
of Tanzania
Uganda
Ecuador
Nepal
Guy
ana
Senegal
Coted'Ivoire Central
African Republic
Tunisia
Uruguay
Iceland
Malaysia
PapuaNew
Guinea
Kyrgyzstan
BurkinaFaso
Greece
Wes
tern
Saha
ra
Cambodia
UnitedKingdom
SerbiaBulgaria
Suri
nam
e
Austria
New
Zea
land
Latvia
Hungary
Liberia
Irel
and
Portugal
Philippines
Lithuania
Croatia
Estonia
Slovakia
SriLanka
CzechRepublic
SouthKorea
SierraLeone
FrenchGuiana
Taiwan
Belgium
NorthKorea
Peru2007M 8.0
Chile1995M 8.0
Iran2003M 6.6
Peru2001M 8.4
Iran1997M 7.3
Mexico1995M 8.1
China2008M 7.9
Japan2003M 8.3
China1996M 6.6
Japan1995M 6.9
Alaska2002M 7.9
Turkey1999M 7.6
Pakistan2005M 7.6
Sumatra2007M 8.5
Sumatra2005M 8.6
Sumatra2000M 7.9
Kamchatka1997M 7.8
Northridge1994M 6.7
Kuril Islands2006M 8.3
New Ireland Region2000M 8.0
Kuril Islands1994M 8.3
Taiwan1999M 7.7
Chile1960M 9.5
Kamchatka1952M 9.0
Cascadia1700M ~ 9
Alaska1964M 9.2
Sumatra2004
M ~ 9.2
Bolivia1994M 8.2
EURASIAPLATE
PACIFICPLATE
NAZCAPLATE
SOUTHAMERICAPLATE
NORTHAMERICAPLATE
EURASIAPLATE
AUSTRALIAPLATE
INDIAPLATE
SOMALIAPLATE
ANTARCTICAPLATE
NUBIAPLATE
Arkansas1811
M ~ 7.2 - 7.4
Missouri1812
M ~ 7.3 - 7.7Fort Tejon
1857M ~ 7.9
San Francisco1906
M ~ 7.9
Guatemala1976M 7.5
Tangshan1976M 7.5
Nisqually2001M 6.7
GLOBAL BACKGROUND GLOBAL BACKGROUND SEISMICITY 1998 - 2009SEISMICITY 1998 - 2009
This map shows global earthquakes of magnitude 4.0 and above for the 10-year period of 1998 – 2009. Some important and interesting historical earthquakes dating back to 1700 are also shown. These events are of note for their magnitude, their societal impact, or their scientific interest. Because earthquake catalogs are generally incomplete below magnitude 5.5 before 2000, it is not possible to show all the earthquakes below this magnitude. Areas with better seismic monitoring instrumentation have more complete catalogs for the magnitude range of 4.0 to 5.5. As a result, there are some areas in which more magnitude 4.0 to 5.5 earthquakes occurred than are seen on this map. For all the earthquakes below magnitude 9, the color of the earthquake indicates the depth of its hypocenter – where the earthquake rupture started.
• Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries: Note that most earthquakes are clustered along the active plate boundaries seen in the previous two maps. Mid-ocean ridges generally have no earthquakes – the newly-formed crust in these ridges is too hot. The transform boundaries that connect the ridges have shallow and generally small earthquakes. Although there are some exceptions, the crust in these transform boundaries usually is thin and weak, and unable to build up the stress needed to produce large earthquakes. The largest and deepest earthquakes occur in convergent boundaries that also are subduction zones. The crust in subduction zones generally is very old, dense and cold, making it stiff and resistant to movement. This resistance allows great stresses to build up in the crust, leading to large earthquakes when the stress is released. Earthquakes also occur away from the plate boundaries, within the stable portion of plates, but often with much less frequency and lower magnitude.
April 2009
NOTABLE HISTORIC EARTHQUAKESNOTABLE HISTORIC EARTHQUAKES
Historical Earthquakes - Published by USGS National Earthquake Information Center
Plate Boundary -Referenced from Bird, Peter (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries. (Orogen boundaries omitted.)
Plate Convergence Vectors - Referenced from United States Geological Survey:Convergence data are shown by arrows describing direction and speed, relative to the plate across the boundary.
Plate Divergence Vectors - Referenced from Digital Tectonic Activity Map: Divergence data are shown by double arrows describing direction and speed.
World WorldSat Color Shaded Relief Image - Published by Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc
Projection: Robinson (World)
Produced by California Institute of Technology Tectonics Observatory
• Pacific Ring of Fire: The most prominent band of earthquakes defines the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire starts on the west coast of South America, runs north along the continental coasts to Alaska, west along the Aleutian Islands to Russia, south along Japan and both sides of the Philippine Sea Plate, branches west into Indonesia and east towards Tonga and Fiji, and finally heads south to end in New Zealand. This ring of earthquakes is produced primarily by subduction of the Pacific Plate. Subduction also often produces volcanoes: the subducted crust is partially melted by the high temperatures inside the Earth, and the melted material rises back to the surface, erupting into volcanoes. Though not shown on this map, a majority of the Earth’s volcanoes are located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, giving it its name.
As this map shows, smaller earthquakes occur in greater numbers than larger earthquakes. There are far more earthquakes of magnitude 4.0 to 6.9 than there are earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 and larger. As earthquake magnitude increases, the frequency of occurrence decreases: Global observation of earthquakes has shown that, on average, each year we can expect an estimated 1.3 million earthquakes of magnitude 2 – 2.9; 130,000 earthquakes of magnitude 3 – 3.9; 13,000 earthquakes of magnitude 4 – 4.9; 1319 earthquakes of magnitude 5 – 5.9; 134 earthquakes of magnitude 6 – 6.9; 17 earthquakes of magnitude 7 – 7.9; and only 1 earthquake of magnitude 8 and higher (source: USGS). Although more than 99% of the earthquakes which occur each year are magnitude 4.9 or smaller, these are the earthquakes which generally cause little or no damage. All of the global annual earthquake damage and destruction is caused by 0.1% of earthquakes.
TRANSFORM
CONVERGENCE
DIVERGENCE
PLATE BOUNDARY
Converging
Diverging
Transform
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9 +
0 KM-735 KM
EARTHQUAKE DEPTH
