Global ocean governance and the challenge of Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in Japan and...
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Temple University conference, 17 December 2010Yves Henocque, OPRF Visiting Fellow
Global ocean governance and the challenge of
Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management in Japan
and some other countries
WE HAVE GLOBAL PROBLEMS
An environmental crisis, especially associated with global warming
One of the worst financial, economicand social crisis in post-war history
Should the answer be global or local ?
PLANET EARTH / PLANET OCEAN
We live on Planet Earth, i.e. 30% of the planet
The remaining 70% is covered by waterPlanet Ocean
of which 70% is an abyss averaging 4,000m.below the sea surface (max: 10,924m.)
99% of Earth’s biosphere is in/under marine waters (5% of the ocean explored as of today)
A sea of international agreements and main concepts1982. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea is adopted….. Ratified in 1994
Territorial waters – Exclusive Economic Zone – International waters
1987. Our Common Future (Brundtland Report).Report from the World Commission on Environment and Development linking social, economical, cultural and environmental issues for tackling with global solutions.
Sustainable Development1988. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is establishedCollecting, integrating, assessing and predicting using the most recent information from scientific, technical and socio-economical research.
Climate change – Mitigation/Adaptation
1992. Earth Summit. UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro. Agreements about the Agenda 21 action plan and the Convention on Biodiversity, the frameworkConvention on Climate Change and Principles on forest conservation.
Integrated Coastal Management – Ecosystem-Based Management
1995. UN Fish Stocks Agreement. Mandated the uses of the precautionary approach and an ecosystem-based approach to conservation and management
Ecosystem approach to fisheries
2005. Report from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Logical framework linking pressures to the state of ecosystemic services and human well-being, for a global assessment of ecosystems state andscenarios on future evolution.
Ecosystemic Services – Human Well-being
Exclusive Economic Zone
United States: 11.3 M Km² Russia: 7.5 M Km²France: 11 M Km² Canada: 5.5 M Km²Australia: 8.1 Km² Japan: 4.4 M Km²
Legal and institutional aspects
Japan’s EEZ: 4.47 million km²
: 11.03 million km²
European Marine Ecoregions
A- Groenland /Iceland SeaB- Barents SeaC- Feroe islandsD- Norvegian SeaE- Celtic SeasF- North SeaG- South AtlanticH- Western MediterraneanI- Adriatic/Aegean SeaJ- Aegean-Levantine SeaK- North-East Atlantic Ocean
CBD COP-10, Nagoya, 18-29 October 2010
Marine Living Planet Index:Overall declinein abundance,
diversity,and distribution of
marine species
Tracking Ancient-Past-Present EcosystemsArchaeology – Travellers’ accounts - Archival records Traditional (TEK) and local (LEK) ecological knowledge Scientific data including DNA diversity analysis
(From Pitcher and Lam, 2010)
NON-LINEAR
UNSTABLE
WITHTHRESHOLDS
FUNDAMENTALLY A SYSTEM WHICH IS
A Sea of uncoordinated initiatives
UNCED Agenda 21Chapter 17: Integrated coastal and marine management
Chapter 15: Conservation of Biological Diversity
Chapter 18:Protection of Quality and Supply of Freshwater
ICM
EBM
IWRM
What is it ?Integrated Coastal Management
Promote the people, while trying to preserve the place
Biodiversity conservationPreserve the place,
while engaging the people
In which context ?
Social-Ecological system and its interconnections
Drivers of change Coastal ecosystemsEx: Bay, Estuary…
Large marine ecosystemsEx: the Seto Inland Sea
EcosystemServices
Benefits (Human Well-being)
PROVISIONINGFood, water, fibres, combustibles, genes
REGULATIONClimate, water, disease
CULTURALSpiritual, education,
recreation
SUPPORTINGPhotosynthesis, soil
constitution, Nutrients cycle
Indirect pressures•Demography•Economics (globalisation,market, commerce)
•Socio-political •Scientific & technological•Cultural (consumers’ choice)
Direct pressures•Land-use management•Introduction or elimination of species•Use and adaptation totechnology•Use of resources•Climate change
Coastal and ocean stakeholders
Civil society(Consumers)
« Knowledge »communities
Institutions(G-PS-CV)
USERS
GOVERNANCE
Integrated ecosystem-based management practices
BIODIVERSITY
Environmentalprocesses
hydrology
Material fluxes
Nutrients fluxes
Energy
NGOs
Gover
nmen
t
Dynamic of scales
The problem of the coast and the ocean is a problem of human behaviour
It must be tackled at a multi-scale level, both ways:
from global to local and vice versa
It is a problem of governance, i.e. the way decisions are made while generating a
sense of ownership
Restoring the ecosystem resilience through multi-scale governance processes
Intergovernmental organisations(UN, sector-led organisations)
Transnational networks(Governments: G8, G20 / Civil society: NGOs…)
Regional seas conventions
National Maritime Policies
Local implementation
Polic
ies
/Str
ateg
ies
Gov
erna
nce
mec
hani
sms
Inter-sectoral application
Cross-cutting application
Sharedinstruments
Knowledge
Monitoring
Evaluation
Funding
Multi-scale application
Nested approachAdministrative boundariesSense of place
Environment (risks, biodiversity, pollution…), international activities, research andinnovation, security and defense, etc.
Uses of mineral, energy, biological resources ; maritime transport, tourism…
The making of an integrated maritime policy
Integratedcoastal
management
Integrated water resources management
Integrated regional seasand ocean management
An issue about cultural values
South Pacific societies: a kinship feeling with ecosystem elements
GOVERNANCE ?
Governance gives the framework in which management operates
WHAT ABOUT JAPAN ?
Japan: some maritime features Japan: some maritime features
○ Terrestrial superficy378.000 km2
(61st in the world)
○ EEZ superficy4,47 Million km2
(6th in the world)
○ Number of islands6.847 islands
○ Coastline length35.000 km
○ Terrestrial superficy378.000 km2
(61st in the world)
○ EEZ superficy4,47 Million km2
(6th in the world)
○ Number of islands6.847 islands
○ Coastline length35.000 km
○ Dependency on maritime transportfor commerce
more than 99%
○ Shipbuilding (annual)19 Million tons( 2008, 2nd in the world)~27.6% of the world production
○ Number of Ports (commerce, fisheries3.914
○ Annual production of fisheries and aquaculture 5,72 Million tons
( 2007, 5th in the world)
○ Dependency on maritime transportfor commerce
more than 99%
○ Shipbuilding (annual)19 Million tons( 2008, 2nd in the world)~27.6% of the world production
○ Number of Ports (commerce, fisheries3.914
○ Annual production of fisheries and aquaculture 5,72 Million tons
( 2007, 5th in the world)
JAPAN MARITIME POLICY
Basic Ocean Act (2007)Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (2008)
12 measures:Development and use of marine resourcesPreservation of marine environmentDevelopment of EEZ and continental shelfSecuring maritime transportSecuring safety and security at seaMarine surveysR&D in marine science and technologyInternational competitiveness of industryIntegrated management of coastal zonesPreservation of islandsInternational coordination and cooperationCitizen’s awareness and education
POLICY GOALS BASED ON HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION
Sato-yama, somewhere in Japan Sato-yama, somewhere in Europe
Sato-umi, somewhere in Japan Sato-umi, somewhere in Europe
Relationship with nature
Fundamentally different from the western perceptionMan and nature: external relationshipMan with nature: internal relationship
A definition of Sato-umi:A coastal zone where the livelihoods of human beingsAnd the blessings of nature harmoniously coexist withcoastal area ecosystems
Sea farming in Okayama Prefecture
Zoned’immersion
Zone degrossissement
Equipement acoustiquepour l’alimentation
Habitats pourgrossissement
Habitats pourpoissons matures
Habitats pourgéniteurs
FISHING RIGHTS
a unique systemallocating the resources and the space
to Prefectures and Fisheries Cooperatives
Fishing rights = environmental duties
Keeping the system working
An issue about change of behaviour
MPA types and numbers in JapanBottom-up / Top down
YaeyamaIslands,Okinawa
- Total: 1,161 MPAs
Including more than 1,000 implemented in conjunction with fishery Regulations (legal or self-imposed no-take zones)
National scale (EEZ)
Marine Ecoregions?Engagement ofPrefectures
Local scale(municipalities)
Maritime policy: a matter of ownershipa matter of networksa matter of scalea matter of nested governance
In the last 40 or 50 years,the economy was dominant.In the next 20 or 30 years, social issues will be dominant.Peter F. Drucker (2000)
THANK YOU !www.sof.or.jp