Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Paul Lisowski GNEP Deputy Program Manager and Deputy Assistant...

Global Nuclear Energy Partnership

Paul LisowskiGNEP Deputy Program Manager and Deputy Assistant Secretary for Fuel Cycle ManagementOffice of Nuclear EnergyU.S. Department of Energy

National Governor’s AssociationFederal Facilities Task Force, Augusta, GAMay 23, 2007

May 23, 2007 Federal Facilities Task Force Meeting 2

Outline

Global Energy Demand and GNEP

What is GNEP?

GNEP

GNEP

Approach


Why do we need a Global Partnership?

Rising Energy Demand

– World energy consumption is projected to increase by 71% (2003-2030)

– U.S. electricity consumption is projected to increase by 40% (2004-2025)

Environmental Concerns

– Climate change

– High Level Waste/Spent Nuclear Fuel disposal

Proliferation Concerns

– Accumulation of plutonium

– Terrorists, rogue states

Source: "Life-Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Systems and Applications for Climate Change Policy Analysis," Paul J. Meier, University of Wisconsin-Madison, August, 2002.


Source: Pasternak, “Global Energy Futures and Human Development: A Framework for Analysis”

Human Development Index:Life expectancyEducationGDP

80% of population is below 0.8 HDI

Electricity and Economic Development go Hand in Hand

Annual per Capita Electricity Use (kWh)

Hu

ma

n D

eve

lop

men

t In

de

x


Electricity Consumption is Primarily Concentrated in a Few Nation States

Electricity consumption per country in million kWh, (CIA factbook, April 2006)

https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/rankorder/2042rank.html

https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/rankorder/2042rank.html


There is a Great Opportunity for Civil Nuclear Energy to Make a Difference

Wikimedia®


Outline


What is GNEP?

GNEP

GNEP

Approach


GNEP is a Strategy to Support Civilian Nuclear Power Expansion Worldwide

Expand use of nuclear power

Minimize nuclear waste

Develop and deploy recycle technology

Develop and deploy advanced recycle reactors

Establish reliable fuel services

Support grid-appropriate exportable reactors

Enhance nuclear safeguards technology

The goal of the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) is the expansion of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes worldwide in a safe and secure manner that supports clean development without air pollution or greenhouse gases, while reducing the risk of nuclear proliferation. - GNEP Statement of Principles


Outline


What is GNEP?

GNEP

GNEP

Approach


Key International Elements of GNEP Augment and Support Nonproliferation Efforts

Establish supply arrangements among nations for reliable fuel services to avoid the need for enrichment and reprocessing technologies.

Develop, demonstrate, and deploy advanced, proliferation resistant nuclear power reactors

Develop, in cooperation with the IAEA, enhanced nuclear safeguards

Over time, promote ending separation of plutonium, eventually eliminating excess stocks of civilian plutonium


GNEP International Engagement Pathways

Policy Engagement– Establish bilateral and multilateral partnerships based on GNEP principles,

including fuel supplier, fuel recipient and prospective recipient countries

Framework Development – International fuel assurance system that includes:

• Reliable fuel leasing mechanisms between fuel suppliers and users;• Emergency fuel banks/reserves in the event of an interruption in supply.

Technical Collaboration – Advanced fuel cycle cooperation (only with established fuel cycle countries)

– Grid-Appropriate Reactors (small and medium size, 10-350 Mwe);

– Infrastructure development for countries interested in nuclear power


GNEP International Engagement and Partnership Development Activities

Engaged with advanced fuel cycle countries, reactor and candidate reactor countries since February 2006 announcement.

– (E.G., Russia, China, France, UK, Japan, South Korea, Canada, Australia, Germany, Argentina, Brazil, Indonesia, Philippines, Ukraine, Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, Vietnam, Malaysia, Poland, Bahrain, Jordan, Mexico).

US and 5 other supplier nations proposed a reliable fuel supply initiative at the IAEA in September 2006.

Developed and circulated Statement of Principles for GNEP

US, Japan, France, Russia, and China with UK and IAEA observers met in Ministerial meeting with the Secretary of Energy on 5/21/2007 in DC to state commitment to GNEP


Outline


What is GNEP?

GNEP

GNEP

Approach


Slide from P. Dehmer http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/presentations/

Nuclear Energy Provides 20% of U.S. Electricity

Nuclear Share of Electricity Generation

2005104

Source: NEI http://www.nei.org/


The Last Permit for U.S. Reactors Was Issued in 1979, but we expect that to Change

Units Ordered

Construction Permits Issued

Full-power Operating Licenses

Operable Units

Shutdowns

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 20000

50

100

150

200

250

300

Nu

mb

er o

f U

nit

s

8.23 quads of Nuclear Electric Power is produced by 104 operable nuclear power plants in the U.S. (i.e., average nuclear power plant = 0.08 quads)

Slide from P. Dehmer http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/presentations/


The Domestic Elements of GNEP and NP2010 Can Advance Nuclear Energy in the U.S.

Expand nuclear power to help meet growing energy demand in an environmentally sustainable manner.

Develop, demonstrate, and deploy advanced technologies for recycling spent nuclear fuel that– Do not separate plutonium, and– Simplify the disposition of nuclear waste, thereby helping to ensure the

need for only one geologic repository in the United States through the end of this century.

Develop, demonstrate, and deploy advanced reactors that consume transuranic elements from recycled spent fuel.


At Present the U.S. Has a Once-Through Fuel Cycle

Once-Through Fuel Cycle

Closed Fuel Cycle

Spent Nuclear Fuel disposed after a single pass through nuclear reactors in a geological repository

If nuclear power increases at the anticipated rate, the U.S. will need between 5 and 11 repositories by the end of the century


GNEP Will Move the U.S. from a Once Through to a Closed or Recycling Fuel Cycle

Once-Through Fuel Cycle

Closed Fuel Cycle

Spent nuclear fuel would be separated into useable and waste materials

Residual waste would go to a geological repository or long-term storage

Useable components would be recycled in fast reactors called Advanced Burner Reactors


Reactor Capacity

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

2005 2015 2025 2035 2045 2055 2065 2075 2085 2095

Year

GW

e ABR Capacity

ALWR Capacity

LWR Capacity

GNEP Baseline Scenario for the U.S. - Nuclear energy provides 33% of electricity by the end of the century

23% of electricity supplyLWR: 198 GWe

FR: 33 GWe

28% of electricity supplyLWR: 344 GWe

FR: 72 GWe

33% of electricity supplyLWR: 588 GWeFR: 122 GWe

Based on Conversion Ratio of 0.5


GNEP Will Build on Waste Management Technologies Already in Place Worldwide

Reprocessing Waste Storage Facility at La Hague, France

Waste from 1 GWe reactor operating for 1 Year

Fission Products and Minor Actinides in Glass

Compressed fuel bundle cladding and hardware


Potential Benefits of Closed Fuel Cycle Include Improved Waste Management

Certain elements (plutonium, americium, cesium, strontium, and curium) are primarily responsible for the decay heat that limits repository performance

Large gains in repository space are possible by processing spent nuclear fuel to remove those elements

– The recovered elements must be treated– Cesium and strontium must be stored

separately for 200-300 years– Plutonium, americium, and curium can be

recycled for transmutation and/or fission• Irradiation in reactors


Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Products

Uranium:Uranium:499 kg499 kg , ,

0.12 m0.12 m33 as oxide as oxide

Gases on Gases on Molecular Molecular

Sieve:Sieve:0.45 kg0.45 kg , ,

0.00026 m0.00026 m33

Technetium/Technetium/TRU Losses/ TRU Losses/

Zr Hulls &Zr Hulls &Structure:Structure:154 kg154 kg , ,0.035 m0.035 m33

Uranium/Uranium/Plutonium/Plutonium/Neptunium:Neptunium:

19.7 kg19.7 kg , ,0.004 m0.004 m33 as oxideas oxide

Americium:Americium:0.64 kg0.64 kg , ,

0.000048 m0.000048 m33

as oxideas oxide

Curium:Curium:0.027 kg0.027 kg , ,

0.0000022 m0.0000022 m33

as oxideas oxide

Cs/SrCs/SrAlumino-Alumino-Silicate:Silicate:14.7 kg14.7 kg , ,0.006 m0.006 m33

Fission Prod./Fission Prod./U/TRU LossesU/TRU LossesIn BorosilicateIn Borosilicate

GlassGlass::50 kg50 kg , ,

0.018 m0.018 m33

Typical Spent PWR Fuel Assembly in the United States today: 50 GWd/MTHM burnupTypical Spent PWR Fuel Assembly in the United States today: 50 GWd/MTHM burnupMass: 460 kg Initial Heavy Metal plus 141 kg cladding and structural materialMass: 460 kg Initial Heavy Metal plus 141 kg cladding and structural materialGeologic Disposal uses about 0.65 mGeologic Disposal uses about 0.65 m33 of available repository volume per assembly of available repository volume per assembly

Structure:141 kg

Recycle as FuelStorage / Permanent Disposal< 10 % of the Repository Space< 1% of the Radiological Hazard


Radioactive Waste Management with GNEP

Process waste has 1% of the radiological hazard compared to spent nuclear fuel

High Level Waste volume reduced by at least a factor of 10 compared to the direct disposal of spent nuclear fuel

All repository design and licensing requirements are still maintained– Process waste disposal greatly reduces heat load on the repository

Enables different options for geologic waste disposal– Reduced potential exposure (~ 1/100 or less) for waste from the same

amount of spent fuel– Same potential exposure, but for waste from a greater amount of spent

fuel (~ waste from 100 times or more spent fuel)– Combinations of both, reduced potential exposure and waste from a

greater amount of spent fuel (e.g., 1/10 of the potential exposure or less and waste from 10 times or more spent fuel)

Opportunity for further improvement with research and development of more robust waste forms


Outline


What is GNEP?

GNEP

GNEP

Approach


Initially GNEP Envisions Three Facilities

Nuclear fuel recycling center (CFTC)

Advanced Fuel Cycle Facility

(AFCF)

Advanced recycling reactor (ABR)

Transmutatuon Fuel

Industry Led, with Laboratory, University, and International Collaboration Support

Laboratory Led, Industry, University, and International Collaboration Support


The GNEP R&D Program Uses Resources Across the Nation

R&D mission – Support for technology development needs of GNEP facilities– Long-term development of advanced separations, transmutation fuel and

recycle technologies along with validated simulation and computational techniques to advance the development and approval of fuel cycle technology.

PNNLINL

LBNL

LLNL

SNL

LANLSRNL

ORNL

BNL

ANL

Ten national laboratories are engaged in the GNEP R&D program

A university supporting research program started in FY07


The GNEP Strategic Plan Calls for Specific Actions for the Near Term

Obtain input from U.S. and international industries and governments on how best to bring the needed GNEP facilities into being, what technology and policy issues must be resolved, and what business obstacles must be overcome.

Develop a detailed GNEP technology roadmap for demonstrating solutions to the remaining technical issues in order to support commercial GNEP facilities.

Pursue industry participation in the development of conceptual design and other engineering studies that support both a nuclear fuel recycling center and an advanced recycling reactor.

Prepare a programmatic GNEP Environmental Impact Statement.

Prepare a decision package for the Secretary of Energy for a 2008 decision


National Environmental Policy Act Analysis

GNEP Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS)

–assess reasonable alternatives–analyze potential environmental impacts–assist DOE decision-making

GNEP Siting Studies –Stakeholder interest in hosting one or both commercial-scale facilities

–14 grant applications received

–9 states (ID, IL, KY, NM, OH, SC, TN, UT, WA)

–Both DOE and non-DOE sites proposed

Notice of Intent(NOI)

1/2007

Notice of Intent(NOI)

1/2007

PublicScoping Process1/2007-6/2007

PublicScoping Process1/2007-6/2007

Draft PEISSummer 2007

Draft PEISSummer 2007

Public Comment on Draft PEISFall 2007

Public Comment on Draft PEISFall 2007

Final PEISLate Spring 2008

Final PEISLate Spring 2008

Record of Decision(ROD)

Summer 2008

Record of Decision(ROD)

Summer 2008

Advance Notice of Intent(ANOI)3/2006

Advance Notice of Intent(ANOI)3/2006


Purpose of the GNEP PEIS

Assess reasonable alternatives that:– encourage expansion of nuclear energy

production; – reduce nuclear proliferation risks; and – reduce the volume, thermal output, and

radiotoxicity of spent fuel before disposal in a geologic repository


GNEP PEIS Environmental Issues

Land Use

Visual Resources

Air Quality

Water Resources

Biological Resources

Cultural Resources

Waste Management

Site Infrastructure

Socioeconomics

Environmental Justice

Human Health

Accidents/Terrorism

Transportation

Geology and Soils


Domestic Programmatic Alternatives

Alternative 1: No Action– Continue once-through fuel cycle– Continue status quo in which commercial reactors generate and store

spent fuel until DOE can dispose of it in a geologic repository– Continue ongoing nuclear fuel cycle research and development

Alternative 2: GNEP Proposed Action – Broad implementation of a closed fuel cycle that could include one or

more nuclear fuel recycling centers and one or more advanced recycling reactors

With respect to Alternative 2, DOE is conducting a project-specific analysis to site, construct, and operate any or all of the three GNEP fuel cycle facilities


GNEP Site Alternatives Examined as Part of the Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement

DOE Sites Argonne National Laboratory (IL) Hanford (WA) Idaho National Laboratory (ID) Los Alamos National Laboratory

(NM) Oak Ridge Reservation (TN) Paducah (KY) Portsmouth (OH) Savannah River National Lab (SC)

Non-DOE Sites Atomic City, ID Barnwell, SC Hobbs, NM Morris, IL Roswell, NM


Global Nuclear Energy Partnership / Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative Budget

(Dollars in thousands)

FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008(Request)

AFCI/GNEP $78,408 $167,500 $395,000


Our Approach is to:

Engage with industry and form international partnerships

Advance relevant research and development using national laboratories, international collaborations, universities, and industry

Demonstrate competence:– Involve the foremost national and international expertise

Achieve a Secretarial decision that will put in place the cornerstone for the future of nuclear power through approval and continuation of a program that will develop and foster– A vibrant domestic nuclear electrical generation industry with adequate paths to deal with the spent

nuclear fuel and that will over time close the fuel cycle– A successful global collaboration that will address the expansion of nuclear power and nuclear weapons

proliferation

Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Paul Lisowski GNEP Deputy Program Manager and Deputy Assistant...

Documents

Transcript of Global Nuclear Energy Partnership Paul Lisowski GNEP Deputy Program Manager and Deputy Assistant...