Unhan, 17 November Unhan, 17 November 20152015

Materi Hari Ini:Materi Hari Ini: KONSEP DASAR KEAMANANKONSEP DASAR KEAMANAN DIMENSI BARU STUDI KEAMANAN DIMENSI BARU STUDI KEAMANAN

GLOBAL (COMPREHENSIVE GLOBAL (COMPREHENSIVE SECURITY)SECURITY)

CRITICAL SECURITY STUDIESCRITICAL SECURITY STUDIES HUMAN SECURITYHUMAN SECURITY OPERASIONALISASINYA DALAM OPERASIONALISASINYA DALAM

HUBUNGAN SIPIL-MILITER (CIVIL-HUBUNGAN SIPIL-MILITER (CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS) PASCA MILITARY RELATIONS) PASCA PERANG IRAK 2003PERANG IRAK 2003

Bahan Bacaan:Bahan Bacaan: Barry BuzanBarry Buzan, , People, States and Fear - 2nd Edition: An People, States and Fear - 2nd Edition: An

Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post Cold War EraCold War Era (1991)(1991)

Paul D. Williams (Eds), Paul D. Williams (Eds), Security Studies: An Introduction,Security Studies: An Introduction, Routledge, 2008.Routledge, 2008.

Craig A. Snyder (Ed), Craig A. Snyder (Ed), Contemporary Security and Contemporary Security and Strategy, Strategy, The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1999.The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1999.

Alan Collins, Alan Collins, Security StudiesSecurity Studies, Oxford University Press, , Oxford University Press, 20072007

Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver & Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver & Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner, 1998; Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner, 1998;

Peter Hough, Understanding Global Security, Routledge, Peter Hough, Understanding Global Security, Routledge, 20042004

Conception of SecurityConception of Security Stephen Walt (1998) Stephen Walt (1998)

berpendapat bahwa studi berpendapat bahwa studi keamanan dapat keamanan dapat didefinisikan sebagai studi didefinisikan sebagai studi dari ancaman, dari ancaman, penggunaan dan kontrol penggunaan dan kontrol dari kekuatan militer.dari kekuatan militer.

Buzan berpendapat Buzan berpendapat bahwa ancaman dan bahwa ancaman dan kerentanan dapat datang kerentanan dapat datang dari berbagai sebab, baik dari berbagai sebab, baik militer maupun non-militer maupun non-militer.militer.

Ulman berpendapat Ulman berpendapat bahwa implikasi bahwa implikasi keamanan negara seperti keamanan negara seperti pada tekanan demografis pada tekanan demografis dan penipisan sumber dan penipisan sumber daya perlu diambil dan daya perlu diambil dan diperhatikan sama diperhatikan sama pentingnya bersamaan pentingnya bersamaan dengan ancaman militer dengan ancaman militer dari negara-negara lain.dari negara-negara lain.

Keamanan Internasional Keamanan Internasional TradisionalTradisional

(Buzan, Waever, Wilde, 1998:1-20):(Buzan, Waever, Wilde, 1998:1-20): Old military view:Old military view:

Kebutuhan akan keamanan teritorial negara dari Kebutuhan akan keamanan teritorial negara dari senjata nuklir/kimia/biologis di era Perang Dingin senjata nuklir/kimia/biologis di era Perang Dingin 1945-1991 serta pengendaliannya sebagai efek 1945-1991 serta pengendaliannya sebagai efek Arms Race/Arms DynamicArms Race/Arms Dynamic

State-centeredState-centered Negara sebagai Negara sebagai main referent objectmain referent object dalam dalam

pemikiran tradisionalpemikiran tradisional

Keamanan Internasional Keamanan Internasional TradisionalTradisional

The Important Elements of State The Important Elements of State Security:Security: Safety from Military harm (Deterrence, Limit Safety from Military harm (Deterrence, Limit

and Defeat) and Defeat) Autonomy (Survival)Autonomy (Survival) Development (Economic, Social, Education, Development (Economic, Social, Education,

Political Improvements)Political Improvements) RuleRule

PERTANYAAN KRITISPERTANYAAN KRITIS JIKA KEDAULATAN NEGARA AMAN JIKA KEDAULATAN NEGARA AMAN

DARI ANCAMAN, APAKAH ITU DARI ANCAMAN, APAKAH ITU BERARTI WARGA NEGARANYA BERARTI WARGA NEGARANYA MERASAKAN HAL YANG SERUPA?MERASAKAN HAL YANG SERUPA?

PERGESERAN ANCAMANPERGESERAN ANCAMAN

KONSEP KEAMANAN KONSEP KEAMANAN GLOBALGLOBAL

Comparison of Security Comparison of Security StudiesStudies

COPENHAGEN SCHOOL OF COPENHAGEN SCHOOL OF THOUGHTTHOUGHT Barry Buzan,Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: People, States and Fear:

an Agenda for International Security an Agenda for International Security Studies in The Post-Cold War EraStudies in The Post-Cold War Era. . Lynne RienneLynne Rienner, 1991r, 1991

Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver & Jaap de Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver & Jaap de Wilde, Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Security: A New Framework for AnalysisAnalysis,, Lynne Rienner, 1998 Lynne Rienner, 1998

Peter Hough, Peter Hough, Understanding Global Understanding Global SecuritySecurity, , Routledge, 2004Routledge, 2004

LLima ima DDimensi imensi UUtamatama Pergeseran Konsep KeamananPergeseran Konsep Keamanan

TThe origin of threatshe origin of threats: Ancaman Eksternal menjadi : Ancaman Eksternal menjadi Ancaman InternalAncaman Internal, perspektif Pluralisme, perspektif Pluralisme

TThe nature of threatshe nature of threats: Kompleksitas : Kompleksitas tingkat tingkat ancaman ancaman dan dan munculnya munculnya isuisu-isu -isu non militernon militer

CChanging responsehanging response: Aksi militer/kekerasan menjadi : Aksi militer/kekerasan menjadi pendekatan non militerpendekatan non militer

CChanging responsibility of securityhanging responsibility of security: State Centrism : State Centrism menjadi kerjasama internasionalmenjadi kerjasama internasional, peningkatan peran , peningkatan peran NGOs NGOs ((agenda utama: agenda utama: Human Security)Human Security)

CCore values of securityore values of security: Kedaulatan dan Integritas : Kedaulatan dan Integritas Teritorial menjadi prinsip dasar HAM, Kesejahteraan, Teritorial menjadi prinsip dasar HAM, Kesejahteraan, jaminan kesehatan dan keamanan lingkungan.jaminan kesehatan dan keamanan lingkungan.

The end of Cold War

Unipolar System

Democratic War

Clash of Civilization

War inAfghanistan

USA as hegemon

USA againts autocracies/non-democratic states

Western (democratic states) vs Islam

(autocracies states)

War inIraq

US againtsIran

TerrorismWMD

Nuclear Weapon

KEAMANAN GLOBAL

TRADISIONAL NON-TRADISIONAL

• Cold War Era• State Centrism• Political Sector• Military Sector• Strategic Studies• Realism• Neo-Realism• Liberalism• Marxism• Military Threat from Non-State Actors

• Post Cold War• Societal Sector• Economic Sector• Environmental Sector• Security Complex • Critical Security Theory• Post-Stucturalism• Non State Actor as Significant Actor

KEAMANAN GLOBAL

TRADISIONAL NON-TRADISIONAL

• Cold War Era• State Centrism• Political Sector• Military Sector• Strategic Studies• Realism• Neo-Realism• Liberalism• Marxism• Military Threat from Non-State Actors

• Post Cold War• Societal Sector• Economic Sector• Environmental Sector• Security Complex • Critical Security Theory• Post-Stucturalism• Non State Actor as Significant Actor

INSURGENCYTERRORISM

NATURAL DISASTER

Sector

Military

Political

Economic

Societal

Environmental

Hubungan Koersi kekuatan (forceful coercion)

Hubungan antara pembuat keputusan,status pemerintahan, dan

pengakuan

Hubungan antara perdagangan,produksi dan keuangan

Hubungan antara collective identity

Hubungan antara aktivitas manusia dan biosfer bumi

Perluasan Lingkup Keamanan ala Perluasan Lingkup Keamanan ala Copenhagen SchoolCopenhagen School (Comprehensive (Comprehensive Security)Security)

Units Analysis Political Sector

Economic Sector Societal Sector Environmental Sector

Threats and Vulnerabilities

Territory, state sovereignty, border, Ideology.

Mismanagement,Hutang, Access to Market and Supply, Ketergantungan Impor, Korupsi.

Migrasi,Kompetisi Horizontal,Kompetisi Vertikal,Populasi, Kesehatan

Lack of Natural Resources (i.e. air bersih, minyak) , Degradasi Lingkungan, Kondisi Geografis.

Securitizing Actors

Governments, Politicians, Military, Security Pact, IO

Governments, Politicians, Lobbyist, IMF, WTO, G-20, Non State Actors

Governments, Politicians, IO (i.e. WHO, UNFPA), Non State Actors

Governments, Politicians, IO (UNEP), Non-State Actors

Referent Objects

Legitimasi internal unit politik, ideologi, konstitusi negara, legitimasi eksternal

State’s welfare, GDP, Supply,Market access, Finance-credit, Techno-industrial capability, Industri Maju.

Bahasa, budaya asli, agama, identitas asli, adat-istiadat nasional.

Kelangsungan hidup spesies makhluk hidup/ jenis-jenis habitatnya (hutan, danau, laut), pemeliharaan iklim, ekosistem dan biospfer.

CONSTRUCTIVISM IN CONSTRUCTIVISM IN GLOBAL SECURITYGLOBAL SECURITY

ALEXANDER WENDT, KEITH KRAUSE:ALEXANDER WENDT, KEITH KRAUSE: KEAMANAN BUKANLAH SESUATU YG KEAMANAN BUKANLAH SESUATU YG

GIVEN GIVEN (ARGUMENTASI POST (ARGUMENTASI POST POSITIVIST)POSITIVIST)

KEAMANAN MERUPAKAN KONSTRUKSI KEAMANAN MERUPAKAN KONSTRUKSI SOSIAL-POLITIK YANG DIBANGUN PADA SOSIAL-POLITIK YANG DIBANGUN PADA TEMPAT DAN WAKTU TERTENTUTEMPAT DAN WAKTU TERTENTU

SEKURITISASI DIBANGUN MELALUI SEKURITISASI DIBANGUN MELALUI SEBUAH PROSES KONSTRUKTIVISTSEBUAH PROSES KONSTRUKTIVIST

EMERGING CRITICAL EMERGING CRITICAL SECURITY STUDIESSECURITY STUDIES

COPENHAGEN SCHOOL (BUZAN, WAEVER, COPENHAGEN SCHOOL (BUZAN, WAEVER, WILDE) :WILDE) : 5 SECTOR IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY 5 SECTOR IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

MILITARYMILITARY ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICECONOMIC SOCIETAL SOCIETAL POLITICALPOLITICAL

SECURITIZATIONSECURITIZATION SECURITY COMPLEX THEORYSECURITY COMPLEX THEORY

ADOPSI CRITICAL THEORY OF IR KE ADOPSI CRITICAL THEORY OF IR KE DALAM CRITICAL SECURITY DALAM CRITICAL SECURITY STUDIESSTUDIES

CRITICAL THEORY CRITICAL THEORY OF IR (Frankfurt, 1937)OF IR (Frankfurt, 1937)

ANTI HEGEMONIANTI HEGEMONI NEO MARXISTNEO MARXIST PROBLEM SOLVINGPROBLEM SOLVING EMANSIPATORISEMANSIPATORIS MENOLAK ANGGAPAN MENOLAK ANGGAPAN

TEORI YG BEBAS NILAITEORI YG BEBAS NILAI THEORY IS ALWAYS FOR THEORY IS ALWAYS FOR

SOMEONE AND FOR SOMEONE AND FOR SOME PURPOSESSOME PURPOSES

TOKOH: JURGEN TOKOH: JURGEN HABERMAS, MAX HABERMAS, MAX HOKSHEIMER, ROBERT HOKSHEIMER, ROBERT COXCOX

CRITICAL SECURITY CRITICAL SECURITY STUDIES(Toronto, 1994)STUDIES(Toronto, 1994)

MENOLAK ANGGAPAN MENOLAK ANGGAPAN LAMA MENGENAI LAMA MENGENAI KEAMANAN MANUSIA KEAMANAN MANUSIA BERGANTUNG KEPADA BERGANTUNG KEPADA KEAMANAN NEGARA (i.e. KEAMANAN NEGARA (i.e. Kurdi, Myanmar)Kurdi, Myanmar)

KEAMANAN TRADISIONAL KEAMANAN TRADISIONAL HANYA MELINDUNGI HANYA MELINDUNGI HEGEMONI NEGARA MAJUHEGEMONI NEGARA MAJU

STATE SECURITY TO STATE SECURITY TO HUMAN SECURITY (i.e. HUMAN SECURITY (i.e. Responsible to Protect, R2P Responsible to Protect, R2P Principle in UN 2005 Summit)Principle in UN 2005 Summit)

TOKOH: TOKOH: KEITH KRAUSE KEITH KRAUSE DAN MICHAEL C. WILLIAMS, DAN MICHAEL C. WILLIAMS, KEN BOOTH, RICHARD WYN KEN BOOTH, RICHARD WYN JONES.JONES.

CRITICAL SECURITY CRITICAL SECURITY STUDIESSTUDIES

KEN BOOTH, RICHARD WYN JONES:KEN BOOTH, RICHARD WYN JONES: SEMUA PENGETAHUAN MERUPAKAN HASIL DARI SEMUA PENGETAHUAN MERUPAKAN HASIL DARI

PROSES SOSIAL-POLITIKPROSES SOSIAL-POLITIK CRITICAL SECURITY THEORY HARUS MENEMUKAN CRITICAL SECURITY THEORY HARUS MENEMUKAN

KEPENTINGAN POLITIK DI BALIK PENGETAHUAN KEPENTINGAN POLITIK DI BALIK PENGETAHUAN TERSEBUTTERSEBUT

CRITICAL SECURITY THEORY HARUS MAMPU CRITICAL SECURITY THEORY HARUS MAMPU MENGAKOMODASI KEPENTINGAN-KEPENTINGAN MENGAKOMODASI KEPENTINGAN-KEPENTINGAN NEGARA YANG TERMARJINALKAN DAN AKTOR NON NEGARA YANG TERMARJINALKAN DAN AKTOR NON NEGARA AGAR TERBEBAS DARI ANCAMAN DAN NEGARA AGAR TERBEBAS DARI ANCAMAN DAN KERENTANANKERENTANAN

TUJUANNYA ADALAH UNTUK MENGHASILKAN TUJUANNYA ADALAH UNTUK MENGHASILKAN PERUBAHAN SOSIAL YANG LEBIH EMANSIPATORIS PERUBAHAN SOSIAL YANG LEBIH EMANSIPATORIS

PADA AKHIRNYA, DIHARAPKAN TUJUAN KEAMANAN PADA AKHIRNYA, DIHARAPKAN TUJUAN KEAMANAN GLOBAL DAPAT TERWUJUDGLOBAL DAPAT TERWUJUD

CRITICAL SECURITY CRITICAL SECURITY STUDIESSTUDIES

Kritik Dasar atas pemahaman keamanan Kritik Dasar atas pemahaman keamanan tradisional:tradisional: Negara memonopoli kekerasan (Power Politics)Negara memonopoli kekerasan (Power Politics) Mengistimewakan posisi negara sebagai satu-Mengistimewakan posisi negara sebagai satu-

satunya referent object of securitysatunya referent object of security Menyempitkan perspektif studi keamanan Menyempitkan perspektif studi keamanan

internasional internasional Mengabaikan ancaman-ancaman non-militerMengabaikan ancaman-ancaman non-militer Tidak diterimanya kebijakan-kebijakan Pemerintah Tidak diterimanya kebijakan-kebijakan Pemerintah

atas nama keamanan nasional (ct. ISA, USA Patriot atas nama keamanan nasional (ct. ISA, USA Patriot Act)Act)

TORONTO DESIRES: CRITICAL TORONTO DESIRES: CRITICAL SECURITY STUDIESSECURITY STUDIES

Conference in Toronto in 1994Conference in Toronto in 1994 Negara tidak lagi dapat melindungi warga Negara tidak lagi dapat melindungi warga

negaranya (state as source of Threat)negaranya (state as source of Threat) Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams:Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams:

Who or what is to be secured?Who or what is to be secured? Individual within the states / Human SecurityIndividual within the states / Human Security Stateless peopleStateless people Individual Security as the foundation of Critical Security Studies Individual Security as the foundation of Critical Security Studies

(Human Security)(Human Security) Emansipatoris Kepentingan Human Security sebagai level of Emansipatoris Kepentingan Human Security sebagai level of

analysis terendah yang paling rentan terhadap ancamananalysis terendah yang paling rentan terhadap ancaman

CASE STUDY: CASE STUDY: IRAQ WAR 2003IRAQ WAR 2003

Problem in Iraq War 2003Problem in Iraq War 2003

Post War Problem in Iraq 2003: Post War Problem in Iraq 2003: Gap between the transitional Gap between the transitional government and its peoplegovernment and its people

Government

People

Illegitimacy ↓Trust in good governance↓

(Political) entrepreneurs

Inable to provide security ↓Inable to provide basic services↓

Internal factors leading Internal factors leading to instabilityto instability

1. Diverse ethnic constellation, no unity2. Disconnect between formal and

informal governance structures3. Limited legitimacy of the state &

government4. Poor governance and corruption5. Narcotics industry6. Social exclusion7. Conflicts over access to natural

resources: land and water8. Poverty

Invention: New Invention: New ‘Complex’ Peace Support ‘Complex’ Peace Support OperationsOperations

Interstate/Intra-state conflicts (2011: Interstate/Intra-state conflicts (2011: 00/15)00/15)

Broad mandateBroad mandate Intervening in domestic affairsIntervening in domestic affairs Art. 39 and 42 (Chpt. VII) UN CharterArt. 39 and 42 (Chpt. VII) UN Charter ‘‘Robust’ armed peacekeeping forceRobust’ armed peacekeeping force Asymmetric threatsAsymmetric threats ‘‘Outscourcing’ by UN to international Outscourcing’ by UN to international

organization (NATO, EU) or coalition organization (NATO, EU) or coalition (‘lead nation’)(‘lead nation’)

Nation-buildingNation-building Cooperation between peacekeeping Cooperation between peacekeeping

force and international organizations, force and international organizations, NGO’s etc. (CIMIC)NGO’s etc. (CIMIC)

NAVY

ARMY

AIR FORCE

NAVY

ARMY

AIR FORCE

NAVY

ARMY

AIR FORCE

GOs

jointarmed forces

NGOs

IOsGOs IOs

NGOs

past nowadays future

deconflicting co-ordination integration coherence

shared objective

Increasing co-operation/integration of the armed services

Intervention

Reconstruction Rebuilding

TIME

INTE

NS I

TYPhases and players in a conflict

International Military International Civil National/Local bodies

CIMICCIMIC

SSR/DDRSSR/DDR

SSR, SSDSSR, SSD

Political Dimension(political control over Security apparatus)

Economical Dimension(allocation of finance forSecurity related sectors)

Institutional Dimension(functioning of civil and Judicial services)

Social Dimension(Physical securityfor all citizens)Balancing of military,

developmental, judicialand political tools and knowledge No strictly military solution!

Konsep 3D dalam Konsep 3D dalam Keamanan Keamanan InternasionalInternasional

Local authoritiesProvincial authoritiesNational authoritiesNational / International NGOsUN Agencies

Comprehensive Approach

Ministry of JusticeMinistry of the InteriorMinistry of EconomicsMinistry of FinanceMinistry of AgricultureMinistry of Education

Interagency Approach

Whole of government Approach

3D strategyMinistry of DefenseMinistry of DevelopmentMinistry of Foreign Affairs

Civil:Civil: Focused on needsFocused on needs No necessarily specific No necessarily specific

lines of authority lines of authority Long term perspective → Long term perspective →

Longer stay in theatreLonger stay in theatre Goals and tasks not Goals and tasks not

necessarily specificnecessarily specific Perceived neutrality is Perceived neutrality is

vitalvital

Military:Military: Focused on securityFocused on security Respect for hierarchy Respect for hierarchy

and lines of commandand lines of command Short time assignments Short time assignments

→ Shorter stay in theatre → Shorter stay in theatre Focused on mandates Focused on mandates

and targetsand targets In support of a legitimate In support of a legitimate

government government

Different perspectivesDifferent perspectives

Different perspectivesDifferent perspectivesThere are the necessary difficulties There are the necessary difficulties

concerning civil-military cooperation, but concerning civil-military cooperation, but the potential benefits of further integration the potential benefits of further integration

of efforts far outweigh the difficulties.of efforts far outweigh the difficulties.

The population is our common ground The population is our common ground therefore we need to be aware that it is therefore we need to be aware that it is

not about us but its about them.not about us but its about them.

Effects and challenges Effects and challenges within the Dutch 3D within the Dutch 3D conceptconcept

Step up public Step up public diplomacydiplomacy

Engage in conflict Engage in conflict preventionprevention

Integrate planningIntegrate planning Exchange lessons Exchange lessons

learnedlearned Strive for Strive for

complementarity complementarity between international between international organizationsorganizations

Agree on strategyAgree on strategy Avoid stovepipesAvoid stovepipes Be as civilian as Be as civilian as

possible and as possible and as military as military as necessarynecessary

Diversify civilian Diversify civilian inputinput

Strive for flexibility Strive for flexibility regarding personnelregarding personnel

Ingredients of 3D approach to Ingredients of 3D approach to stabilization stabilization

1. Three lines of intervention with specific responsibilities

2. A people centered approach

3. Development and governance programs not linked to the

military presence

4. Social outreach to all key leaders

5. Focus on socially excluded groups and internally divided

communities

6. Limited visibility of the (outside) donor

7. Long term structural development projects instead of short

term horizon

8. Leave mandate to civilian specialized organizations asap

Dutch Policy Dutch Policy Framework Civil Framework Civil Military CooperationMilitary Cooperation

““As civilian as possible, as As civilian as possible, as military as necessary” military as necessary”

Objectives:Objectives:

Force protectionForce protection Force acceptanceForce acceptance Signal functionSignal function (Limited) contribution to (Limited) contribution to

reconstructionreconstruction

From CIMIC to From CIMIC to DevelopmentDevelopment

Military lead

Short term, visible results

Small community based projects

Fullfilling urgent needs

Set conditions for development programmes

Civil leadGoA, donors, NGOs

Aimed at more structural needs

Structural programmes- Afghan ownership- Capacity building

Force acceptance Long-term solutions

CIMICCIMIC DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT

Dutch marines: gaining the hearts Dutch marines: gaining the hearts and minds of the populationand minds of the population

A Dutch female platoonA Dutch female platoon

KesimpulanKesimpulan

ANY QUESTIONS?ANY QUESTIONS?