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![Page 1: Global Positioning System. What is GPS? A worldwide radio wave-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24+ satellites and their ground stations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92429/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Global Positioning
System
Global Positioning
System
![Page 2: Global Positioning System. What is GPS? A worldwide radio wave-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24+ satellites and their ground stations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92429/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is GPS?What is GPS?
• A worldwide radio wave-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24+ satellites and their ground stations
• GPS uses these “man-made stars” as reference points to calculate positions accurate to a matter of meters
• A worldwide radio wave-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24+ satellites and their ground stations
• GPS uses these “man-made stars” as reference points to calculate positions accurate to a matter of meters
![Page 3: Global Positioning System. What is GPS? A worldwide radio wave-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24+ satellites and their ground stations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92429/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GPS ConstellationGPS Constellation
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Who Developed GPS?Who Developed GPS?
• U.S. Department of Defense spent $12 billion to create a super precise form of worldwide positioning
• In the late days of the arms race, the U.S. military needed to be able to take out Russia’s missile system
• That ability profoundly affected the balance of power
• U.S. Department of Defense spent $12 billion to create a super precise form of worldwide positioning
• In the late days of the arms race, the U.S. military needed to be able to take out Russia’s missile system
• That ability profoundly affected the balance of power
![Page 5: Global Positioning System. What is GPS? A worldwide radio wave-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24+ satellites and their ground stations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92429/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pre – GPSPre – GPS• Sputnik launched in 1957 by Russia
• Scientists at MIT learned they could track Sputnik’s orbit by listening to changes in its radio frequency as it came nearer or moved further away
• First step in recognizing a location on earth could be determined using radio signals from the satellite
• Sputnik launched in 1957 by Russia
• Scientists at MIT learned they could track Sputnik’s orbit by listening to changes in its radio frequency as it came nearer or moved further away
• First step in recognizing a location on earth could be determined using radio signals from the satellite
![Page 6: Global Positioning System. What is GPS? A worldwide radio wave-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24+ satellites and their ground stations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92429/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
United State’s GPSUnited State’s GPS• NAVSTAR – the official name of the
U.S. Global Positioning System
• First deployed satellites in the 1970s
• The satellite completing NAVSTAR was deployed in the 1990s
• NAVSTAR – the official name of the U.S. Global Positioning System
• First deployed satellites in the 1970s
• The satellite completing NAVSTAR was deployed in the 1990s
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NAVSTAR SatelliteNAVSTAR Satellite
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Land vs. SeaLand vs. Sea
• Russia’s nuclear system was on land• U.S. nuclear arsenal was largely at sea
on submarines• For precise targeting, a system must
have accurate launching coordinates as well as precise target coordinates
• A submarine must surface and accurately fix its exact position quickly using GPS
• Russia’s nuclear system was on land• U.S. nuclear arsenal was largely at sea
on submarines• For precise targeting, a system must
have accurate launching coordinates as well as precise target coordinates
• A submarine must surface and accurately fix its exact position quickly using GPS
![Page 9: Global Positioning System. What is GPS? A worldwide radio wave-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24+ satellites and their ground stations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92429/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
GPS SignalsGPS Signals
• Originally for military purposes• The U.S. government/military could
“fuzz” the signals which weakened the signal making it less accurate
• Could also completely disable the signals to the public (& other countries!) through encryption
• Originally for military purposes• The U.S. government/military could
“fuzz” the signals which weakened the signal making it less accurate
• Could also completely disable the signals to the public (& other countries!) through encryption
![Page 10: Global Positioning System. What is GPS? A worldwide radio wave-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24+ satellites and their ground stations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/5697bf9a1a28abf838c92429/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ground Control SegmentsGround Control Segments
• Also known as Control Segments• Check both the operational health and
exact position of satellite in space• Transmit corrections • Five Ground Control Segments: Hawaii,
Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Kwajalein, and Colorado Springs
• Also known as Control Segments• Check both the operational health and
exact position of satellite in space• Transmit corrections • Five Ground Control Segments: Hawaii,
Ascension Island, Diego Garcia, Kwajalein, and Colorado Springs
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Land Control SegmentsLand Control Segments
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How Does GPS WorkHow Does GPS Work
• Satellites broadcast radio signals to Earth with information about their location and the exact time the signal was transmitted (each satellite carries an atomic clock).
• Satellites broadcast radio signals to Earth with information about their location and the exact time the signal was transmitted (each satellite carries an atomic clock).
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How it Works, continuedHow it Works, continued
• By calculating the difference between radio signals received from four or more satellites(originally used 3 for triangulation), GPS receivers on the ground can determine their own location (latitude/longitude), and elevation with great accuracy.
• By calculating the difference between radio signals received from four or more satellites(originally used 3 for triangulation), GPS receivers on the ground can determine their own location (latitude/longitude), and elevation with great accuracy.
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Civilian DemandCivilian Demand
• Civilian demand for GPS products surged in 2000 when military stopped “fuzzing” signals
• Overnight, navigation devices became 10 times more accurate
• Civilian demand for GPS products surged in 2000 when military stopped “fuzzing” signals
• Overnight, navigation devices became 10 times more accurate
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Civilian UsesCivilian Uses
• Fishing to freight to fleet tracking• Navigation (cars, train, boats, planes)• ONSTAR, emergency vehicles • In phones, wristwatches & dog collars • Geocaching – 800,000 active
"caches”• Construction, moviemaking, farming
equipment
• Fishing to freight to fleet tracking• Navigation (cars, train, boats, planes)• ONSTAR, emergency vehicles • In phones, wristwatches & dog collars • Geocaching – 800,000 active
"caches”• Construction, moviemaking, farming
equipment
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Scientific UseScientific Use• Meteorologists gauge wind speed
and other variables• Zoologists track endangered species • Geologists study earthquakes• Technicians synchronize computer
networks for power grids to financial networks
• Meteorologists gauge wind speed and other variables
• Zoologists track endangered species • Geologists study earthquakes• Technicians synchronize computer
networks for power grids to financial networks
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Effects on EconomyEffects on Economy• GPS receivers have been
miniaturized to just a few integrated circuits, thus cheaper
• Worldwide GPS market will total $75 billion by 2013
• 100,000 jobs
• GPS receivers have been miniaturized to just a few integrated circuits, thus cheaper
• Worldwide GPS market will total $75 billion by 2013
• 100,000 jobs
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Updating NAVSTARUpdating NAVSTAR
• Satellites are regularly replaced as they age and fail
• As of 2009 there are currently more than 30 in space
• Extras used as spares and backups• Updating signals/frequencies to
work with other systems
• Satellites are regularly replaced as they age and fail
• As of 2009 there are currently more than 30 in space
• Extras used as spares and backups• Updating signals/frequencies to
work with other systems
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Russia’s GLONASSRussia’s GLONASS• First satellite deployed in 1970s• Operational in the 1990s• 21 satellites originally + 2 from India• Can disable use by others through
encryptions • All ground control segments are
located within the former Soviet Union
• First satellite deployed in 1970s• Operational in the 1990s• 21 satellites originally + 2 from India• Can disable use by others through
encryptions • All ground control segments are
located within the former Soviet Union
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Europe’s GNSSEurope’s GNSS• Galileo should be operational
sometime between 2010-2013• Full precision for military and
civilian use• Will have 30 satellites• Bases in Germany and Italy
• Galileo should be operational sometime between 2010-2013
• Full precision for military and civilian use
• Will have 30 satellites• Bases in Germany and Italy
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Galileo goes InternationalGalileo goes International• Created by European Union(27 members)
• China, Israel, Ukraine, Morocco, South Korea, Norway joined efforts with Galileo
• Neutral technology available to everyone
• Created by European Union(27 members)
• China, Israel, Ukraine, Morocco, South Korea, Norway joined efforts with Galileo
• Neutral technology available to everyone
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Galileo’s ServicesGalileo’s Services
• Open Service – free• Commercial Service – more
accuracy, encrypted, available for a fee
• Public Regulated Service – law enforcement, military, security
• Safety of Life Service – safety/critical transport, air traffic control
• Open Service – free• Commercial Service – more
accuracy, encrypted, available for a fee
• Public Regulated Service – law enforcement, military, security
• Safety of Life Service – safety/critical transport, air traffic control
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U.S. ConcernsU.S. Concerns• Initial frequency chosen for Galileo
made it impossible to block without interfering with NAVSTAR
• Galileo agreed to use a different frequency allowing NAVSTAR to be jammed for national security
• NAVSTAR in conjunction with GALILEO is very accurate
• Initial frequency chosen for Galileo made it impossible to block without interfering with NAVSTAR
• Galileo agreed to use a different frequency allowing NAVSTAR to be jammed for national security
• NAVSTAR in conjunction with GALILEO is very accurate
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WebsitesWebsites• http://web.haystack.mit.edu/pcr/wheream
i/documents/gpstutorial.htm
• http://www.trimble.com/gps/index.html
• http://science.nasa.gov/Realtime/jtrack/3d/JTrack3D.html
• http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml
• http://web.haystack.mit.edu/pcr/whereami/documents/gpstutorial.htm
• http://www.trimble.com/gps/index.html
• http://science.nasa.gov/Realtime/jtrack/3d/JTrack3D.html
• http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml