GLOBAL INSIGHT B2 MODULE 1 LIVING ABROAD 1.1 …€¦ · GLOBAL INSIGHT B2 MODULE 1 LIVING ABROAD...

GLOBAL INSIGHT B2

MODULE 1 LIVING ABROAD

1.1 GETTING READY

READING

Answer the following questions:

1-‐What are the reasons to move abroad?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2-‐What is culture shock?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-‐How long does it take to adapt a new country?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-‐How do people feel when they live abroad?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5-‐Would you like to live abroad? Why / Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

GRAMMAR

We form comparative adjectives in two ways ; a. by adding -‐er than to the positive degree : clean cleaner than short shorter than small smaller than b. if the adjective has more than two syllables, by using more than and less than expensive more expensive than comfortable more comfortable than attractive more attractive than difficult less difficult than expensive less expensive than c. if the adjective has two syllables : ends in y doesn’t end in y lazy-‐lazier upset-‐more upset crazy-‐crazier silly-‐sillier Note : The adjectives good , bad and far have special comparative forms : good better than bad worse than far farther than They said they had fixed computer, but it’s now working even worse than before. d. if the adjective has a negative prefix : unhappy-‐(even) less happy unbelievable-‐(even) less believable

MAKING COMPARISON

. Comparative adj. + than

. more / less + comp.adj. + than

. more + countable / noun + than uncountable We add -‐er than or more +adjective + than to an adjective to form the comparative :

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE big bigger than the biggest small smaller than the smallest beautiful more beautiful than the most beautiful handsome more handsome than the most handsome As you see above : -‐er -‐est more the most

Note : The adjectives good , bad and far also have special superlative forms : good better than the best bad worse than the worst far farther / further than the farthest/ the furthest We use adjectives or their comparative or superlative forms with the following words: a)even / a lot / far /much / a bit / a little / slightly +comparative: The teacher seems much better today. b)any / no + comparative (It is used in questions and negative sentences) The days aren’t getting any colder. I want no more of that kind of behaviour. Are things getting any worse these days? c)by far + superlative She’s by far the best teacher I’ve ever seen.

Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or superlative form,adding any necessary words: 1-‐A:Did you enjoy the film? B:No, it was ………………………………………….(boring) film I’ve ever seen. 2-‐A:John is too fat. B:Yes,he is …………………………………………(fat) boy in our class. 3-‐A:Was it a good party? B: No,I left far ……………………………………(early) I had intended to. 4-‐A:Did you like the blue skirt? B:Yes,but it was far…………………..…………………….(expensive) the red one . 5-‐A:Why do you want to go to Italy? B:Because it’s much ……………………………………..(warm) Canada. 6-‐A:Do you love your new manager? B:Yes,he is ……………………………………………(good ) manager I’ve ever met. 7-‐A:Dinosaurs were ………………………………………(big) buildings. B: I know.They were huge. 8-‐A:How much did you pay for those shoes? B:€ 15.They were ………………………………………………(cheap) ones I could find. 9-‐A:The questions were really difficult. B:I agree.They were a lot ……………………………………..(difficult) I had expected. 10-‐A: Have you seen Jonathan playing basketball lately? B:Yes ,but he doesn’t seem to be getting ……………………………………………………….(good)

1.2 SETTLING IN READING Are the following sentences TRUE (T) or FALSE(F)? 1-‐The woman and her husband applied for a job in Malaysia.___ 2-‐Things didn’t go ahead as they hoped.___ 3-‐They were satisfied with the hotel.___ 4-‐They couldn’t sleep at all at the hotel.___ 5-‐They registered easily at the Embassy.___ 6-‐She regrets moving abroad.___ GRAMMAR

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

WHICH : THINGS / ANIMALS ( THAT IS USED IN CONVERSATIONS)

WHO / WHOM : PEOPLE ( THAT IS USED IN CONVERSATIONS / WHOM IS VERY FORMAL)

WHOSE : WHEN WE TALK ABOUT POSSESIONS ( ALWAYS FOLLOWED BY A NOUN)

WHERE : PLACE

WHEN: TIME / DATE / DAY

WHY : REASON

RELATIVE PRONOUNS *Who (relative pronoun for people, subject in the relative clauses) 1. This is the man. He bought an expensive car. This is the man who bought an expensive car. 2.The man forgot to take them. The man bought two pairs of shoes. The man who bought two pairs of shoes forgot to take them. Join the following sentences using the relative pronoun ‘who’

1.The shop-‐assistant served the customer .She is wearing a black uniform.

.........................................................................................................

2.This is the lady. She bought me a nice present yesterday.

.........................................................................................................

3.There is a visitor outside. She wants to see you immediately.

.........................................................................................................

4.The girl is going to marry Yusuf. She is very beautiful.

.........................................................................................................

5.The boy bought my PC. He lives with his friends.

.........................................................................................................

*Whom (relative pronoun for people. Object in the relative clause.)

I saw a man yesterday. The man is an doctor.

a. The man whom I saw yesterday is an doctor. (written English)

b. The man who I saw yesterday is an doctor (spoken English)

c. The man that I saw yesterday is an doctor. (common in spoken English)

There is no difference in meaning between all those sentences.

Supply who, that, whom only where necessary.

1.She is the only student …………………......... can speak German fluently.

2.He is the sort of person ............................... everyone likes.

3.The old man ………………..... you were talking about died last week.

4.The woman to ........................ you were speaking on the bus is Roberto’s mum.

5.She is not the man........................ he was before he married.

6.All those ............................... wish to come with us are really nice.

Which (relative pronoun for things. Subject in the relative clause)

He wanted the watch.The watch was in the window.

a. He wanted the watch which was in the window.

b. He wanted the watch that was in the window.

It can only replace a thing or an animal. (the watch/the lion)

*Which can be replaced by that (more usual in spoken English)

*Which/that always follow the antecedent and are here the subject of the verb in the relative

clause.

Join the following sentences using the relative pronoun “which” working as a subject.

1.It is a wonderful project. It will change the world.

.......................................................................................

2.You must stop eating sweets. It makes you fat.

.......................................................................................

3.A dictionary is a book. It explains what words mean.

.......................................................................................

4.This red bag is mine. It is on the table

.......................................................................................

5.The car is now mended. It was broken yesterday.

.......................................................................................

6.The shop is around the corner. It sells clothes.

.......................................................................................

*Which (relative pronoun for things: Object in the relative clause) The book is very interesting. You lent me the book. a. The book which you lent me is very interesting. b. The book that you lent me is very interesting. c. The book you lent me is very interesting. *There is no difference in meaning between all these sentences. ‘that’ is very common in spoken English and can be omitted.

He was standing on a chair. The chair was an antique. a. The chair on which he was standing was an antique. b. The chair which he was standing on was an antique . c. The chair that he was standing on was an antique. d. The chair he was standing on was an antique.

Complete the sentences with who or which :

1.The woman …………………..… lives next door is an actress.

2.I don’t know the people ……………………..…. live the nextdoor.

3.The museum ………………………..caught fire has been rebuilt.

4.You should choose the clothes ………………………..… suit your personality.

5.She has a job ……………………………..……most people would like to have.

6.Did the assistant ……………………………. served you have short ,red hair?

7.Dennis works for a company ………………………………. produces electronic devices.

8.That’s the dog ………………………….. chased me yesterday.

9.The government was defeated in the elections ………………………….. took place last week.

10.He’s the kind of person ……………………….… loves an argument.

We use when, where, and why in place of relative pronouns in relative clauses of time, place

and reason.

*Time : 1985 was the year when our first son was born.

*Place :That’s the place where the refugees settled down.

*Reason :The beautiful countryside is the reason why I like to live in a village.

Rewrite the following sentences using when, where or why :

1.The late evening is a bad time. I can’t work well.

…....................................................................................................................

2.This is the place. I met him last year.

........................................................................................................................

3. I like him. His honest behaviour is the reaso.

.......................................................................................................................

4.This is a picture of the place. We always go there in summers

........................................................................................................................

5.My childhood was the first time. I first became interested in English.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

NON-‐DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

THEY GIVE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION THAT IS NOT NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE SENTENCE.

WE CAN NOT USE THAT INSTEAD OF WHICH / WHO (M)

Non-‐defining relative clauses are used in writing but are not used frequently in conversation. There is an important difference between defining and non-‐defining relative clauses. Defining clauses give important information which tells us what is being referred to,but, Non-‐defining clauses add extra information, separated by commas in writing, and intonation in speaking. The relative pronoun cannot be left out in a non-‐defining clause.

Defining : I have three uncles who are living in Africa.

Non-‐Defining : I have three uncles, who are living in Africa.

Relative pronouns :

Person Thing

1.Subject who(that) that(which)

2.Object ÿ (who,whom) ÿ (which)

3.Possesive whose whose(of which)

Rewrite these sentences :

1.Michael telephoned his teacher. She lives in Denver.

.......................................................................................................................

2.The dress is a little bit big. My sister bought it for me.

.......................................................................................................................

3.The boys are playing basketball in the living room. Their mother got angry with them.

.......................................................................................................................

4.Sandra invited her friends to dinner. They always help her with her projects.

.......................................................................................................................

5.Molly interviewed Sandra Jones. Her manager was thinking of sending her abroad.

.......................................................................................................................

1.3 DIFFERENT COUNTRIES –DIFFERENT RULES

READING


1-‐On what condition can you bring your medicine when you move abroad?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐What happens if you lose your medicine or supplies run out?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-‐What should travellers carry when they travel abroad?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-‐ Why should you always check the possesions while you are entering the country?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GRAMMAR

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE / PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present Simple:Study the tense in the following examples, all dealing with present time. a. The sun rises in the east (universal truth) b. I often travel abroad (habit) c. They live in a large house (permanent) This tense is called the present simple.

In the 3rd person singular: verb + -‐s, �es, � ies e.g. : live: I live, you live, she lives, we live. go: I go, you go, she goes, we go. carry: I carry, you carry, she carries, we carry.

Affirmative Negative Question

I work I don’t work Do I work?

You work You don’t work Do you work?

He works He doesn’t work Does he work?

She works She doesn’t work Does she work?

It works It doesn’t work Does it work?

We work We don’t work Do we work?

They work They don’t work Do they work?

We use the simple present tense * to describe an action which goes on every day or in general. * to talk about a general truth such as a fact. � Half a million people pass through the station daily. * to talk about something that stays same for a long time such as a state.; � He lives in Queens. * to talk about something that is regular such as routines, customs and habits: � They usually spend Christmas in New York. Time expressions are : Monday ˘ Monday ˘ Tuesday ˘ Tuesday ˘ Wednesday ˘ Wednesday ˘ Thursday ˘ every day Thursday ˘ on weekdays Friday ˘ Friday ˘ Saturday ˘ Saturday Sunday ˘ Sunday

Always, usually, generally, often, occasionally, sometimes, rarely, seldom, hardly

ever,never constantly, forever

Present Continuous:

be + verb + ing.

e.g.: play: I am playing, you are playing, she is playing, they are playing. We use the present continuous tense * to describe an action which is going on at the moment and

is not complete.

* to talk about an action which is temporary. � He is working at the moment. * to talk about a definite arrangement in the future; � They’re spending Christmas in Chicago. *to talk about actions happening now. �Martin is washing his dad’s car at the moment.


I am working I am not working Am I working?

You are working You aren’t working Are you working?

He is working He isn’t working Is he working?

She is working She isn’t working Is she working?

It is working It is not working Is it working?

We are working We are not working Are we working?

They are working They aren’t working Are they working?

TIME EXPRESSIONS

now at present at the moment today this week this month these days Look! Listen! Hey! Correct the mistakes, if there are any : 1.She going to the theatre at seven p.m................................................. 2.They are come to visit their grandparents now............................................. 3.We are try to doing our English homework..................................................... 4.The baby drinking milk at the moment.................................................. 5.What Brian doing there?....................................................................... Choose the correct word or structure : 1.This can’t be true! I don’t believe / I’m not believing it.

2.She can’t go to school today. She has/is having a cold.

3.I can’t drink coffee with you now. I leave/I’m leaving .

4.He is trying to explain to me, but I don’t understand/ I’m not understanding him.

5.I’ll stop seeing you. You are / are being rude.

6.It gets / is getting colder and colder every day.

7-‐Sandra is very interesting person. She knows / is knowing all kinds of unusual facts.

8-‐First,you are heating / heat the oven to a temperature of 200 0C.

9-‐Martin has found a new job. He starts / is starting next week.

10-‐I sometimes go / am going fishing at the weekends

1.4 LIFE AS AN EXPAT


1-‐Which company was he working for?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐Where was he working before he was relocated to Singapore?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-‐What kind of car did he want to buy?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4-‐What was the car like?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5-‐How did he try to pay for the car?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6-‐Did Martin really have a Singaporean friend?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GRAMMAR

SIMPLE PAST / PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Past Simple: a. They saw me yesterday.(finished action +time reference: yesterday) b. I met him at school. (finished action +place reference: at school) This tense is called the past simple. When the verb is a regular one, just add -‐ ed (to repair: repaired) When it is an irregular one, check on the list... (to sing: sang) Examples of use with-‐ to make (irregular verb);I made/he made/they made We use the simple past tense* to talk about the actions in the past. We use the simple past for actions which happened immediately one after the other in the past. With verbs such as think, hope, mean, expect, etc, past simple, past continuous or past perfect can be used without any difference. Time expressions yesterday last night yesterday morning last week yesterday afternoon last month yesterday evening last summer

last year three days ago in 1985 two weeks ago in 1986 a month ago four years ago


I worked I didn’t work Did I work?

You worked You didn’t work Did you work?

He worked He didn’t work Did he work?

She worked She didn’t work Did she work?

It worked It didn’t work Did it work?

We worked We didn’t work Did we work?

They worked They didn’t work Did they work?

Simple past form of the verb ‘be’ :

Now in 1999 I am a teacher. I was a student. I am 37 years old. I was 14 years old. We are in Ankara. We were in Zonguldak. Students are taller. They were short. He is a doctor. He was a student.

We use the present perfect tense;

*to describe an action in the past which is connected in one way or another with the present time. *to explain an action which happened at an indefinite time in the past *to explain a repeated action which happened in an indefinite time in the past

Present Perfect:

a. They have lived in the flat for 2 years. (They still live + indication of duration: 2 years.) b. My sister has been an invalid all her life. (She still is + indication of duration: all her life.)

Have/has + verb III (past participle)

e.g. to repair: I have repaired, she has repaired, they have repaired.


I have worked I haven’t worked Have I worked?

You have worked You haven’t worked Have you worked?

He has worked He hasn’t worked Has he worked?

She has worked She hasn’t worked Has she worked?

It has worked It hasn’t worked Has it worked?

We have worked We haven’t worked Have we worked?

They have worked They haven’t worked Have they worked?

Time expressions :

already, just, recently, yet ever, never for, since still, scarcely, hardly

today, this week, this year

April September

= I have studied English for five months.

April September

= I have studied English since April.

1985 2000

I moved to Ankara. I live in Ankara

·∙ I have lived in Ankara for 15 years.

·∙ I have lived in Ankara since 1985.

Fill in the blanks using the present perfect or the simple past form of the verbs :

1.Mr Carter .........................(go) to Greece last week.

2.The girls ................................(watch) that film several times.

3.The students .......................................(learn) all the tenses at the course.

4.When I was young, I often ................................(go) scuba-‐diving with my friends.

5.It ...................... (be) freezing cold last Saturday.

6.Simon ...................................(read) that novel before.

7.Helen...............................(start) to prepare for the university exams last summer.

8.I .................................(do) a lot of homework last Sunday evening.

9.My brother ............................(help) me with my maths homework.

10.The First World War.........................(begin) in 1914 and..................... (end) in 1918.

MODULE 2 COMMUNICATION 2.1 BODY LANGUAGE AND GESTURES A) Answer the following questions: 1-‐How long have they known each other ? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2-‐While she was talking to him, how was he acting? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3-‐Why was she furious? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4-‐Do you think they will come together again ? Why / Why not? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5-‐Do you use your body to communicate? Why / Why not? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. B) Are the following sentences TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)? 1-‐The writer is deaf.___ 2-‐S/he can understand people better only when s/he sees them.___ 3-‐S/he should be calm while s/he is talking on the phone.___ 4-‐S/he shouldn’t talk on the phone.___ GRAMMAR PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS Present Perfect Continuous: She has been playing the piano for 3 hours. (She still is at the piano +indication of duration: 3 hours... used to emphasize the fact that she is playing the piano right now) Have/has + been + verb + ing

e.g.: to sing: I have been singing, she has been singing, they have been singing.

The Present Perfect tense is used * to talk about something which happened in an indefinite time in the past,

such as an experience with ‘ever’ and ‘never’: � Have you ever read an English newspaper? *to talk about a past action which has a result in the present, such as a change: �She’s done the cooking.


I have been working I haven’t been working Have I been working?

You have been working You haven’t been working Have you been working?

He has been working He hasn’t been working Has he been working?

She has been working She hasn’t been working Has she been working?

It has been working It hasn’t been working Has it been working?

We have been working We haven’t been working Have we been working?

They have been working They haven’t been working Have they been working?

verbs

Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense (Present Simple/ Present Continuous/ Present Perfect/

Present Perfect Continuous.) (See indications between brackets)

1 -‐ In the USA, they……………………………….. (speak) American English. (truth)

2 -‐ I ……………………(read) this book quickly because Anna wants it back immediately. (temporary)

3 -‐ She usually ………………………………….(come) at 9:00. (habit)

4 -‐ I …………………………………………….(read) this novel for the last 5 hours. (duration + insistence).

5 -‐ My family ………………………………………..(live) in London since 1992. (duration)

6 -‐ Listen! Someone ……………………………………………….(sing)

7 -‐ They ………………………………….(listen) to their favourite song. Don’t disturb them. (temporary)

NON-‐CONTINUOUS VERBS:

State verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action and therefore do not normally have

continuous tenses.

These include;

Verbs of Thinking, Attitudes, or Opinion :

appear, believe, consider, doubt, feel, forget, guess, know, mean, need,

prefer, realize, remember, seem, sound, think, understand

e.g. I expect they will be late.

(Not: I am thinking they will be late.)

Verbs Expressing Possession :

belong, have, own, posses

e.g. My uncle owns a hotel.

(Not: My uncle is owning a hotel.)

Verbs Expressing Emotion :

care, desire, forgive, hate, like, love, refuse, want, wish

e.g. I love chocolate ice cream.

Verbs Expressing Sense Perceptions :

feel, hear, see, smell, taste e.g. Mike must be at home. I can see his car parked outside. (not: I am seeing his car parked outside.) Some of the above verbs are used in continuous tenses when they describe actions not states. e.g. I think he’s lying. (= believe) I’m thinking about the plan. (= am considering.) The food tastes delicious. (= has a delicious flavour) He is tasting the food. (=is tasting the flavour of) The chicken weighs 2 kilos. (= has a weight of) The butcher is weighing the meat. (is measuring how heavy it is) I can see some people. (= perceive with my eyes) I see what you mean. (=understand) I am seeing my doctor tomorrow. (=am meeting) Note: The verbs look (when we refer to a person’s appearance), feel, (=experience a particular emotion), hurt and ache can be used in either the continuous or simple tenses with no difference in meaning. SIMPLE PRESENT OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS? 1-‐A:Why ……………………………………………( you / smell) the shampoo? B:It …………………………………………..(smell) lovely. It’s like cranberries. 2-‐I …………………………………(feel ) very tired. I think I should go to bed early. 3-‐A: I ……………………………………….(see) Andrew tonight. B:I ………………………………….(see) So ,you are not coming to the cinema with me,are you? 4-‐My back ………………………………(hurt). 5-‐A:How much ……………………………………………..(the bag of oranges / weigh ) ? B:I don’t know yet.The girl …………………………………………(weigh ) it now.

2.2 LEVELS OF FORMALITY READING Answer the following questions: 1-‐What seems to be the problem? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2-‐What are the possibilities of the proble? Make a list. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3-‐Which suggestion seems more professional? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4-‐Which suggestion would you consider serious? Why? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. GRAMMAR PAST PERFECT We use the past perfect tense *to describe an action which took place in the past before another past action. e.g. She said that she had seen that film. the past perfect the simple past time of speaking

(now) future

I learnt English. (1) I learnt German.(2) First I learnt English. Then I learnt German. I learnt German after I had learnt English. I had learnt English before I learnt German. a. They saw the house.(1) They decided to buy it.(2) After they had seen the house , they decided to buy it. *Both actions (saw/decided )belong to the past. The time reference is not apparent but the speaker knows when it happened. had + V past participle


I had worked I hadn’t worked Had I worked?

You had worked You hadn’t worked Had you worked?

He had worked He hadn’t worked Had he worked?

She had worked She hadn’t worked Had she worked?

It had worked It hadn’t worked Had it worked?

We had worked We hadn’t worked Had we worked?

They had worked They hadn’t worked Had they worked?

The past perfect is the past equivalent of the present perfect.

Before and after with past perfect:

Past perfect BEFORE Simple past

Simple past AFTER Past perfect

Present Perfect or Past Perfect?

1-‐I ………………………….(see) many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt last summer.

2-‐Sandra ……………………………(climb) Mount Everest, ………………………….(sail) around the world,and

……………………………(go) on safari in Kenya. She is such an adventurous person.

3-‐Sam ……………………………(climb) Mount Everest, ………………………….(sail) around the world, and

……………………………(go) on safari by the time he was twenty.

4-‐Before my trip to London two years ago, I ……………………………….( never /be) to England.

5-‐When my father finally stopped it, the squirrel ………………………………..(eat ) five cookies.

� We also use Past perfect in Reported speech form of Present Perfect and Simple Past:

Sam : ‘I’ve bought a new car.’…….Sam told me he had bought a new car.

Casey: ‘I went to Istanbul last week.’ Casey told me she had gone to Istanbul the previous week.

*We also use this tense after the reporting verbs such as ( said / told / asked / explained / wondered) as in

the examples above.

Report the following sentences:

1-‐‘ How much did you pay for this shirt?’ He asked me…………………………………………………………………

2-‐ ‘Which boy have they caught?’The policeman wondered…………………………………………………………

3-‐ ‘I haven’t met these boys before.’The girl explained…………………………………………………………………

4-‐ ‘We have learnt English.’ They told us………………………………………………………………………………………

5-‐‘She bought a new dress fort he party.’ Her mother said……………………………………………………………

2.3 BRITISH OR AMERICAN ENGLISH

READING


1-‐What did Rachel mean by saying ‘bathroom’?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐When do the English usually have a bath or a shower?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-‐Was Bev’s breakfast delicious or disgusting?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-‐Why did Bill need a lift?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5-‐What is the right word for ‘period’ in British English?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

GRAMMAR

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

insist on the continuity of that action is called past perfect continuous :

had + been + V + ing


I had been working I hadn’t been working Had I been working?

You had been working You hadn’t been working Had you been working?

He had been working He hadn’t been working Had he been working?

She had been working She hadn’t been working Had she been working?

It had been working It hadn’t been working Had it been working?

We had been working We hadn’t been working Had we been working?

They had been working They hadn’t been working Had they been working?

Rewrite the sentences using the words given : 1.She started doing the housework at nine.(at noon/for three hours) ..........................................................................................................

2.The students started learning English in September.(in May/for nine months) ..........................................................................................................

3.We started investigating the event in November l996.(in May l998/for thirty-‐one months) ..........................................................................................................

4.I started working for the Ministry in 1985.(in l990/for five years) ..........................................................................................................

5.They started fighting for the right to vote in l850.(in 1932/for 82 years) ..........................................................................................................

Past Perfect Continuous or Present Perfect Continuous?

1-‐I ………………………………………….(work) on my house all day before I sat down to play my guitar. I

…………………………………… ( practise ) my guitar for many years.

2-‐This little penguin ………………………………….(live) in Antarctica before he was captured and brought to this zoo.

3-‐We …………………………………….(communicate) with each other online before we stopped to take a break. We

……………………………….(use) the internet as a mean for communication since we met.

4-‐They ……………………………………..(work) for this company for many years,but then they retired.

5-‐She …………………………………………..(swim) for a long time before she got out of the pool.

2.4 IDIOMS AND METAPHORS

READING

Are the following sentences TRUE (T ) or FALSE (F)?

1-‐Metaphor is something in the space.___

2-‐Metaphors never change the meanings of the sentences.___

3-‐A simile tells us about similarities.__

4-‐Metophors and similes are completely different.___

5-‐Metaphors make the language more interesting.___

GRAMMAR

INVERSIONS

Should anyone telephone, could you take a message? (=Could you take a message if anyone telephones?) Were the suit a ’ Beymen ‘, it would be worth millions of liras. (=If the suit was a ‘Beymen’ , it would be worth millions of liras.) Had you taken a taxi, you would have got here on time. (=If you had taken a taxi, you would have got here on time.) Use of : never, seldom, scarcely, ever, scarcely....when, no sooner....than, nowhere,

in no circumstances, on no account, only by, only then, only when,

only in this way, not only, so, neither, nor.

Never before had she been asked to go out. On no account must this money be spent. Only by behaving rudely was she able to get that bad impression. Fill in the blanks with the words in brackets: never / no sooner / not only / not until / had / only when / only / in no way / rarely / not even

1-‐…………………….. there been a telephone nearby, I would have called the police. 2-‐………………….. in my life had I felt so embarrassed. 3-‐……………………….. does he use his credit card. 4-‐………………………. had I told him the news than everybody in the village knew it. 5-‐……………………. you see her will you realise how much she has changed. 6-‐………………………..in an emergency should you dial 177. 7-‐……………………… did I lock the door, but I also secured the windows. 8-‐……………………… once did she look in this direction. 9-‐……………………… I saw him in person did I realise how tall he was. 10-‐…………………………….. is he to blame for what happened.

MODULE 3 INTERNATIONAL DAYS 3.1 VALENTINE’S DAY READING Answer the following questions: 1-‐Who was ‘You belong to me’ written by? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2-‐Where do the young couple meet? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3-‐Who is that book for ? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4-‐What kind of an ending does the book ‘Intrigue’ have ? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5-‐When does the story take place in the book ‘My secret love’? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6-‐Do you read romance books? Why / Why not ? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… GRAMMAR WILL FUTURE


I will work I will not work Will I work?

You will work You won’t work Will you work?

He will work He won’t work Will he work?

She will work She won’t work Will she work?

It will work It won’t work Will it work?

We will work We won’t work Will we work?

They will work They won’t work Will they work?

Time expressions tomorrow in five days tonight soon next week later next month next year next summer We use ‘ going to ‘ future

* to talk about a plan or an intention * to make a prediction * to talk about a fact in the future


I am going to work I am not going to work Am I going to work?

You are going to work You are not going to work Are you going to work?

He is going to work He is not going to work Is he going to work?

She is going to work She isn’t going to work Is she going to work?

It is going to work It isn’t going to work Is it going to work?

We are going to work We aren’t going to work Are we going to work

They are going to work They aren’t going to work Are they going to work?

We use the future simple We use be going to

·∙ When we make a prediction based on what we think, believe or imagine: ® In the year 2010 people will drive electric cars.

·∙ for on � the � spot decisions: ® I like this one better than the other. I’ll take it.

·∙ When we make a prediction based on what we can see (evidence) or what we know: She is going to cut the flowers. ·∙ for actions we have already decided to do in the future: A: Do you like this blouse? B: Yes, why? A: I am going to give it to my son as a gift.

Present Continuous with FUTURE meaning:

* to talk about a definite arrangement in the future; � They’re spending Christmas in Chicago. We use the present simple for the future when we talk about

*timetables *programmes *schedules We use the future continuous tense * to describe an action which will be going on or continuing at some point in the future.


I will be working I won’t be working Will I be working?

You will be working You won’t be working Will you be working?

He will be working He won’t be working Will he be working?

She will be working She won’t be working Will she be working?

It will be working It won’t be working Will it be working?

We will be working We won’t be working Will we be working?

They will be working They won’t be working Will they be working?

We use the future perfect tense * to describe an action which ( at a certain point in the future) will be considered a past and completed action : e.g. By next September 11 we will have moved to another city.


I will have worked I will not have worked Will I have worked?

You will have worked You won’t have worked Will you have worked?

He will have worked He won’t have worked Will he have worked?

She will have worked She won’t have worked Will she have worked?

It will have worked It won’t have worked Will it have worked?

We will have worked We won’t have worked Will we have worked?

They will have worked They won’t have worked Will they have worked?

TIME EXPRESSIONS

By tomorrow By this time tomorrow

next week next week

next month next month

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct FUTURE tense:

1-‐A: Your house is very small.

B: I know.I ……………………………………………(move) a bigger one next year.

2-‐A:I bought a new car.

B: Wonderful! I ……………………………………..(call) Justin and tell him good news.

3-‐A:Have you been working here long?

B:Yes.By next month,I …………………………………………(live) here for ten years.

4-‐A: We must buy some milk for the baby.

B:You’d better hurry.The shops ………………………………………..(close) in half an hour.

5-‐A:Are you excited about going to Hawai?

B: Yes! This time tomorrow I …………………………………………(lie) on the beach.

6-‐A:Are you nervous about the interview?

B:Yes.This time tomorrow,I ……………………………………..(talk) to the manager.

7-‐A: You look terrible!

B: I know, I ……………………………………………(work) hard and long hours these days.

8-‐The plane from Istanbul ………………………………….(arrive) at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.

9-‐A:I’ve left my mobile phone at home.

B:I ……………………………………….(go) back and get it for you.

10-‐A: Are you coming to the party on Saturday?

B:I can’t. I ………………………………………….(study ) for my final exams.

3.2 WORLD NO-‐TOBACCO DAY

READING


1-‐Why shouldn’t you choose your holiday time to give up smoking?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐Is it OK to be around smokers when you try to give up? Why / Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3-‐How does the water help while you are giving up?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4-‐Why should you change your routine?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5-‐Do you smoke? If yes,do you consider the idea of quitting?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

GRAMMAR

Other ways of talking about the FUTURE:

Be bound / certain / sure : to express certainty.

He’s sure to be the manager because he works very hard.

Be (un) likely : to express scheduled events

It’s likely to snow,it’s freezing cold.

Be +to + V1 :formal English

He’s to make a speech for the parents.

On the edge / verge / brink / point of : about to happen

The crisis on the point of if the president doesn’t step back.

To + V1 : to express purpose / intention

They guarantee to refund you money if you aren’t satisfied with the hotel.

Be looking +to+V1: planning an action

The mayor is looking to build more shopping centres in the city.

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the expressions above:

1-‐They are ……………………….. succeed!

2-‐ An election is ………………… next year.

3-‐The argument is ……………………………if he doesn’t apologise.

4-‐The teacher is …………………………….a difficult exam fort he finals.

5-‐They are …………………………………marry in Hawai next month.

3.3 INTERNATIONAL LITERACY DAY

READING

What are these numbers stand for?

1-‐Article 26 :………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2-‐2015:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-‐50% :…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Are the following sentences TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)?

1-‐To help the increase of literacy ,health conditions should also be improved.___

2-‐Education isn’t free in wealthy countries.____

3-‐There are more girls than boys at schools.___

4-‐Quality of education isn’t same in all countries.___

GRAMMAR

CONDITIONALS = IF CLAUSES TYPE 0 / TYPE 1

UNLESS / AS LONG AS / SO LONG AS /PROVIDING (-‐ED) THAT / ON CONDITION THAT / IN CASE WITH TYPE 1

SUPPOSING WITH TYPE 1/2/3

1.Zero (present) conditional (type 0)

If + present ........ present or imperative

We use this form to refer to conditions which are always true:

If I read on the train, I start to feel sick. (or "get sick")

2.First Conditional (type 1)

If + present simple....... will future

We use this form to predict events which may happen in the

future, if a condition is met:

If you pass your exams, I’ll give you a present.

Put the verbs into the correct tense :

1.When the temperature……………….. (fall) below zero, water ……………(freeze).

2.She ………………………(get) angry if you ………………………(call) her ‘shorty’ .

3.The recorder …………………………………(not work) if the batteries are flat.

4.When water …………………………………(boil), it ………………………….(change) into steam.

5.If you ……………………(fill) a balloon with hot air, it ……………………………….(rise)

IF and WHEN

When can replace if in zero conditionals:

If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils. When you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

In the other types of conditionals, we cannot use when instead of if.

EVEN IF

Even if emphasises that something will happen, would happen or would have happened whatever the

condition:

Even if we leave right now, we still won't catch the train.

I wouldn't go into the water even if I could swim.

Even if we had booked our flight earlier, it wouldn't have been cheaper.

ONLY IF

Only if makes the condition more restrictive:

Acetaminophen is dangerous to children only if dosage is too high.

If the if-‐clause is first, the subject and the auxiliary in the main clause are inverted:

Only if you like classical music is it worth coming tonight.

SO/AS LONG AS, PROVIDING/PROVIDED (THAT)

So/As long as and providing/provided (that) can be used instead of if to express a condition.

Note that providing/provided (that) is a bit formal:

You can stay here as long as you keep quiet. Provided/Providing (that) the bills are paid, tenants will not be evicted.

SUPPOSE/SUPPOSING, WHAT IF

Suppose/supposing and what if can replace if, mainly in everyday conversation, and are often used without a

main clause:

Suppose/supposing you won the lottery, what would you do?

Suppose/supposing you can't find a job? What if you are not accepted to university? What will you do then?

UNLESS

Unless is followed by an affirmative verb to express "if ... not":

My leg's broken. I can't stand up unless you help me. (I can't stand up if you don't help me.)

Fill in the correct conjunction :

1-‐…………………………. she gets here soon, we will have to start the meeting without her.

2-‐I won't sign the contract …………………… they give me an additional discount.

3-‐Mary will agree to these conditions ………………………. they increase her salary.

4-‐The strike will be successful …………………………… the employees all stay together.

5-‐……………………………….she doesn’t tell the truth? Will you still be friends?

3.4 OTHER INTERNATIONAL DAYS

READING


1-‐What is the purpose of the international day?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐What are the reasons of leaving the school or not going to school?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-‐Is there an alternative education for married girls?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-‐Does education change the minds of the girls about marriage? How?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5-‐Do you have a daughter or sister? Do you support or would you support if you had one? Why?/Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

GRAMMAR

CONDITIONALS TYPE 2/TYPE3

HAD……………(INFORMAL)

POSSIBLE SITUATIONS: IF + PAST PERFECT / WOULD +V1

CRITICISE: SHOULD +HAVE+V3

1.Second Conditional (type 2)

If + past simple ............... would /could/might

We use this form to speculate about imaginary or improbable situations:

(the implication is that the condition will not be met)

If I studied harder, I would be a lawyer .

2.Third Conditional (type 3)

If + past perfect.............. would / might / could have + past participle

We use this form to talk about the past possibilities which did not happen :

If I had had your telephone number, I would have telephoned you.

Put the verbs in brackets into correct tense:

1.If you had informed him, he ……………………………………………..(come).

2.I wouldn’t get angry with you if you ………………………………………..(invite) me to your party. 3.She wouldn’t have dusted the furniture if she ………………………………………….(not give) her some more pocket

money.

4. I wouldn’t have been in that situation if she ……………………………..(help) me .

5.If we ……………………………………………(stay) in the same room, we wouldn’t have spent so much.

Rewrite these sentences using type 2 :

1.The weather is freezing cold today, so we can’t have the picnic.

..........................................................................................................................

2.Besides, I don’t have any time to spend for a picnic, so I can’t go.

..........................................................................................................................

3.It is raining, I am sure the countryside is wet

..........................................................................................................................

4.You aren’t an experienced basketball player, so you are not able to teach me.

..........................................................................................................................

5.The principal won’t let us have the graduation party at school, so we can’t have it at school.

..........................................................................................................................

MODULE 4 KNOW YOUR RIGHTS

4.1 THE HISTORY OF RIGHTS

READING

Are the following sentences TRUE (T) or FALSE (F) ?

1-‐The Bill of Rights was created to protect citizen’s rights.___

2-‐The Bill of Rights protects all kinds of freedom such as having a good job.___

3-‐If you are criminal ,The Bill of Rights doesn’t protect you.___

4-‐The Petition of Right was created because of the foreign policy of King Charles 1.___

5-‐If people don’t pay their taxes ,they can be imprisoned.___

GRAMMAR

WISH CLAUSES

WISH = IF ONLY

DESIRE : WISH / WOULD +V1

ABILITY : WISH / COULD+V1 or COULD HAVE +V3

IMAGINE: WISH / V2 or VED

REGRETS: WISH / HAD+V3

wish + past simple

This expresses an unrealistic desire for the present situation to be different . There is very little chance of the desire to occur. Subject + WISH+ subject + past simple

Rewrite these sentences using wish + past simple: 1.I’d love to live in London. .......................................................................................................

2.I’d love to be a journalist. .......................................................................................................

3.Why don’t we have a modern kitchen? .......................................................................................................

4.I’d love to speak more than four languages. ........................................................................................................

5.I never have enough time to visit my friends. ........................................................................................................

wish + past perfect This expresses a desire that an action or event in the past had been different.

Subject + WISH +subject + past perfect

Rewrite these using above pattern :

1.I decided to work for Apple.

...................................................................................................

2.We didn’t go to Ankara last week.

...................................................................................................

3.It was a mistake to drive home after having alcohol.

...................................................................................................

4.I spent all my money on shoes.

...................................................................................................

5.I didn’t spend my holiday with my family.

.....................................................................................

wish + would + infinitive This expresses annoyance with a person or situation and a desire for a situation to change, either now or in the future. The change could possibly occur, but we do not expect it to.

Subject + wish +subject +would + infinitive

Write these sentences according to the above pattern :

1.Mary never visits her friends.

...........................................................................................................

2.He never wears a suit.

...........................................................................................................

3.My cousin doesn’t help with the housework.

...........................................................................................................

4.I’d like everybody to stop lying.

...........................................................................................................

5.Sergio doesn’t study for his exams regularly.

...........................................................................................................

We can replace I wish with If only. If only = I wish

If only I owned a Mercedes 600 S.

If only I hadn’t drunk so much!

4.2 HUMAN RIGHTS

READING


1-‐How many articles are there in the agreement of human rights?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2-‐When was it adopted?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-‐Why do you think this declaration was declared?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4-‐Do you think all countries obey the human rights’ rules? Why ?/Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5-‐Do you think people should have equal rights? Why ? / Why not?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

GRAMMAR

CLAUSES OF CONTRAST

ALTHOUGH / EVEN THOUGH / THOUGH (AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE)+ SENTENCE

IN SPITE OF/DESPITE ( FORMAL) + NOUN / VING

HOWEVER ( AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE) +SENTENCE

Clauses of contrast are used to express a contrast. They are introduced with the following words/phrases:

1.Although Erzurum is a beautiful city, I don’t like its winters.

2.Though my sister likes lakes and swimming, I’m sure she'll become an expert in skiing.

3.These boys will enjoy learning English, even though they prefer going out and playing basketball.

4.She will learn German at university, in spite of the fact that she will never be employed as a teacher by the

state.

5.However hard she tried to buy a new house, she couldn’t obtain any credit to buy.

However + adjective + subject + verb, subject + verb

Rewrite the following sentences using ‘however ‘.Make any necessary changes.

1.Though he is rich, he’ll never be as happy as us.

...........................................................................................

2.He was desperately broke but he smiled all the time.

...........................................................................................

3.They were very strong. But still they never managed to lift that sofa.

...........................................................................................

4.Though I ran as fast as I could, I missed the train .

...........................................................................................

Rewrite these sentences using the conjunctions :

1.They don’t prefer to travel by train. Travelling by train is fast and safe.(in spite of the fact that) ............................................................................................... 2.There are many people in the world who are afraid to fly, but air travel is very popular.(even though) ............................................................................................... 3.One of my friends is afraid of flying, yet he still flies when he has to.(though) ............................................................................................... 4.Most of the English courses offer free courses to the poor. However very few people know about these courses. (even though) ............................................................................................... 5.When I am busy, I do not see the people around me. I usually hear what they talk about.(even though) ............................................................................................... 6.I really love spaghetti. I wouldn’t want to eat it every day though. (however) ............................................................................. 7.I adore chocolate. But I don’t want to get fat. (though) ..............................................................................................................................

Transform the following sentences into’ in spite of / despite’.Be very careful to change subject + verb into a

suitable noun.

Use all possible forms.

1.He went out though it was snowin.

.............................................................................................

2.We enjoyed ourselves, and yet the weather was horrible.

............................................................................................

3.Though he’s got a very high salary, he doesn’t save any money.

............................................................................................

4.She feels lonely. However she’s got many friends.

............................................................................................

4.3 RIGHTS OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN

READING


1-‐If a child has disabilities ,s/he should stay at home not to disturb the others.___

2-‐The child should be protected in any circumstances.__

3-‐If a child loses a family ,s/he loses all her / his rights.___

4-‐Every child isn’t born equal.___

5-‐If one of the parents of a child is guilty,s/he is guilty,too.___

GRAMMAR

DEFINITE / INDEFINITE ARTICLES

A / AN / THE ZERO ARTICLE

DEFINITE ARTICLE WITH RELATIVE CLAUSES

Article + noun Things seen as : General Indefinite Very definite Singular noun (1) Ø (2) a, an (4) The Plural noun -‐-‐ (3) Ø (5) The Ø : no article (1) Ø Patience is a good characteristic. Ø Bread is cheaper than meat. (2) A nurse is necessary in hospital. An artist is creative. (3) Ø Nurses are necessary in hospital. Ø Artists are creative. (4) The patience that he showed surprised me. The nurse who lives there is English.(Relative pronoun) The artist who is speaking to him is Italian. The bread that I bought was very good. (5) The nurses who live there are English. The actors who are speaking to them are Turkish. Attention : * Something is definite when some particular details are added. e.g. that she showed/who lives there/who’s speaking (4) who live there/who are speaking (5)

� Something is indefinite when it is a member of a group with no particular relation with the speaker.

e.g. a nurse � means any nurse an artist�means any artist (2) nurses � any nurses artists � any artists

*Abstract nouns can be seen as general or as definite. e.g. patience *Concrete nouns can be seen as general or definite. e.g. bread Additional cases : 1. a. They called detective Jones. They called a detective. b. They visited Spain. They visited the UK. c. I play cards with my brother. The cards are on the table. d. She went to cafe. The cafe is over there. 2. e. The rich are lucky. Rich people are lucky. f. I play the guitar. There is a guitar at home. 3. g. That is such a nice girl. That girl is very nice.

h. They cost one million a dozen.The dozen cost one million. i. He is an architect. The architect is here.

Complete the following sentences with Ø (no article) , a, an or the: 1. ................. cigar is made of ................. tobacco and .............. paper.

2. The salesman took ................... milk to the market.

3. What ........... good image you have!

4. She has such .......... lovely hair.

5. It’s a very effective medicine. However I hate ...... taste.

6. When he was seven, his parents made him learn ......... piano.

7. Why don’t you lend him ............ CD you bought last week.

8. ............ people say he is ................. very respectful son.

9. I can’t stand ........... people who lies.

10. Children like playing .......... cowboys.

Indefinite article a, an : *We use ‘ a ‘ before the words which start with these letters : b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z e.g. : a book a cat a dog a horse etc. *We use ‘ an ‘ before the words which start with these letters:

a e i o u e.g. : an apple an elephant an umbrella etc.

EXCEPTIONS * a university (we pronounce as yuniversity) * a UFO *an hour (we don’t pronounce ‘h’) *an MP *an herb *an L.A. minute Write these sentences with a or an : 1.I’m ...... interpreter.

2.Are you ..... doctor?

3.It’s ..... orange.

4.METU is .... good university.

5.She’s ..... hairdresser.

6.David is…. waiter.

7.George is…….. handsome man.

8.BMW isn’t ……….. economical car.

9.A banana is ….. fruit.

10.Shakira is …… famous singer.

Use of ‘the’

We don’t use ‘the’ with school, work, bed, town and home when we are talking about a person's OWN school, bed, etc. This is because each person usually has only one.

walk to university go to church to sea come to school to prison get to work go to bed travel to market to hospital drive Home cycle

go to university : to study and we say; go to the university : to visit go to prison : a criminal go to the prison : go to the prison for a visit

Be

in prison, in bed in hospital

Stay at school, at work, at home, at church, at the sea

We use ‘a, an’ *Before a singular noun: I need a visa. *Before a singular countable noun: A child needs love. *With a noun complement: He is an actor. *In certain expressions of quantity: a lot of *With certain numbers: a hundred *In expressions of price, speed, ratio: 5p a kilo *In exclamations, before singular, countable nouns: what a pretty girl! *Before Mr, Mrs, Miss: a Mr Brown

We don’t use ‘a, an’ *Before plural nouns: an egg-‐eggs *Before uncountable nouns: advice, beauty *Before names of meals, except when they are preceded by an adjective: We have breakfast at eight *Before the name of a lake, a school, college, church, prison, hospital, university, country, county, state, a mountain, continent, a street, road, a disease, ilness, a meal, a church, cathedral, a shop or bank named after people, an airport or train station and adjective (Unless the adj. is followed by a noun), the name of a language

We use ‘the’ *When the object or group of objects is unique: the earth *Before a noun which has become definite: His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree. *Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause: the girl in blue *Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one particular thing: Pınar is in the garden. *Before superlatives and first, second: the first, *the + singular noun: The whale is in danger of becoming extinct. *the + adj: the old = old people in general *Before certain proper names of seas, rivers, groups of islands, chains of mountains, plural names of countries: the USA, the UK, the Philippines, the Netherlands, deserts, regions the Atlantic, the Kızılırmak, *Before adjectives: the east, the west

We don’t use ‘the’ *Before: home, church, hospital, prison, school, work, sea, town *Before: bed, church, court, hospital, school, college, university (when they are visited or used for their primary purpose.) *Before the name of a lake, a school, college, church, prison, hospital, university, country, county, state, a mountain, continent, a street, road, a disease, ilness, a meal, a church, cathedral, a shop or bank named after people, an airport or train station and adjective (Unless the adj. is followed by a noun), the name of a language

Put ‘ the ‘ where it is necessary : 1. We are travelling to ................ south.

2.She always walks to .................. church.

3.My niece left ................. school last year.

4.Last week she was at ................... office all day.

5.I usually go to ................. bed at about 1 a.m.

6.She likes ...................... basketball, but I prefer ................. walking.

7.Mrs. Crazy teaches .................... English.

8.............. Belgians speak French and Flemish.

9. Were you at ............... work when the earthquake happened?

10. We must drive to ................ market because there is so much to buy.

Put a / an / the in the banks:

1. I’ve just seen ................ lorry coming up the drive.

2. There’s ................ lizard in the bathroom.

3. I’ve got two cats, ....... black one is called Mow, .......white one is called Richie.

4. Which is ................ tallest building in Turkey?

5. Rome is ................ capital of Italy.

6. She buys ................ magazine every week.

7. ................ power enjoyed by politicians doesn’t interest him.

8. I want to be ................ model.

9. ................ United States of America

10. ................ Alps and ......... Aegean Sea.

11. He’s gone to ................ doctor.

12. Is ................ crocodile ................ reptile?

13. ................ few weeks from now I’ll be in Paris.

14. We walked through ................ night.

15. This area produces ................ fine wine.

16. There’s ................ Mr Williams to see you.

17. Emma’s always complaining about ................ noise.

18. He punched me on ................ nose.

19. ................ rich never help ................ poor.

20. He stayed at ................ Titanic.

4.4 ANIMAL RIGHTS

READING


1-‐Do you think animals should have the rights as people do? Why?/ Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐Do you think that kind of organisations help animals? Why?/ Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-‐Do you help that kind of organisations? Why?/ Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-‐Do you have a pet? Would you look after a stray animal? Why?/ Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5-‐Do you go to circus or zoo? Do you think they should exist or not ? Why?/ Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

GRAMMAR

TAG QUESTIONS

ASK FOR INFORMATION / ASK FOR AGREEMENT

ANSWERS TO TAG QUESTIONS

After a positive sentence the tag question is negative,

After a negative sentence the tag question is positive.

*but; � I’m a bit late , aren’t I? Not : I’m a bit late, amn’t I?

SENTENCE QUESTION TAG

affirmative

negative

negative

affirmative

e.g. He goes to school by bus, doesn’t he? They are drinking tea now, aren’t they? Everybody is sleeping, aren’t they? Nothing happened, did it? Let’s go to the cinema, shall we? Sit down, will you? (imperative) Have a seat, won’t you? (polite request)

Add the correct tag ending :

1.She goes to work every day, .............................?

2.They are travelling in Europe now, .................................?

3.She is a good mother, .............................?

4.He’ll be back before 10 , ...................................?

5.They have watched that film, ................................?

6.It takes more than two hours to get there, ..................................?

7.The bus doesn’t stop near the museum, ........................................?

8.You played basketball yesterday, .....................................?

9.She never goes to the theatre alone, ..........................?

10.He plays the drum well, ..........................................?

11.Peter doesn’t smoke, ...................................?

12.She won’t smoke anymore, ................................................?

13.You get up early every day, .................................................?

14.She gave him her dress, ....................................................?

15.You shouldn’t drive fast, .....................................................?

16.We last met five years ago, .....................................................?

17.We won’t talk to you for a while, .....................................................?

18.Let’s have something to drink, .....................................................?

19.Eric and Steven haven’t moved yet, .....................................................?

20.You can dance, .....................................................?

21.You’d like a drink, .....................................................?

22.Henry lives in London now, .....................................................?

23.I’m always on time, .....................................................?

24.Kim used to have long hair, .....................................................?

25.Penny isn’t going out with Tom, .....................................................?

MODULE 5 COMING OF AGE

5.1 COMING OF AGE IN THE PAST

READING


1-‐What is the ceremony which shows the transition of a boy into young adulthood called?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2-‐How long has it been performed?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-‐What does it symbolize?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4-‐What do the three threads represent?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5-‐What does awaken the spirit mean?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6-‐What happens when the spirit awakens?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GRAMMAR

PASSIVE VOICE

IT IS SAID…. / ……ARE SAID ……….(IMPERSONAL PASSIVE)

SIMPLE PRESENT ( AM / IS ARE + V3) / PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( AM / IS / ARE +BEING + V3)

SIMPLE PAST ( WAS / WERE +V3 ) / PAST CONTINUOUS ( WAS / WERE +BEING+V3 )

FUTURE +BE + V3

MODALS + BE + V3

We use the passive in the following situations;

a) When it is obvious or not important to say who, what, etc. is the subject: e.g. She was born in 1986.

b) avoiding using I, we, they, one, etc: e.g. The job will be finished by tonight. c) reports: e.g. Food must be found for refugees. d) describing a process: e.g. The beans are seperated from the shells and then they are put into sacks. e) official announcements: e.g. Fees must be paid in advance.

f) scientific texts: e.g. The liquid is heated to a temperature of 60°C.

When we form passives, we do not usually mention the person or thing responsible for the action (the agent). When we mention the agent we generally use by when we mention who or what was responsible and with when we mention the instrument used; e.g. The car had seen driven by my younger sister. The victim had been killed with a bread knife.

tenses ACTIVE PASSIVE

present simple The postman delivers letters. Letters are delivered .

past simple The postman delivered letters. Letters were delivered.

future The postman will deliver letters. Letters will be delivered.

going to future The postman is going to deliver letters. Letters are going to be delivered.

must The postman must deliver letters. Letters must be delivered.

can The postman can deliver letters. Letters can be delivered.

may The postman may deliver letters, Letters may be delivered.

ought to The postman ought to deliver letters. Letters ought to be delivered.

dare The postman dares to deliver letters. Letters dare to be delivered

used to The postman used to deliver letters Letters used to be delivered

Make these sentences passive : 1.Macintosh makes computers. .................................................................................................. 2.Orhan Veli wrote ‘İstanbul’u dinliyorum gözlerim kapalı’. .................................................................................................. 3.Shakespeare wrote ‘Romeo and Juliet‘. ................................................................................................... 4.The Chinese invented gunpowder. ................................................................................................... 5.They make Fiat cars in Italy. ................................................................................................... 6.Colombus discovered America. ................................................................................................... 7.The Pharaohs built The Pyramids. ................................................................................................... 8.The Americans invented the atom bomb. ................................................................................................... 9.Süleyman the Magnificent built The Blue Mosque. ................................................................................................... 10.Bell invented the telephone. ................................................................................................... 11.All of the students must do the assignment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

12. No one will collect the rubbish tomorrow.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

13. Do you have to drink milk before you go to bed?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

14. Will someone deliver the mail tomorrow?

........................................................................................................

15-‐ Is the mechanic going to mend the car?

........................................................................................................

Use of continuous infinitive : believe/know/report/say/suppose/think/understand

Active : People believe that she is living in Israel. Passive: She is believed to be living in Israel. Active: People said that she was living in Israel. Passive: She was said to have been living in Israel.

Change the following sentences into Passive:

1-‐People say that the prime minister is a liar.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐They report that the murderer is in custody.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3-‐The police say that the number of crimes increases day by day.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4-‐The detective knows that the robber left the city.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5-‐People believe that giving high salary is important at work.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5.2 COMING OF AGE IN THE USA

READING

Are the following sentences TRUE (T) or FALSE (F) ?

1-‐Emma will be 18 a week later.___

2-‐She stayed at a hotel while she was living her Rumspringa.___

3-‐The old members of the community don’t let young people leave Amish way of life.___

4-‐Amish young people have the chance to know outside world and stay there when they are 17_

5-‐After Rumspringa period,young people have to go back to the community.___

6-‐Emma can’t stand Amish lifestyle.___

7-‐She still can’t decide what to do when Rumspringa is over.___

GRAMMAR

CAUSATIVES

HAVE SB DO (V1) STH

GET SB TO DO (V1) STH

HAVE / GET STH DONE (V3)

MAKE SB DO (V1) STH

MADE TO +V1: PASSIVE

**Have something done *have someone do something

**Get something done *get someone to do something *Make someone do something

*Let someone do something What are you going to do about that broken padlock? I’m going to have it mended. (I’m going to have the locksmith mend it.)

What are you going to do about his long hair? I’m going to have it cut. (I’m going to have the barber cut it.) Match a sentence in A with a sentence in B. Write what verb tense they are: A 1. They paint the house every year. n-‐Present Simple 2. Eric is washing his car. …………….. 3. She typed five letters yesterday. …………….. 4. She was cleaning the house when I arrived. ……………. 5. We will install the lights next Monday. ……………. 6. I’ll be planting some flowers in the garden tomorrow morning. .. ....……. 7. The girls have repaired their computers. …………….. 8. We’ve been importing shoes from Italy since we opened the shop. …………...... 9. He had organised the party before I called. …………….. 10. They had been photocopying a book when the manager arrived ..………….... 11. He managed to repair car. …………….. 12. She remembers taking her blood pressure. …………….. 13. You should sort out the problem. …………….. 14. Clean your room, please. ……………..

B

a. Have your room cleaned, please. …………….. b. You should have the problem sorted out. ……………..

c. She remembers having her blood pressure taken. ……………..

d. He managed to have the car repaired. ……………..

e. They had been having a book photocopied when the

manager arrived. …........…….

f. He had had the party organised before I called. ……………..

g.We’ve been having shoes imported from Italy

since we opened the shop ......................

h.The girls have had their computers repaired. ……………..

i. I’ll be having some flowers planted in the garden

tomorrow morning ……………..

j. We’ll have the lights installed next Monday. ……………..

k. She was having the house cleaned when I arrived. ……………..

l. She had five letters typed yesterday. ……………..

m.Eric is having his car washed. ……………..

n. They have the house painted every year. 1-‐ Present Simple

Make sentences using the causative verbs; have and get :

1.Patrick-‐ brochures, distribute ..........................................................................

2.My mother-‐long hair, cut ...........................................................................

3.My brother-‐long trousers, shorten ..........................................................................

4.Jane-‐old house, redecorate ..........................................................................

5.My sister-‐dirty dishes, wash ..........................................................................

5.3 COMING IN THE AGE IN THE LAW

READING

Match the people with their ideas:

1-‐Alison __a-‐‘There’s something more important than money.Love!’

2-‐Brian __b-‐‘There will be population explosion soon.’

3-‐Chris __c-‐‘You need to be an adult to have a baby for the child’s psychology.’

4-‐Diane __d-‐‘Having a baby is a basic human right,nobody can stop it.’

5-‐Eric __e-‐ ‘We can’t say people not to have a baby because of bad parenting

samples.’

6-‐Fiona __f-‐‘If you have enough money ,you can have a baby.’

GRAMMAR

MODAL VERBS

ABILITY: CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO+V1

REQUESTS ,PERMISSION,INVITATIONS AND OFFERS: CAN / COULD / MAY / WOULD+V1

NECESSITY,OBLIGATION,RULES AND PROHIBITIONS: MUST / HAVE (GOT) TO / DON’T HAVE TO

HAD TO / DIDN’T HAVE TO / NEED TO

DIDN’T NEED TO / DON’T NEED TO

MUSTN’T / CAN’T + V1

ADVICE: SHOULD / SHOULN’T / OUGHT TO +V1

POSSIBILTY ,PROBABILTY: CAN / COULD / MAY / MIGHT / MUST +V1

MODALS MODAL -‐ LIKE VERBS may might can be able to could be able to shall should be to/ought to/had better/ be supposed to would used to must have to/ have got to will be going to would like to would rather Modal auxiliaries : *Can/could-‐May/might-‐Must-‐Needn’t-‐Should and Would are called modal auxiliaries. They follow very strict rules : -‐They are never followed by another modal auxiliary, -‐They never take an -‐ s or an -‐ing form, e.g. He can run fast. -‐They are always followed by an infinitive (without to) in a complete sentence : e.g. She will come tomorrow. -‐And can stand alone in a short answer : e.g. You should try harder. Yes, I should. -‐They can be followed by a certain number of verbal constructions but the auxiliary of the verbal construction is always in the infinitive. e.g. He is working, I think. = He must be working.(continuous) She is given a book.(passive) = She will be given a book.(passive) They are being beaten, perhaps. (passive continuous form) = They might be being beaten.(rare) -‐They express a certain number of notions and the general rule to locate the action in time is as follows : Action in the present : modal auxiliary + infinitive Action in the past : modal auxiliary + have + past participle

*Note that in the past , like in the present ,the modal auxiliary is followed by an infinitive : have -‐ the infinitive form “to have” -‐In certain constructions, it is not possible to use a modal auxiliary in this case, we have to use an equivalent : Can = be able to + infinitive (capacity, possibility) Must = have to + infinitive (obligation) Can/may = be allowed to + infinitive (permission)

e.g. He will come + He must come. =He will have to come.

Change the following exercises using a modal : 1.You think it would be better if Sandra didn’t come tomorrow. ............................................................................................................. 2.You think you do not have the ability to play basketball. ............................................................................................................. 3.You’re disappointed you didn’t get a present for your birthday. ............................................................................................................. 4.You hope it will be possible for you to go abroad. ............................................................................................................. 5.You’re quite sure she’s having nice time with him. ............................................................................................................. 6.You reproach yourself for not buying that dress; it was so cheap. ............................................................................................................. 7.You don’t think he was studying, he was ill in bed. ............................................................................................................. 8.You think it wasn’t necessary for Henry to wash the car. ............................................................................................................. 9.You think it was very late when you heard that robbery. ............................................................................................................. 10.You think there is a condition before you come ; get an invitation. ............................................................................................................. 11.You think the ambulance driver was obliged to drive very carefully and fast. ............................................................................................................. 12.You imagine, but you are not sure at all, the man was her new boyfriend. ............................................................................................................. 13.You think it isn’t necessary for your mother to do the ironing. ............................................................................................................. 14.You think it would be a good thing if you learned Spanish. ............................................................................................................. 15.You think that he is a doctor, but you are not sure. ............................................................................................................. We use may * to show permission * to indicate doubt or possible future action e.g. : You may smoke.

(You have permission to smoke here.) She may leave tomorrow. (It is possible that she will leave tomorrow.)

We use might a. For possibility 1.about a future action e.g. I might leave school during the next break.

2.about a present condition

e.g. She didn’t appear today. She might be at home. b. For past of indirect : She said she might get the job. We use can * to talk about what someone can or can’t do ;

a)as a general truth in the present :

e.g. : I can swim.

b)in the present, at this moment :

e.g. : I can help you.

c)in the future, with a time expression :

e.g. : He can visit us tomorrow.

1-‐Can for ability : Can you type?

2-‐Can for permission : Can she use the car whenever she likes?

3-‐Can for possibility : Can you get to the top of the mountain in one day?

4-‐Can for negative deduction : She can’t be hungry.She has just had dinner.

Is it can for ability, permission, possibility, negative deduction ?

1.Can I use your mobile? ………………………………

2.Can you close the window? ………………………………

3.Our baby can talk in a few weeks. ………………………………

4.Can you play tennis? ………………………………

5.I can’t pay you today. ………………………………

6.You can swim in the pool. ………………………………

7.We can’t swim here on account of sharks. ………………………………

8.It can’t be a plane. ………………………………

9.She can’t still be watching the film. ………………………………

10.She can come and stay with us. ………………………………

CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO

Infinitive -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ to be able to

Present can am/is/are able to

Future -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ will be able to

Past could was/were able to

Present Perfect -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ have/has been able to

a. past ability : When I was nine years old I could swim very well.

b. ability based on certain conditions : I could be a good footballer if I was allowed to play.

c. possibility : Be careful with the lighter! You could start a fire.

d. permission : Could I come with you?

e. polite request : Could you please help me?

f. suggestion : You could buy a shirt for your father for the Fathers’ Day.

g. past of can in indirect speech : She said that I could attend my lessons.

MUST / HAVE TO –HAS TO / HAVE GOT TO –HAS GOT TO We use must or have to to express necessity or strong obligation. In general, we use must for the expression of orders or commands and we use have to for everyday expression of necessity. Have got to is interchangeable with have to. But there is sometimes a difference. Have to is used for habitual actions and single actions. Have got to is used for single actions. NEEDN’T We use needn’t to express things which are not necessary to do : Today is my day off, I needn’t go to work.

Read the instructions and complete the sentences with must, mustn’t, or needn’t :

Don’t leave disks in the disk drive.

Keep disks in their files.

You can use my disks if you want.

Don’t put drinks near the computer.

You can leave the computer on, if you want.

Lock the door when you leave.

Don’t overload your computer.

1.You ………………. leave disks in the disk drive.

2.You ………………. keep disks in their file.

3.You ………………. use your own disks.

4.You ………………. put drinks near the computer.

5.You ………………. switch the computer off.

6.You ………………. lock the door when you leave.

7.You ………………. overload your computer.

8.You ………………. read the instructions carefully.

SHOULD / OUGHT TO We use should and ought to ;

*to suggest obligation *to state that someone should have done something that was not done or someone should not have done something that was done She should spend more time on her show. She ought to spend more time on her show.

Put in should or ought to in the blanks : 1.You ................... try to come to work on time.

2. I ........................spend more time on Spanish to learn it better.

3.You ................... ( not / smoke) so much. It’s unhealthy.

4.Students .....................(pay) attention to what the teacher says.

5.You .................... ( not / eat) so much if you don’t want to get fat.

Rewrite these sentences using a model auxiliary : 1.Is it possible for anyone to help me? ................................................................................................ 2.At the age of nine, I didn’t know how to send an e-‐mail. ................................................................................................ 3.Are you able to come and help me with my English homework tonight? ................................................................................................ 4.She refuses to give some money for the charity. ................................................................................................ 5.It’s essential that we go to work on time every morning. ................................................................................................ 6.Do not tell my mom about this. It’s very important that it remains a secret. ................................................................................................ 7.Are the students allowed to bring mobile phones at school? ................................................................................................ 8.She promised to visit me soon. . ................................................................................................ 9.I intend to learn a third language next year. . ................................................................................................ 10.It’s not a good idea for you to move abroad at this age. ................................................................................................

5.4 UNUSUAL RITUALS

READING


1-‐What are the tattoos done with in the Fulani Tribe? Would you accept this way to have a tattoo ? Why ? /

Why not?..........................................................................................................

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2-‐How long does a girl stay away the community to be a real woman in the Aban Culture of

Ghana?.....................................................................................................................................

3-‐What helps the women to form a good relationship in the Okrika Tribe of Nigeria?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4-‐Where does an Apache girl stay during the ritual? Who builds it for them?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5-‐Where are the girls believed to go during the ritual by the Ticuna people?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6-‐What makes the girls beautiful / pretty who are in the Mentawai Islands?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GRAMMAR

PAST MODALS

SPACULATIONS: MUST HAVE +V3

LIKELY TO HAVE HAPPENED: MAY / MIGHT / COULD HAVE +V3

UNLIKELY TO HAPPEN : CAN’T HAVE +V3

ADVICE : SHOULD / OUGHT TO HAVE +V3

LACK OF NECESSITY: NEEDN’T HAVE + V3

We use should have + V3 and shouldn’t have + V3 to describe actions in the past which were wrong, or which we now regret. She should have gone to Europe in the summer. She shouldn’t have spent so much on food. **Ought to have + V3 and oughtn’t to have + V3 has a similar meaning to should have +V3 /shouldn’t have +V3.

Write sentences with should or shouldn’t have :

1.It was wrong of her. It’s quicker by plane.

...............................................................................................................................

2.Jenny spent too long in the sun and she’s got sunburn.

...............................................................................................................................

3.The children have eaten too much chocolate and now they feel ill.

...............................................................................................................................

4.Are you still waiting for him? He won’t come.

............................................................................................................................... 5.My luggage is too heavy to take home . I can’t carry it. ...............................................................................................................................

May have + V3 -‐ Might have + V3

Can’t have + V3 -‐ Could have + V 3

Must have + V3

Needn’t have + V 3

We use ‘may have’, ‘might have’, and ‘could have’ to talk about something that possibly happened in the

past.

We use ‘must have’ and ‘can’t have’ to talk about something that probably or certainly happened in the

past.

We use ‘needn’t have’ to express an unnecessary action which was nevertheless performed.

e.g. I needn’t have bought that car because my boss bought one for

me as a birthday present.

Rewrite these sentences using might have or could have : e.g. : I can’t find the old books in my room. Someone might have taken them to the library.

1.I can’t find my keys. I wonder where they are.

.........................................................................

2.The engine won’t start.

.........................................................................

3.Martin should be here by now.

.........................................................................

4.The front door is closed, but it isn’t locked.

.........................................................................

5.The girls are here but the boys have gone.

......................................................................... Write sentences drawing conclusions about what must have or can’t have happened : e.g. : He looks very tired. He must have worked during the night. 1.Did you notice? Mary looks pale and very slim. ....................................................................................................... 2.It’s been snowing for days. The roads are terrible. ....................................................................................................... 3.When the train arrived, they weren’t on it. ....................................................................................................... 4.I’m sure he did it by mistake, not on purpose ....................................................................................................... 5.What’s wrong with him? He looks very upset. .......................................................................................................

MODULE 6 HEROES

6.1 SUPERHEROES AND LEGENDS

READING

Match the words with their meanings:

1-‐look up to __a-‐the quality of being strong

2-‐superhuman __b-‐the quality of being respectable

3-‐strength __c-‐1)donate,grant 2)to be the part or one of the causes of sth

4-‐figment __d-‐ro respect and admire

5-‐commercial __e-‐to wish to have what somebody else has or be like him / her

6-‐destruction __f-‐product of imagination,illusion

7-‐doom __g-‐terrible fate,fortune

8-‐respectability __h-‐going beyond normal human power

9-‐envy __i-‐severe damage

10-‐contribute __j-‐having to do with the buying and selling of goods and services

GRAMMAR

PAST HABITS

USED TO / WOULD + V1

NEGATIVE AND QUESTION FORMS: DIDN’T USE TO / WOULDN’T V1

DID ……..USE TO / WOULD …V1?

We use used to in three forms with three different meanings : 1.used to + infinitive

We use this form to express habitual past actions:

My mother used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day.

2.To be used to + -‐ing

This means to be accustomed to:

I must go to bed early. I’m used to having nine hours of sleep a night.

3.To get used to

This means to become accustomed to :

I don’t like English food, but I will get used to eating it soon.

WOULD / USED TO ‘Used to’ can refer to permanent situations and habitual actions, and is used to talk about past habits, routines and states which are now finished.

‘would +infinitive’ refers to habitual past actions and is used to talk about past habits and routines, but not past states.

Put used to or would :

1.I ................... have a lot of friends before I moved into this city.

2.My parents……................... be happy together but they are not now. 3.During the last weeks of my summer holiday, I ................. go for a walk in the morning . 4.She ......................... go swimming every morning when she was younger. 5.I ............................ do shopping for hours.

6.2 A NATIONAL HERO

READING


1-‐What caused The American Revolution to start?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2-‐How long did the war last?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-‐Would you fight for your freedom or would you obey the government’s law? Why?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-‐What was the name of the agreement which was signed in 1783?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5-‐Who was the leader of the Colonies and became the first president?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

GRAMMAR

BE / GET USED TO + VİNG / NOUN ( HABIT)

GET USED TO +V1 = ACCUSTOMED TO +V1

Be used to and be accustomed to have the same meaning.

Be used to is an expression. It is not a tense. If I say "I am used to Tahiti", it is like saying "I am accustomed to

Tahiti."

Do not confuse be used to with with the special construction used to do. They have different meanings.

Why do we use -‐ing for a verb after be used to? Because we always use -‐ing for a verb after a preposition -‐ and

the to is

a preposition.

The be used to expression is for talking about something that is familiar to us or easy for us. For example:

� I am used to driving on the left.

It means that it is not a problem for me to drive on the left of the road. I am Turkish. In Turkey, people drive on

the right.

Now I am living in the UK where people drive on the left. Of course, I drive on the left in the UK, but when I go to Turkey

it is easy for me to drive on the right because "I am used to it".

Use be accustomed to :

1.I am used to the cold weather.

…………………………………………………..

2.Canadians are used to living abroad.

…………………………………………………..

3.Turkish people are used to living in big houses.

…………………………………………………..

4.We are used to working more and talking less.

…………………………………………………..

5.They were used to surviving with little water in the desert.

…………………………………………………..

GET USED TO / ACCUSTOMED TO

In the habit of or adapted to; "accustomed to doing her own work"; "I've grown accustomed to her face"

Use get accustomed to :

1.I’m getting used to eating Indian food. ………………………………………………….. 2.We are getting used to living in a small town. ………………………………………………….. 3.She was getting used to living away from her family. ………………………………………………….. 6.3 COINCIDENTAL HEROES

READING


1-‐What’s Graham’s pastime activity?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐Was the weather convenience for fishing last Saturday?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-‐How was the weather like on Sunday?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-‐Why did the man have an accident?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5-‐Would you do the same in that kind of situations or would you just walk away? Why?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GRAMMAR

REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS

BY ………SELF = ALONE

EMPHATIC PRONOUNS = TO EMPHASIS A NOUN OR PRONOUN

REFLEXIVE VERBS

Subject pronouns

Object

pronouns

Possessive

adjective

Possessive pronouns

Reflexive

pronouns

I me my mine myself

You you your yours yourself

He him his his himself

She her her hers herself

It it its -‐-‐-‐-‐ itself

We us our ours ourselves

You you your yours yourselves

They them their theirs themselves

One one one’s -‐-‐-‐-‐ oneself

Emphatic pronouns When reflexive pronouns are used to put emphasis on a particular noun they are called emphatic pronouns.

He himself told me this. I finished the project myself. They themselves admitted their mistake. We ourselves witnessed the accident. Notes: The emphatic pronouns cannot be used as subjects. It is therefore wrong to say: John and myself went there. Herself swam in the river. I invited herself to tea.

The correct sentences are as follows: John and I went there.

She swam in the river. I invited her to tea.

Difference between reflective and emphatic pronouns A pronoun is a reflexive one if the action of the subject reflects upon the doer. Emphatic pronouns, on the other hand,

are used to just emphasize the action of the subject.

He cut himself. (Reflexive: here the subject and object refer to the same person.) He himself cut the pizza. (Emphatic: here the emphatic pronoun himself merely puts emphasis on the noun he.) I spoke to the manager myself. (Emphatic) You must blame yourself for the accident. (Reflexive)

Note that an emphatic pronoun can be removed from the sentence and the core meaning would not be affected.

A reflexive pronoun, on the other hand, is indispensable. The sentence wouldn’t make complete sense if you remove

the reflexive pronoun.

Compare: He himself cut the cake. He cut the cake. He cut himself. He cut …what?

You will have noticed that in the first pair of sentences, the core meaning doesn’t change when the emphatic pronoun

himself is removed from the sentence. In the second pair of sentences, the meaning changes or becomes incomplete

when the reflexive pronoun is removed.

Notes: If the reflexive pronoun in a sentence is replaced by the reciprocal pronoun ‘each other’, the meaning of the sentence

changes drastically.

Compare: John and Peter blamed themselves for the loss. (John blamed himself and Peter blamed himself.) John and Peter blamed each other for the loss. (John blamed Peter and Peter blamed John.)

Fill in the correct reflexive pronoun and write if it is emphatic pronoun:

1-‐He did his homework by …………………………………………..

2-‐She ………………………………painted the all walls.

3-‐The children were playing …………………………………….

4-‐Mary and I …………………………………finished the project.

5-‐You should do these exercises by…………………………………

6.4 ANIMAL HEROES

READING


1-‐What was the most important success of Cher Ami?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐Who saved that hero bird?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3-‐How much did Sergeant Reckless pay to Lieutenant Eric Peterson?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4-‐Where did Corporal Robert Conroy find Sergeant Stubby?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5-‐How did night vision glow worms help the soldiers?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GRAMMAR

EMPHATIC STRUCTURE

A. PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS

Emphasis on what happened -‐ not who did it.

All roads to the south have been blocked by the police.

The museum will be redecorated by a famous architect.

B. FRONTING AND INVERSION

(a) Fronting

We change the word order in a sentence in order to begin with a clause that wouldn't normally come first.

Where the food is coming from, I don't know.

Difficult as it may seem, it is not impossible to succeed.

(b) Inversion

We invert subject -‐ verb for emphasis

Suddenly down came the snow.

Up into the air went the fireworks.

Never have I seen such an spectacular view.

C. IT IS/ WAS + NOUN + THAT + WHO + VERB CLAUSE

This structure helps us to emphasize different parts of the sentence. In speech, intonation and pronunciation also identify the emphasis.

Example: Sally borrowed my book last night

� It was Sally who borrowed my book last night. � It was last night that Sally borrowed my book. � It was my book that Sally borrowed last night.

D. WHAT CLAUSES

WHAT + VERB CLAUSE + IS / WAS + NOUN

� What I hate is windy weather. � What you really need is a good friend. � What Sally borrowed last night was my book.

E. ADDING WORDS

1. Own -‐ emphasis on possessive adjective

It was my own idea OR It was my very own idea ( for stronger emphasis on the possessive adjective)

2. Very / Indeed

When used emphatically, "very" means exactly / precisely

-‐ At the very same moment, the doorbell rang.

-‐ It was very hot, indeed!

3. AT ALL / IN THE LEAST / WHATSOEVER / REALLY

(to emphasize negatives)

� It wasn't hot at all! � I wasn't in the least excited. � There was nothing to say at all, really. � There was no good left at all, whatsoever.

4. THE -‐ used to emphasize uniqueness and heavily stressed in speech

-‐ Surely, you don't mean the Brad Pitt.

5. Question words ending in -‐ever. They add an air of disbelief.

� Whatever are you eating? � Whoever invited you that? � Wherever did she go?

6. DO / DID -‐ emphasize the verb and are stressed in speech

� I do hope you'll visit me again. � I did enjoy this play.

7. ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES

� It was absolutely terrible. � I actually went inside one of the caves. � The restaırant was extremely expensive. � What she said was utter unbelievable. � Her performance was sheer horrible.

8. Echoing phrases with so

A: This is the CD you're looking for.

B: So it is!

A: Here I am! I've finally finished it!

B: So you have!

9. Repetition

� Daren keeps reading the same page over and over again. � I tried and tried but it was no use. � We walked and walked but we couldn't find our way to the hotel.

CLEFT = DIVIDED

� "Th There are two major types of cleft constructions: it-‐clefts and wh-‐clefts.

o it-‐cleft:

It's a car I want. (I want a car.)

o wh-‐cleft:

What I want is something to drink, now! (compare: I want something to drink.)

Clefts are used to bring particular elements of the clause into additional focus . . .. The extra focused element

normally

appears early in it-‐clefts and late in wh-‐clefts.

Rewrite the following sentences using cleft or emphatic structure:

1-‐They should really redecorate the restaurant.It’s very old-‐fashioned.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2-‐I’m hungry I want something to eat.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-‐I really don’t know what to wear at the wedding.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4-‐I tried many times to explain what happened but he didn’t listen to me.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5-‐I really hate when people lie to me.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

MODULE 7 ANCIENT CITIES

MACHU PICCHU

READING

Write the name of the books:

1-‐You can see the samples of architecture.__________________________________

2-‐You can learn about Machu Picchu’s history.________________________________

3-‐You can the places to visit in Machu Picchu._________________________________

GRAMMAR

PARTICIPLE CLAUSES

PRESENT PARTICIPLE : VING / V3

NEGATIVE: WISHING NOT TO / NOT WISHING TO +V3

PAST PARTICIPLE : VED/V3

*Present and past participles can be used as adjectives.

It was an interesting position.(What kind of position? Interesting)

I was interested in the situation.( How did I feel? Interested)

Participles can bu used in the following situations:

a)instead of a relative pronoun and full verb:

The woman wearing a red dress was his wife.( The woman who was wearing a red dress was his wife)

The house advertised in the newspaper is very luxurious.(The house which was advertised in the newspaper is

very luxurious.)

b)to express a reason:

Having lots of work to do,she didn’t stay long. ( Because she has lots of work to do….)

c)to express time:

After finishing his work,he went out with his friends.

Underline the correct participle:

1-‐A:Did you enjoy the romance film?

B:No.It was very boring / bored.

2-‐A:Martin is always gossiping about other people.

B:Yes.It’s very annoying / annoyed.

3-‐A:Why don’t you study English?

B:I’m not interested / interesting in learning it.

4-‐A:Do you like mountain climbing?

B:Yes.I find it very exciting / excited.

5-‐A:Victoria is very good at music,isn’t she?

B: Yes.I was very impressing / impressed by her performance.

7.2 POMPEII-‐AN ANCIENT DISASTER

READING


1-‐Why did people have to live according to the movements of the sun?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐Did poor people have water in their homes? How did they get their water?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-‐What were the problems of the town in those days?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-‐What was the same as watching a football match in those days?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5-‐Where were people socialized?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6-‐Were the thermal baths cheap or expensive?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7-‐Would you like to live in those days? Why ? / Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

GRAMMAR

INFINITIVES:

*PURPOSE : TO +V1

*SO AS TO / SO AS NOT TO +V1

*TO +V1 AS A SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE

*TOO +ADJ+TO+V1 / ADJ + ENOUGH +TO +V1

*WH-‐ QUESTION WORDS

*VERB + OBJ + TO +V1

*ADJ+ TO +V1

VERBS:

ASK SB TO DO STH / NOT TO DO STH

DECIDE + TO +V1

REMIND SB + TO +V1

REFUSE / REJECT / SEEM / TEND / PROMISE / THREATEN etc.+ TO +V1

How to form Gerund : e.g. to play � playing to run � running *verbs expressing likes and dislikes are often followed by a gerund : to like, to enjoy, to love, to prefer, to dislike, to hate, to avoid, can’t stand, can’t bear, can’t help .. etc e.g. Jane likes reading. Martin hates swimming. I can’t stand doing the ironing. *The verbs to go and to come , expressing a physical activity are followed bya gerund: e.g. I went swimming. She went walking. Will you come shopping? *The verbs to want/to need are followed by a gerund in : e.g. The walls wants painting (= someone should paint the gate.) The skirt needs washing (= someone should wash the shirt.) *There are some words which are always followed by a gerund. To avoid/to be used to/ to deny/ to keep/ to look forward to/ to mind/ to take to/ it’s no use / it’s no good/ it’s worth.... e.g. She didn’t mind working at the weekends. *Verbs of perception (to see, to hear, etc) are followed by a gerund with the action is not finished : e.g. I saw him running in the street.(in the process of running) I heard her playing piano.(in the process of playing) They are followed by an infinitive when the action is finished: e.g. I saw him run in the street.(= looked until the end)

I heard her play the guitar.(I listened until the end) To remember is followed by a gerund when the reference is the past: e.g. I remember seeing them yesterday.(I saw them yesterday,but I’m not sure where I saw them or when� is often used when the verb “remember” is negative) It’s followed by an infinitive when the reference is the future. e.g. I must remember to do the ironing this afternoon. To try is followed by a gerund when it expresses a means. e.g. Try taking an aspirin . Perhaps it helps! It is followed by to + infinitive when it expresses a purpose. e.g. He tried to take an aspirin but it didn’t work. To stop / to forget change in meaning in cases of both Gerund and Infinitive. advise/agree/allow/begin/can-‐could bear/cease/continue/forget/hate intend/ like/love/mean/need/permit/prefer/propose/recommend/regret remember/require/start/stop/try/used to/want A.GERUNDS

Gerunds are verbs that behave like nouns. We form gerunds by adding -‐ing to the verb base: 1.As the subject of a clause or sentence:

Eating out is not cheap nowadays.

2.As the object of a clause or sentence

My sister enjoys riding a bike.

3.After certain verbs :

a)After verbs expressing likes and dislikes :

I don’t enjoy watching TV.

b)After other verbs such as :

admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, be worth, can’t help, complete, consider, defer, delay, deny,

detest, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, involve, keep, mention,

mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, prevent, recall, recommend, represent, report, resist,

risk, spend time, suggest, tolerate, understand.

4.After prepositions : e.g. : On answering the phone, he realized it wasn’t for him.

B.INFINITIVES a. The infinitive may be used alone or a part of infinitive phrase:

e.g. We began to run down the street.

b. may be the subject of a sentence:

e.g.To walk helps you keep fit.

c. may be the complement of a verb:

e.g. His plan is to save some money for the holiday.

d. may be the object or part of the object of a verb:

e.g. He wants me to help with the project.

e. can express purpose:

e.g. I bought a new dress to wear at the party.

f. be + infinitive can express commands or instructions

g. can be used after certain adjectives

e.g. angry, glad, happy, sorry, fortunate, likely, lucky

h. can connect two clauses

i. can replace relative clauses

j. can be used after certain nouns

k. can be used with too/enough and certain adjectives and adverbs

l. an infinitive phrase can be placed at the beginning or end of a sentence: e.g. to tell the truth

1.After certain verbs afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, appear, attempt, be, be supposed, care, claim, come, choose,

decide, demand, deserve, endeavour, expect, fail, forget, happen, hesitate, help, hope, intend,

learn, manage, mean, neglect, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, proceed, promise, prove, refuse, seem,

serve, struggle, swear, tend, threaten, volunteer, wait.

2.We use infinitive after certain adjectives : amazed, certain, difficult, disappointed, easy, free, glad, happy, likely, pleased, possible, simple, sure, surprised. There are certain verbs which can be used with both infinitive and gerund, but in meaning there will be a difference Try : +gerund :we use this form to experiment in order to achieve an objective :

Try working long hours and see if you can get promotion.

+infinitive : we use this form to attempt a difficult action; I have been trying to find a better job since 1991.

Stop :

+gerund: we use this form to finish an activity;

Stop studying and go out with your friends today.

+infinitive: we use this form to stop an activity in order to do another activity:

We stopped to have some coffee.

Regret, forget and remember, go on, mean are some of the verbs which have different meanings in gerund form and infinitive forms. Complete the sentences with a gerund or infinitive using the verbs in the brackets :

1.She never learnt..........................when she lived alone.(cook)

2............................Chinese is really difficult.(learn)

3.She’s often dreamed of .............................round Italy.(travel)

4.He’s agreed ......................me with the new project.(help)

5.They love ...................... a good film.(watch)

6........................children changes your view of life.(have)

7.I miss ...................... my parents.(see)

8.It was kind of him to offer ................to the airport.(give a lift)

9.When did she decide ......................... to Canada?(move)

10. ...........................handcraft can be very enjoyable.(make)

11.They worried about .............................their driving tests.(take)

12. I remember ...................... afraid of the dogs as a child.(be)

13.We went there ...........................the manager.(see)

14.I remember .........................the letters.(post)

15. .......................alcohol is very dangerous when you drive.(drink)

Circle the correct form.

1. I’m planning (to fly/flying) to London next week.

2. The Tailors’ house is too small. They’re considering (to buy/buying) a bigger house.

3. We discussed (to be/being) to Fethiye for our holiday.

4. You seem (to be/being) in a bad mood today.

5. The Simpsons can’t afford (to buy/buying) a house.

6. Dennis doesn’t like fruit. He refuses (to eat/eating) them.

7. Keep (to walk/ walking). I’m following.

8. Sandra doesn’t like her job. She’s talking about (to get/getting) a new one.

9. Let’s go for a walk if it has stopped (to snow/snowing).

10. When you finish (to iron/ironing), can you help me in the kitchen?

11. Sergio intends (to be/being) an engineer when he grows up.

12. Nathan offered (to look/looking) after our cat while we were out.

13. He pretended not (to see/seeing) me but I’m sure he did.

14. We managed (to get/getting) to the bus station on time in spite of the heavy traffic.

15. The manager was very strict. Nobody dared (to contradict/contradicting) him.

16. It was cold and rainy yesterday, so we postponed (to go/going) the picnic.

17. Martin promised (to come/coming) to my party.

18. Our neighbour threatened (to call/calling) the police if we didn’t stop the noise.

19. She can’t stand (to sleep/sleeping) in a room with no lights.

20. I can’t imagine Eric (to ride/riding) a motorbike.

21. He denied (to steal/stealing) the money.

22. His job involves (to work/working) all sorts of people.

23. Mary admitted (to be/being) nasty to the new boy at the office.

24. When I’m on holiday, I enjoy not (to go/going) to go to bed early.

25. Soon after (to land/landing) on, the plane crashed.

26. I’m quite excited about (to start/starting) the new job.

27. He left the room without (to say/saying) ‘Good bye’.

28. I was really delighted (to get/getting) your e-‐mail yesterday.

29. It was careless of Charles (to leave/leaving) the door unlocked when he went out.

30. You must practise (to solve/solving) these sorts of problems for the exam.

7.3 ATLANTIS – THE LOST CITY

READING


1-‐Why were the people very rich?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐How many children did Poseidon and his wife have?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-‐Where was the city of Atlantis located?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4-‐How long did the island of Atlantis last in peace?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5-‐What caused it to vanish?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6-‐Do you believe in myths? Why / Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

GRAMMAR

BARE INFINITIVE ( V1) / GERUND ( VING)

MAKE SB DO STH / LET SB DO STH

HAVE SB DO STH / DARE TO DO STH

INFINITIVE & GERUND VERBS

HATE / TRY / REMEMBER / REGRET / STOP / FORGET

Bare infinitive is used:

a)after modal verbs ( can / should /must etc.)

You should eat vegetables.

b)after the verbs let / make / see / hear and feel

They saw her kiss a boy.

c)after had better / would rather

You had better practise more.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinite form or the –ing form:

1-‐A:Have you decided where ………………………………..(spend) your holiday?

B: Yes,I would rather ………………………………….(go ) to Italy.

2-‐It was nice of Jane …………………………………….(help ) us yesterday.

3-‐I was happy …………………………….(see) all my friends at the party.

4-‐She is too……………………..(young) to go out in the evenings.

5-‐The teacher ……………………………….(let ) the students eat in the class.

7.4 CAMELOT – A MYTH ?

READING

GRAMMAR

*ADJ + PREP. + V ING

*VERB + PREP. + V ING

*VERB + OBJ. + PREP. + V ING

SUGGEST / CAN’T STAND / DON’T MIND / CAN’T HELP / IT’S NO USE / IT’S NOT WORTH / THERE’S NO POINT

/ HATE, ENJOY,LIKE etc. ( FEELINGS + V ING)

Verbs followed by -‐ing form

avoid consider delay deny

dislike enjoy finish can’t help

involve justify like (=enjoy) look forward to

mind miss postpone practice

risk suggest can’t stand carry on

put off

We delayed meeting fort he new product because of technical problems.

I look forward to meeting you next week. I don’t mind working late. I really enjoy reading books

Note. In the expression look forward to, the word to is a preposition. Prepositions (e.g., in, on, at, with, from, etc.) are always followed by the -‐ing form rather than infinitive.

2. Expressions bellow are followed by the -‐ing form

It’s a waste of time/money ... There’s no point (in) ... It’s no use ... It’s (not) worth ...

It's not worth repairing the computer. It would be cheaper to buy a new one.

Complete the following sentences with a gerund:

1-‐Stop crying! There is no point in ……………………………………for these kind of things.

2-‐She can’t stand………………………………… to rap music.

3-‐He doesn’t mind …………………………………….with the housework.

4-‐Mary hates ……………………………………………..football match on TV.

5-‐It’s no use ……………………………………..to her.She never listens to other people’s opinions.

MODULE 8 CRIME & PUNISHMENT

READING

Match the words to make phrases and write their definitons:

1-‐maretary __a-‐crime

2-‐insurance __b-‐offenses

3-‐commit __c-‐rates

4-‐mental __d-‐benefit

5-‐minor __e-‐illness

GRAMMAR

ADVERBS OF TIME

FUTURE

PRESENT

PAST

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

List of common single-‐word time adverbs

points of time (definite):

� now � then � today � tomorrow � tonight � yesterday

frequency (definite):

� annually � daily � fortnightly � hourly � monthly � nightly � quarterly � weekly � yearly

The word "bimonthly" is ambiguous and best avoided. Bimonthly can mean "twice a month" or "every two months". The same is true of "biyearly"/"biannually".

frequency (indefinite):

� always � constantly � ever � frequently � generally � infrequently � never � normally � occasionally � often � rarely � regularly

� seldom � sometimes � regularly � usually

relationships in time (indefinite):

� already � before � early � earlier � eventually � finally � first � formerly � just � last � late � later � lately � next � previously � recently � since � soon � still � yet

Fill in the correct adverbs of time:

1-‐She moved into another city many years……………………………

2-‐I haven’t heard of him ……………………ages.

3-‐They are going to built a new stadium ……………………………winter.

4-‐We haven’t finished our homework ……………………….

5-‐The children are playing happily in the garden ……………………….

6-‐Is he ……………………..here? I want to talk to him.

7-‐Mary is ………………………….late for work.She is punctual.

8-‐They haven’t visited me …………………………..my last birthday.

9-‐Have you watched a good film …………………………………?

10-‐I …………………………….eat sushi.I hate it.

8.2 WHITE COLLAR CRIME

READING

Write the related things with the following numbers:

1-‐35 years:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2-‐14.000 :……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-‐$ 200:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4-‐1960’s:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5-‐$300.000:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6-‐2002:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

GRAMMAR

INTENSIFYING ADJETIVES

BIG: HAPPENING / TYPE OF PERSON /NOT USED WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

GREAT:FEELINGS / QUALITIES

LARGE: NUMBER / MEASUREMENTS

When describing physical objects you can use a wide variety of adjectives such as: large, big, tiny, minuscule,

small, etc.

However, when describing nouns that are not physical (e.g. joy, anger, wealth) you need to pay careful

attention

to the choice of intensifying adjectives. This feature provides a guide to the use of the most common

intensifying adjectives

for non-‐physical nouns.

Choose from the following adjectives:

Great / utter / big / large / high / heavy / strong / deep

1. He has a …………………………….. understanding of Turkish culture. 2. She was in……………………..despair at the though of loosing her passport. 3. Unfortunately, Terry was a ……………………. drinker. 4. The lawyer went into …………………….. detail as he explained the case to the judge to save her. 5. Michael has a ……………………… opinion of his sister. 6. They came home, got into bed and immediately fell into a ……………………… sleep. 7. George is a…………………………. spender. He loves to take his friends out to dinner. 8. Don't listen to her. She's an ………………………… idiot. 9. There was a ………………………. scale earthquake in New York yesterday. 10. I must admit that yesterday was a ……………………….. disappointment. 11. The …………………………. cost of energy in the area has led to limited use of the air conditioner. 12. When I walked into the room Pat was in ………………… thought.

13. She explained her situation to the teacher in ………………….detail.

8.3 IN COURT

READING


1-‐Is Michael Abbot right to go to the court? Why ?/Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2-‐Would you get money from a loan shark? Why ? / Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3-‐Does Mr.Thompson have the right to take his money by force? Why ? / Why not?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-‐Do you think being a loan shark is legal or illegal? Why?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5-‐Who is trustable? A gambler or a loan shark? Explain.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GRAMMAR

GRADABLE ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

NON-‐ GRADABLE ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

Adjectives can be either gradable or non-‐gradable

Gradable

Gradable adjectives are adjectives like ‘cold’ ‘hot’ and ‘frightened’. You can be very cold or a bit cold. Gradable adjectives show that something can have different degrees.

Non-‐gradable

Non-‐gradable adjectives are adjectives like ‘married’ or ‘wooden’. You can’t be very married or a bit married. Non-‐gradable adjectives do not have different degrees.

Adjectives like ‘terrifying’, ‘freezing’ ‘amazing’ are also non-‐gradable adjectives. They already contain the idea of ‘very’ in their definitions – ‘freezing’ means ‘very cold’ etc.

Using adverbs of degree

When we use adverbs of degree to modify adjectives we usually have to use different adverbs for gradable

and non-‐gradable adjectives.

� NOT I’m completely hot. � NOT It was very fantastic

With gradable adjectives

� It’s a bit hot in here. Shall I turn the air conditioner on? � He’s very interested in documentaries. Why don’t you buy him a documentary book? � These problems are really difficult. I don’t know any of the answers. � I’m extremely tired. I’m not going out tonight.

The adverbs a bit, very, really, extremely and quite can all be used with gradable adjectives.

With non-‐gradable adjectives

� It’s absolutely boiling in here. Shall I turn the air conditioner on? � He’s completely fascinated by history. Why don’t you buy him a historical film? � This problem is absolutely impossible to solve. � That film is really frihtening. Don’t go and see it on your own.

The adverbs absolutely and completely can be used with non-‐gradable adjectives.

Notice that really can be used with both gradable AND non-‐gradable adjectives.

NOTE: There are other adverbs of degree that we haven’t covered in this section. The ones included here are some of the most common.

Fill in with a correct gradable adjective or adverb:

Very / really / completely / a bit / absolutely 1-‐I speak……………………………good English but My German is terrible.

2-‐What a/n ……………………………..beautiful dress! Where did you buy it from?

3-‐You should have come to her party.It was …………………………………fantastic.

4-‐Sorry, I’m …………………………rude,aren’t I?

5-‐Have you read that book? It’s ………………………….amazing.

8.4 ON THE INSIDE

READING


1-‐Prison life regulates prisoners’ life.___

2-‐The prisoners’ routine is flexible.___

3-‐Cells are cosy.___

4-‐Nobody sends him a letter or an e-‐mail.___

5-‐He doesn’t have breakfast as he wants to be fit.___

6-‐If he goes to the court again, his sentence can be reduced.___

7-‐He takes computer courses because there’s nothing to do.___

GRAMMAR

LINKING WORDS

*PERSONAL OPINION

*EMPHASISE

*SEQUENCE

*MORE INFORMATION

*PURPOSE

*EXAMPLE

*CONTRAST

*CONCLUDE

*SUMMARISE

Personal opinion: In my opinion/ view, To my mind, To my way of thinking, I am convinced that, It strikes me that, It is my firm belief that, I am inclined to believe that,It seems to me that, As far as I am concerned, I think that the economic crisis of the previous decade was terrible. To emphasize a point: Indeed, Naturally, Clearly, Obviously, Of course, Needless to say, the increase of the gas price affected all goods. To express the consequence of a condition: The price of bus tickets is due to increase again; consequently, then,so, in which case, I will start riding my bike. I’m hoping to get pay rise; if so, I’ll be going out tonight, if not, otherwise,it’ll be another night in front of the TV. To add more points to the same topic: What is more, Furthermore, Apart from this/ that, In addition (to this/ that),Moreover, Likewise, Besides (this/ that),

… not to mention the fact that your choice of work carrier decision which will influence the rest of your life. Not only is your choice of work carrier decision, but it is also one that will influence the rest of your life. To express purpose: Due to the storm, the pilot decided to turn back so that the flight would not be in danger. They purchased the old mansion with the purpose/ intention of redecorating it. To give examples: For instance, For example, watching films in English can help you to improve your English. To make contrasting points: It is a well known fact that somking is harmful to one’s health yet,however, nevertheless, but, even so, still, nonetheless, a lot of people start smoking. Although, Even though, Regardless of the fact that, In spite of the fact that,Despite the fact that; While it is a well known fact that smoking is harmful to one’s health, a lot of people start smoking. To conclude: Finally, Lastly, All in all, Taking everything into account/consideration, On the whole, All things considered, In conclusion, On balance, For the above mentioned reasons, Therefore I feel that, To sum up, internet can be dangerous for young children. Summarizing: In short, Briefly, To put it briefly, In summary, his performance in the film was terrible. Fill in with a correct linking word:

1-‐…………………………………she wasn’t rich,she was helping the poor.

2-‐……………………………………..the noise ,he managed to sleep.

3-‐……………………………………….,we should avoid smoking inside.

4-‐They cancelled the meeting ………………………………….the manager’s health problem.

5-‐I like science fiction films…………………………………….Matrix is my favourite.

MODULE 9 OLYMPICS

9.1 THE HISTORY OF THE OLYMPICS

READING

Write the things related to the following years:

1-‐1896:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2-‐1900:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-‐2004:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4-‐1920:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5-‐1924:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Match the words with their opposites:

1-‐modern __a-‐difference

2-‐male __b-‐ancient

3-‐similarity __c-‐heroin

4-‐hero __d-‐female

GRAMMAR

MORE PHRASAL VERBS

SOME COMMON PHRASAL VERBS PHRASAL VERBS MEANING � addicted to � devoted to � answer back � interrupt rudely � attend to � listen carefully � back up � support(physical,military etc.) � band together � unite, form groups � barge in/into � enter/interrupt(sth)rudely � be away � absent � be back � return � be in � at home � be out � not there � be over � finished � be up � out of bed � be up to � responsibility � blow up � explode � break down � fail � bring up � educate/raise � call for � collect/summon � call on � visit/invite � carry on � continue � catch up � reach/trap � chain up � restrain the movement � chicken out � lose one’s courage � clear up � improve � come off � succeed � come up with � suggest � cut off � disconnect

� cut out � stop

Fill in the correct preposition to form the phrasal verb:

1-‐He came ………………………………….a new idea for the new product’s advertisement.

2-‐The building blew……………………………………when the bomb exploded.

3-‐I’m sorry but the manager is ……………………………………He’ll be ………………………..at 2 p.m

4-‐You mustn’t chicken………………………………I believe you can do it.

5-‐I know it’s difficult after his death but should carry …………………..you life.

9.2 OLYMPIC SPORTS

READING


1-‐When are the standards occasionally announced?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2-‐Does the host country have to meet the minimum standards?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3-‐Why are the empty places re-‐allocated?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4-‐When does the anti-‐doping programme start?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5-‐What causes disqualification from the games or a ban from the sport for months,

years or even life?

.......................................................................................................................

GRAMMAR

MORE PHRASAL VERBS

� make out � understand � make up � invent � make up � apply cosmetics � overdo � exceed � overlook � miss � overtake � pass � pay back � repay � pick on � choose for unpleasant treatment � pick up � collect � point out � indicate � put away � stow � put off � postpone � put on � dress � put up � accommodate � put up with � tolerate � rub out � erase

� run after � pursue � run away � flee � run out of � finish � sell out � all sold � stay up � go to bed late � storm out � leave angrily � take back � return � take somebody/something in � deceive � take off � remove � take off � leave quickly � take out � extract � take out � escort � take up � begin/start � think about � consider � try out � test � turn down � reject � turn up � arrive � wake up � awaken � wash up � clean � watch out � be careful � wear out � finish � work out � calculate/develop � write out � complete � yell out � cry/shout aloud

Fill in the sentences using a suitable phrasal verb : Give up / make up / look after / look up/ dropped in

1.We ……………………………… at seven o’clock to have dinner together last night.

2.My wife is going to .................................. smoking soon.She’s ill.

3.We are going on holiday for a week. My friend will ........................ our dogs.

4.Some girls ………………………………..so much and they make themselves uglier.

5.Why don’t you................... that word in a dictionary instead of asking me?

9.3 PARALYMPICS

READING


1-‐Trischa was born with her disability.___

2-‐Her parents were worried about her , so she wasn’t allowed to go out alone.___

3-‐She joined her first competition at the age of seven.___

4-‐She only won gold and silver medals.___

5-‐Despite retiring from the competitions,she couldn’t resist involving with swimming activities._

6-‐After the surgery, she can see very well now.___

7-‐She broke a record about having most medals.___

GRAMMAR

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause,

the "object" of the preposition.

The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it.

These are the patterns for a prepositional phrase:

P R E P O S İ T İ O N + N O U N , P R O N O U N , G E R U N D , O R C L A U S E

P R E P O S İ T İ O N + M O D İ F İ E R ( S ) + N O U N , P R O N O U N , G E R U N D , O R C L A U S E

Here are some examples of the most basic prepositional phrase:

At work

At = preposition; work = noun.

In time

In = preposition; time = noun.

From Rachel

From = preposition; Rachel = noun.

With her

With = preposition; her = pronoun.

By dancing

By = preposition; dancing = gerund.

About what we want

About = preposition; what we want = noun clause.

Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:

From my mother

From = preposition; my = modifier; mother = noun.

Under the huge table

Under = preposition; the, huge = modifiers; table = noun.

Understand what prepositional phrases do in a sentence.

A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer

the question Which one?

Read these examples:

The towel on the bedroom floor belongs to my brother.

Which towel? The one on the bedroom floor!

The apples in the fruit bin are green.

Which apples? The ones in the fruit bin!

The note from Betty confessed that she had eaten the leftover chocolate.

Which note? The one from Betty!

As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?

Fred is exhausted from yesterday's long basketball practice .

How did Fred get exhausted? From yesterday's long basketball practice!

Fill in the correct preposition:

1-‐I can’t complete the report …………………………………….enough information.

2-‐ Who says you can go …………………………the world in eighty days?

3-‐ The girl …………………… Pompei left her purse in the class.

4-‐ The stories ……………………. that book were translated ………………….. my teacher.

5-‐ That photo ………………………. my desk used to hang ……………….. the bedroom Wall.

6-‐ She was looking ………………….. a well-‐paid job.

7-‐ I'd rather have wine instead…………………… beer.

8-‐Pull ………………….a chair and sit down ,please.

9-‐People stood …………………..and clapped loudly.

10-‐I watched a documentary…………………………….lions last night.

9.4 BEING AN ATHLETE

READING

Match the words with their definitions:

1-‐competitor __a-‐action that is designed to attract public attention

2-‐publicity __b-‐a situation that is certain to win

3-‐public eye __c-‐a person whom another person hopes to defeat

4-‐win-‐win situation __d-‐a situation that is not predictable

5-‐unforecasted situation __e-‐known by public,famous

GRAMMAR

MORE IDIOMS

ball of fire : person with great energy

beat : very tired

be/walk in someone else’s shoes: try to understand someone else or put oneself in that person’s position

be out : be impossible

be short : not to have enough

be tied up : be busy

be up for : be ready to do something; interested in doing something

blow the whistle : tell secret information about

break down : become unusable because of breakage

can of worms : complex problem

care for : like

catch one’s eye : attract one’s attention

catch up : go fast enough or do enough so as not to be behind

coffee break : a short recess from work during which workers rest and drink coffee or other

beverages

come up : approach or come close

die down : subside; to lessen

do one’s best : try very hard

down in the dumps : sad, depressed

a drag : a bother; an annoyance

drop off : take someone or something part of the way you are going;

end of one’s rope : end of one’s ability to cope or try

fall through : fail

fed up with : tired of or annoyed with

fill out : complete

gear up : get started or get doing

get a hold of : contact

get along : live or work together in a friendly way; to co-‐operate ; to agree

get an early start : begin early

get into : become involved or interested in

get off the ground : make a successful beginning

get something going : begin something

give a hand : 1) applaud ; 2) help out

give something a good going over: clean something thoroughly

give up : stop doing or having ; abandon; quit

go from bad to worse : change from a bad condition to a worse one

go over : check

hang up : place a telephone receiver back on its hook and break the connection

have a hand in : be partly responsible for

have a sale : sell merchandise at a reduced price

hit the nail on the head : be right out something how’s it going? : how are you? how are you doing ?

I’ll say : I agree with this completely

in one’s right mind : sane

keep one’s fingers crossed : to wish for good luck ; to hope for something

keep something to oneself : keep something secret

knock oneself out : work very hard at something

learn the ropes : gain experience

load off of one’s mind : a relief

look forward to : expect with hope or pleasure

look on the bright side : be optimistic

lose touch with : lose contact with

make it : go or come to a place

make up : do or supply something not done

measure up : be equal to

a night owl : someone who stays up late at night

not on your life : certainly not, not ever, not for any reason

on sale : selling for a special reduced price

on the side : in addition to a main thing

on the whole : in most ways

over the head of someone : too difficult

pass : say “no” to, decline an offer

pick out : choose

pick up : take on or away

pull someone’s leg : tease someone

put off : postpone

right away : immediately

see eye to eye : agree with

set up : make ready for use by putting the parts together

a show of hands : a group raising hands to vote or indicate agreement with something

sold out : no longer available because all have been sold

steer clear of : avoid

stick like glue : stay very close to a place or a person

stop by : visit on short notice or unexpectedly

straighten up : 1) tidy or clean up; 2) improve one’s behaviour

sure thing : course; certainly

take a break : rest

take a seat : sit down

take (a car) for a spin : test-‐drive; try out

take into account : consider; remember and understand

take it easy : avoid hard work or worry; rest

take place : happen

take someone up on something: accept; take or accept something that is offered

that’s (not) for me : I’m (not) interested that

tide one (you) over : carry one past a difficulty or danger; help in bad times

tons : a lot

try on : to put something on to see if it fits

try out for : try for a place on a team or in a group

turn in : give someone or deliver to someone

turn on : start by turning a handle or moving a switch

turn out : come or go out to see or do something

turn up : appear; be found

what’s going on? : what’s happening? What is the situation with X ?

What’s up? : How are you? What are you doing? What is happening?

Fill in with a correct idiom:

1-‐I haven’t seen you for a long time……………………………………………………………………………..

2-‐Can you ………………………………..TV? There is my favourite programme.

3-‐…………………………………,please! She will be here in five minutes.

4-‐They ……………………………………..the match because of the heavy snow.

5-‐You work hard.You should ……………………………………………………………

MODULE 10 NATURAL PHENOMENA

10.1 SPONTANEOUS HUMAN COMBUSTION

READING

A)Find the definitions of the following words in a dictionary:

1-‐combustion:……………………………………………………………………………………………..

2-‐wick:………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-‐intact:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4-‐landlord:………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5-‐collapse:………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6-‐ignite:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7-‐vomit:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

8-‐gather:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

B)Write the events for the following dates:

1-‐1700’s:………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐1938:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3-‐1400’s:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GRAMMAR

REPORTED SPEECH

tenses Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple “I’m a nurse,” She said. She said she was a nurse.

present continuous “I’m not going, “She said. She said she was not going.

past simple “Pınar did it,”He said. He said Pınar had done it.

past continuous “Erdal was studying Maths,”She said.

She said Erdal had been studying Maths.

present perfect “I haven’t broken it,”He said. He said he hadn’t broken it.

present perfect continuous

“I have been living here for two years,”She said.

She said she had been living there for two years.

past perfect “I had done this,”He said. He said he had done that.

past perfect continuous

“We had been searching for it,”They said.

They said they had been searching for it.

‘Will’ future “I’ll get it,”She said. She said she would get it.

‘Going to’ future “I’m going to get it,”She said. She said she was going to get it.

Can “I can speak German,”He said.

He said he could speak German.

May “I may be late,”She said. She said she might be late.

Must “I must go now,”She said. She said she had to go then.

Have to “She has to be here,”He said. He said she had to be there.

1st Conditional “If you invite, I’ll come.” She told him that if he invited her, she would come.

2nd Conditional “If you invited , I would come.”

She told him if he invited her, she would come.

3rd Conditional “If you had invited, I would have come.”

She told him that if he had invited her,she would have come.

Needn’t “I needn’t help her.” He said that he didn’t need to help her.

We can report people’s words by using direct or reported speech. Direct speech is the exact words someone used.

e.g. ‘I’m tired’, Sandra said..

Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We do not use quotation

marks in reported speech. We can either use the word that after the introductory verbs (say, tell, etc.) or we can omit it.

* Personal pronouns, possessive adjectives, possessive pronouns change according to the meaning of the sentence.

e.g. Samantha said (that) she was tired.

* We can report someone’s words either a long time after they were said (out�of�date�reporting) or a short time after

they were said (up � to � date � reporting)

* When we quote someone’s actual words, we can use reporting verbs such as say, reply, suggest, etc.

e.g. ‘I knew the answers,’ he said.

* We can report statements, questions, requests, thoughts, etc. Put these sentences into indirect :

e.g:“It’s very expensive . Is it soft?” He said that it was very expensive and asked if it was soft.

1.”Is the woman wearing the red dress? It’s really nice.”

.............................................................................................................

2.”Did you read his last book? It was really interesting.”

.............................................................................................................

3.”What time will you come? I won’t be here tomorrow afternoon.”

.............................................................................................................

4.”Don’t forget to bring your meal. You can’t find anything to eat there.”

.............................................................................................................

5.”We have to be on time for work. It is the third time we will be late.”

.............................................................................................................

10.2 MIND OVER BODY

READING


1-‐Uri Geller is a magician.___

2-‐He was born in Israel.___

3-‐He spent almost forty years on his career.___

4-‐He noticed his powers at the age of 23.___

5-‐He worked with FBI and CIA to catch the robbers.___

6-‐He didn’t care about the cure and help of sick and under-‐privileged children___

7-‐He received an award for his charity work.___

GRAMMAR

TIME ADVERBS IN REPORTED SPEECH

MODALS IN REPORTED SPEECH

must (obligation) � had to must (need to) � had to / needed to must (it’s logical) � would; was/were no doubt must have (it’s logical) � would have must (strong advice) � should must not (no obligation) � needn’t must not (forbidden) � was/were not to/was/were forbidden to Would you like to dance? � ........ if I wanted to (making offer) Would you type these letters? � asked me if I would type ........... (a polite order) Can I / Could I / May I � ....... if he could Will you ............ � .........if I would ........ whether I would Have you seen ........ � ......... if I had seen ....

......... whether I had seen Shall I (offer) � ..........if I wanted him to Might � might Ought to/should � ought to/should (for obligation/assumption) ought to/should (for advice) � advise + object + infinitive If I were you I should/would � advise + object + infinitive If I were you I should/would be (very) grateful if you would

� ask + object + Ving Would � would Used to � used to

CHANGES IN EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE Direct Speech Indirect Speech

today that day; the same day

tomorrow the next day, the following day

the day after tomorrow in two days’ time

next week(month,year) the week(month,year) after

the following week(month,year)

yesterday the previous day, the day before

last week(month,year) the week(month,year)before

the previous week(month,year)

ago before, previously

two days ago two days before, two days earlier

now then

here there

come go

this, these that, those

this,these(when they are pronouns;) it, them

10.3 INCREDIBLE INTELLIGENCE

READING


1-‐Who developed the Multiple Intelligence Theory?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-‐How is intelligence measured?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-‐How many primary intelligences are there according to this theory?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4-‐Which intelligence type do you have? Give examples.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5-‐Do you think teachers should follow this theory? Why ? / Why not?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GRAMMAR

QUESTIONS / COMMANDS / REQUESTS IN REPORTED SPEECH

IMPERATIVES IN ENGLISH “Drive carefully,” said his mother.

His mother told him to drive carefully.

“Don’t work so hard,” said Jane.

Jane told her friend not to work so hard.

YES/NO QUESTIONS IN ENGLISH “Are you ready?” asked the teacher. The teacher asked me if / whether I was ready. “Does she like milk? asked the doctor. The doctor asked her mother if / whether she liked milk. ‘Is anyone in here?’ she asked. She asked if / whether anyone was in there. WH-‐ QUESTIONS “What are you doing here?” the father asked. The father asked the girl what she was doing there. “Where do you live?” the woman asked. The woman asked me where I lived.

Put these questions into indirect speech :

1.How much did you pay for this skirt?”

She wanted to know ..............................................

2.”Whose French is not good?”

He wanted to know ..............................................

3.”Which man have they caught?

The policeman wanted to know ............................

Answer the questions : 1.”I do not like this woman.” What does the girl say?...................................................................................................

2.”I’ll explain it to you.” What does Andrea tell Andy?.................................................................................................

3.”My sister is going to get well soon.” What does the nurse tell her friend?.................................................................................................

4.”I haven’t met these girls before.” What does the boy tell his mother?.................................................................................................

5.”I always do my homework myself.” What does the student tell you?.................................................................................................

6.”It is not my bike, mine is red.” What does the man say to his friend?.................................................................................................

7.”We are learning Spanish.” What do the students tell their friends?.................................................................................................

8.”I do not read a lot.” What does the girl tell you?.................................................................................................

9.”She doesn’t work on Saturdays.” What does the manager tell you?.................................................................................................

10.”I will call her.” What does the young man say?..................................................................................................

10.4 MEDICAL PHENOMENA

READING


1-‐Is it possible to separate Krista and Tatiana Hogan ? Why ? Why not?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2-‐How many cases are documented in the world like this? How many of them survived?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3-‐What will happen to Emma and Taylor Bailey if the doctors separate them?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4-‐Why is the surgery risky?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5-‐Why were their parents happy when they heard them cry?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

GRAMMAR

REPORTING VERBS

(say-‐tell-‐complain-‐explain-‐object-‐point out-‐protest) + object

(agree-‐refuse-‐offer-‐promise-‐threaten) + infinitive

(accuse…of-‐admit-‐apologize for-‐deny-‐insist on) + gerund

(add-‐admit-‐answer-‐argue-‐assure(+obj)-‐boast-‐grumble-‐observe-‐remark

remind(+object)-‐reply) + direct object/indirect object

(murmur-‐mutter-‐shout-‐stammer-‐whisper) with statements and questions

ask-‐inquire-‐wonder-‐want to know

(wonder-‐want to know + WHETHER + infinitive) common use.

(inquire + WHETHER + infinitive) is also possible.

(tell-‐order) used for commands.

(ask-‐beg) used for requests.

Let’s-‐let him are reported using suggest.

e.g. ‘Let’s go to the cinema.’ � He suggested going to the cinema.

He suggested that they should go to the cinema.

Write these reported statements in direct speech :

1.He offered me a lift.................................................................................................

2.He agreed to pay her five million TL.................................................................................................

3.She warned him not to go out with that man.................................................................................................

4.She decided to take a bus.................................................................................................

5.He promised to call when he got home.................................................................................................

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