Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M. Lewis and Richard V. Pierard - EXCERPT

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ESSAYS BY

Ogbu Kalu Mark A Noll Reneacute Padilla

Scott Sunquist Sarah Williams and others

GLOBAL

Theology History andCulture in RegionalPerspective

EDITED BY DONALD M LEWIS

AND RICHARD V PIERARD

EVANGELICALISM







InterVarsity Press

PO Box 983089983092983088983088 Downers Grove IL 983094983088983093983089983093-983089983092983090983094

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copy983090983088983089983092 by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard

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Printed in the United States of America

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Global evangelicalism theology history amp culture in regional

perspective edited by Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983093983095-983089 (pbk alk paper)

983089 Evangelicalism I Lewis Donald M editor II Pierard

Richard V 983089983097983091983092- editor

BR983089983094983092983088G983093983094 983090983088983089983092

983090983095983088983096rsquo983090mdashdc983090983091983090983088983089983092983088983090983090983096983089983091

P 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092

Copyrighted Material wwwivpresscompermissions



CONTENTS

Preface 983097

Introduction 983089983089

Donald M Lewis and Richard V Pierard

P983137983154983156 I T983144983141983151983154983141983156983145983139983137983148 I983155983155983157983141983155

983089 Defining Evangelicalism 983089983095

Mark A Noll 983090 The Theological Impulse of Evangelical Expansion 983091983096

Wilbert R Shenk

983091 Globalization Religion and Evangelicalism 983094983088

Donald M Lewis

P983137983154983156 II E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148983145983155983149 983137983156 G983154983151983157983150983140 L983141983158983141983148

R983141983143983145983151983150983137983148 C983137983155983141 S983156983157983140983145983141983155

983092 Europe and North America 983096983093

John Wolffe and Richard V Pierard

983093 Africa 983089983090983094

Ogbu Kalu

983094 Latin America 983089983094983094

C Reneacute Padilla

983095 Asia 983089983097983095

Scott W Sunquist

983096 Australasia and the Pacific Islands 983090983091983090

Stuart Piggin and Peter Lineham

P983137983154983156 III I983155983155983157983141983155 983145983150 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148 E983150983139983151983157983150983156983141983154983155 983159983145983156983144 C983157983148983156983157983154983141

983097 Ecumenism and Interdenominationalism 983090983093983095

David M hompson

983089983088 Evangelicals and Gender 983090983095983088

Sarah C Williams




Glossary 983090983097983095

List of Contributors 983091983088983093

Subject and Persons Index 983091983088983095




PREFACE

T983144983145983155 983141983140983145983156983141983140 983158983151983148983157983149983141 983145983155 983156983144983141 983152983154983151983140983157983139983156 o years o collaboration involving

an international group o scholars Te origins o the initiative can be traced

back to conversations in the late 983089983097983096983088s between some o the leading histo-

rians o evangelicalism Mark Noll (then proessor o Christian thought at

Wheaton College) Edith Blumhoer (then director o the Institute or the

Study o American Evangelicals at Wheaton) and the late George Rawlyk

proessor o history at Queenrsquos University in Kingston Ontario A con-

erence on ldquoEvangelicals Voluntary Associations and American Public Lierdquo

sponsored by the Institute or the Study o American Evangelicals was held

at Wheaton in June o 983089983097983097983089 Mark Noll drew together an initial core o his-

torians to talk about how to advance the academic study o evangelicalism

and to share the results o such research with a much wider audience Tey

included Mark Hutchinson rom Sydney Australia J W (Hoffie) Homeyr

rom the University o Pretoria John Wolffe o the Open University in

England Richard V Pierard (then at Indiana State University) and Donald

Lewis o Regent College in Vancouver Canada Te group soon expandedto include many other experts An initial conerence was held in Sydney

Australia in 983089983097983097983095 and resulted in the publication o A Global Faith Essays

on Evangelicalism and Globalization (Centre or the Study o Australian

Christianity Sydney 983089983097983097983096) edited by Mark Hutchinson and Ogbu Kalu

In the late 983089983097983097983088s unding was secured or the Currents in World Christi-

anity Project (CWC) based at Cambridge University and headed by Brian

Stanley Te CWC went on to sponsor several key international consulta-tions and conerences in England New Zealand and South Arica One o

the initiatives o the CWC was aimed at producing a single volume o essays

that would acquaint a wide international audience with the latest research




983089983088 GLOBAL EVANGELICALISM

on global evangelicalism and it was hoped that this volume would be trans-

lated into a number o languages and help many audiences beyond the con-

fines o Western academia to understand this movement Tis is that volumeOur thanks and gratitude must be expressed to the Pew Charitable rusts

o Philadelphia Pennsylvania or the unds that made the Currents in

World Christianity Project possible which in turn underwrote the costs o

putting this volume together

We also wish to express our sincere gratitude to Mark Hutchinson or his

work in initially pulling articles together or this volume in spite o his

heroic efforts afer a ew years o trying to complete the project he oundhimsel overwhelmed with teaching and administrative duties and as a

result we volunteered to see the volume to the finish line Tere are a host

o individuals who need to be thanked or their hard work in reading and

critiquing the volume in various stages o its preparation chiefly Doug Hills

whose administrative gifs were so helpul but also to Hanna Dutko Danae

Yankowski David Lewis Laura Werezak im Proudlove Matthew Tomas

and Paul Gutacker

Tanks also needs to be expressed to Brian Stanley or his patience with

us as we have endeavored to finish the editing process Daniel Reid o Inter-

Varsity Press has outshone Job in terms o patience with us we are very

much in his debt





INTRODUCTION


I983150 983156983144983141 983155983141983139983151983150983140 983144983137983148983142 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983145983141983156983144 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 proponents o the

ldquosecularization thesisrdquo asserted that religion was a historical phenomenon

associated with premodern societies and that its demise was inevitable in

the modern world Tis process would o course take time but religionrsquos

slow disappearance would become evident once a period o cultural lag had

run its course It is now widely recognized that these theorists were wrong

Instead o receding religions throughout the world have been growing and

ofen have been rigorous in their engagement with the public sphere In

response to these developments some social theorists are now seeking to

construct ldquopostsecularrdquo theories in order to explain where and how the

ldquosecularization thesisrdquo went wrong

Much scholarly attention is now given to the development o Islamic

identities but there is relatively little understanding o how various orms

o evangelical Christianity have emerged as the mainstream Christian ex-

pression in many parts o the world and in particular in the non-Western

world Evangelicalism and its history have been effectively marginalized in

the academy in spite o the act that a case can be made that alongside

popular Islam evangelical Christianity is the most dynamic and expanding

religious expression in the world today However many academics remain

essentially ignorant o evangelicalism as a movement unable to differentiate

between basic terms such as evangelist evangelism evangelical and evangelicalism Unortunately scholars who work in the field have not been very

effective in communicating their findings or in persuading scholars that the

global expressions o evangelicalism are important or interesting





Te nature o evangelicalism as a popular movement makes it particularly

difficult to track and categorize and this has contributed to its marginal-

ization in the academy Like popular Islam its strength comes rom the verydiverse grassroots base on which it restsmdasha base made up o individuals

small groups small and large churches all spread across a bewildering va-

riety o distinctly evangelical Protestant denominationsmdashwhile many evan-

gelicals are to be ound within ldquomainlinerdquo denominations that are not sel-

consciously evangelical In act some o its most influential thinkers and

personalities are members o denominations that are not widely identified

as ldquoevangelicalrdquo which would be true in many ways o evangelicalism withinAnglicanism in the West (Here one thinks immediately o George Carey the

ormer Archbishop o Canterbury and head o the worldwide Anglican

communion o his successor Justin Welby the current Archbishop o Can-

terbury the late John Stott leading evangelical author and pastor and pro-

essor N Wright ormerly Bishop o Durham and currently proessor o

New estament at St Andrewrsquos University in Scotland)

Another difficulty related to the term evangelicalism is that in the North

American setting the term is ofen associated with a specific political agenda

and closely aligned with laissez-aire capitalism while in other areas o the

world these associations would not be made (especially in Latin America)

Tus it is ofen the case that many North American evangelicals hesitate to use

the descriptor o themselves lest they be linked in the broader culture with

aspects o what some have come to associate with the term evangelicalism

A third problem related to the marginalization o evangelicalism is its lack

o visibility as a global religious entity Unlike Roman Catholicism evan-

gelicalism has no visible ocal point o unity It has no Vatican no St Peterrsquos

in Rome no grand and imposing ancient buildings linking the movement

and its ollowers to the past no trappings o church-state links that still

linger in western Europe no pope claiming to be the visible representative

o Christ on earth no crowds o international media waiting or the election

o a new leader no global pronouncements emanating rom a central head-

quarters In the past several decades the nearest thing to a visible globalexpression o evangelicalism has been the Lausanne Movement which

under the leadership o the World Evangelical Alliance has brought together

evangelicals in three global conerences (Lausanne 983089983097983095983092 Manila 983089983097983096983097 and





Cape own 983090983088983089983088) And yet although evangelicalism has no geographical

center as such it has succeeded in indigenizing popular orms o Christi-

anity in widely diverse areas o the world where a Rome-centered Cathol-icism and Eastern Orthodoxy have long been unable to set down roots (one

thinks o both Korea and China in this regard)

Such marginalization o evangelicalism in the academy and the media is

thereore understandable and yet regrettable because it means that this pow-

erul international movement is not well understood by outsiders ormdashor

that mattermdashby insiders Many evangelicals themselves have little under-

standing o their own historical roots and little appreciation o the move-mentrsquos diversity across many cultures and nations Tis book is an attempt

to address these concerns tracing the movementrsquos roots rom the North

Atlantic world o the eighteenth century its spread outward rom the West

in the nineteenth century and its development as an indigenous movement

in cultures across the globe in the twentieth century It has been written by

a group o scholars broadly sympathetic to the movement and who are rec-

ognized experts in the study o evangelicalism in order (first) to help evan-

gelicals understand their roots and the diversity o the movement and

(second) to enable those outside the movement to come to understand some

o its internal dynamics

Its primary intended readership is college university and seminary stu-

dents throughout the world and it is the hope o the organizers and unders

o this project that it be translated into the five major languages o the world

and made available on every continent So it is in one sense an ldquoin-houserdquo

history but it is also meant to be rigorously air-minded and accurate and

it is hoped that it will be read by those outside the movement who seek to

gain understanding

For many evangelicals around the world questions o identity are

uppermost Embracing an evangelical Christian identity in societies domi-

nated by radical orms o other religions can be a matter o lie and death

particularly i the person is a recent convert An evangelical convert to

Christianity in Nepal may find himhersel excluded rom amily andkinship networks unwelcome to participate in the annual harvest isolated

rom those closest to him or her For Arican evangelicals the legacy o

colonialism may cause them to question the compatibility o evangelical





Christianity with their Arican identity Latin American evangelicals

struggle with the act that Roman Catholic spokesmen and secular aca-

demics oppose them by identiying them with oreign powers and dis-missing them as mere ldquosectsrdquo untrustworthy as part o the body politic

Tis bookrsquos main purpose is then to trace the recent history o evangelical

churches and evangelical movements while providing a general introduction

to the belies practices and characteristic emphases o evangelical Christi-

anity A second important purpose is to offer a worldwide survey o where

evangelical movements have come to exist and o the greatly varying condi-

tions under which evangelicals now carry on their work

U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147

Tis is a textbook or people who wish to approach the study o global evan-

gelicalism Te book is broken up into three major sections Te first section

provides historical and theological background and offers a discussion o

the vexed question o evangelicalismrsquos relationship to the process termed

globalization Te second section offers surveys o evangelicalismrsquos history

in different geographical areas o the world Te final section includes dis-

cussion o important themes in evangelical history

It is hoped that readers will find the book useul and enlightening either

as a reerence book or as a starting point to more in-depth study O course

no single book can cover any globally extensive subject exhaustively let

alone a subject with the complexity o world evangelicalism o assist you

we have included sections on urther reading at the end o each chapter and

a glossary at the end o the book




PART ONE

THEORETICAL ISSUES




1

DEFINING EVANGELICALISM

Mark A Noll

A983156 983156983144983141 983155983156983137983154983156 983151983142 983156983144983141 983156983159983141983150983156983161-983142983145983154983155983156 983139983141983150983156983157983154983161 evangelical Christianity

constituted the second largest worldwide grouping o Christian believers

Only the Roman Catholic church enjoys more adherents in todayrsquos world

Christianity than the evangelical churches By comparison with other world

religions evangelical Christiansmdashtaken only by themselves rather than as

part o the worldrsquos two billion Christiansmdashare more numerous than all but

Muslims and Hindus

So who are the evangelicals and where are they to be ound Te need

or a survey volume such as this is great because the twentieth century wit-

nessed a nearly unprecedented globalization o distinctly evangelical move-

ments and o movements that share many evangelical eatures Not that long

ago evangelical Christianity was predominately restricted to Western

Europe and North America According to one estimate in 983089983097983088983088 well over 983097983088

percent o the worldrsquos evangelical Christians lived in Europe or North

America983089 For a number o reasons having to do with Western missionary

activity cooperative efforts at translating the Bible into local languages the

dedicated efforts o national Christians in many parts o the world and

developments in worldwide trade and communication that earlier situation

has been dramatically transormed oday the number o evangelicals in

each o Arica Latin America and Asia exceeds the total in Europe and

North America combined983090 Increasingly those people who most effectively

1David B Barrett George Kurian and odd M Johnson World Christian Encyclopedia 1048626 vols

1048626nd ed (New York Oxford University Press 10486269830889830881048625) 10486251048625983091-10486259830922Ibid





contribute to the spread o evangelical Christianity are recruited rom the

southern rather than the Northern Hemisphere

But o course beore there can be a history o evangelicals and the evan-gelical presence as it exists on all the continents o the earth today we must

have a definition o evangelical Christianity Providing a workable definition

or a book with a worldwide perspective however is surprisingly compli-

cated Much o the complexity arises rom the necessity to defineevangelical

alongside a number o other terms like Pentecostal charismatic fundamen-

talist apostolic and indigenous that are ofen used in conjunction with the

term (see the glossary at the end o the book)Afer attempting definitions o these key terms this chapter then goes on

to several other necessary preliminary tasks It sketches with very broad

strokes the historical emergence and spread o evangelical Christianity out-

lines where evangelical and evangelical-like Christian groups now exist in

the world and specifies the main Christian denominations and Christian

movements that are the principal carriers o evangelical energy in the world

today But definitions are the place to begin

D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155

Te word evangelical designates a set o belies behaviors and characteristic

emphases within the broad Christian tradition Tat broad Christian tra-

dition has itsel appeared in many orms in many places throughout the

nearly two thousand years o Christian history Missiologists (those who

study the transmission o Christianity rom place to place and generation

to generation) say it is possible to identiy several characteristics shared by

virtually all o the worldrsquos Christian movements1048627 First and oremost Chris-

tians affirm that ultimate meaning is ound in the person o Jesus Christ

Tey also turn to the sacred writings o the Bible or authoritative guidance

on who Jesus was and what his person and work continue to mean or all

the world Te Bible is important or both its New estament which speaks

directly o Christ and its Old estament which tells o the people o Israel

rom whom Jesus was born Almost all Christians also think o themselves

3Tis general definition follows Andrew Walls ldquoTe Gospel as Prisoner and Liberator of Culturerdquo

in Te Missionary Movement in Christian History Studies in the ransmission o Faith (Mary-

knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095




Defining Evangelicalism 983089983097

as joined with other believers through history back to the time o Christ

Most also practice water baptism as an initiation rite and celebrate the

Lordrsquos Supper (or communion or the Eucharist) as a way o ocusing at-tention on the death and resurrection o Jesus as key elements in the sacred

story Where Christian bodies have come to intellectual sel-consciousness

they regularly affirm God as a rinity one supreme deity who exists in three

persons (Father Son and Holy Spirit)

Troughout history the designation evangelical has been applied to many

different movements within this broader Christian story Te word itsel has

several legitimate senses but all are related to the original sense o ldquogoodnewsrdquo Te English word comes rom a transliteration o the Greek noun

euangelion which was used regularly by the writers o the New estament

to signiy the glad tidingsmdashthe good newsmdasho Jesusrsquo appearance on earth as

the Son o God to accomplish Godrsquos plan o salvation or needy humans

ranslators o the New estament usually used the word gospel (which

meant ldquogood newsrdquo or ldquoglad tidingsrdquo in Old English) or euangelion as in

passages such as Romans 983089983089983094

I am not ashamed o the gospel (euangelion) because it is the power o God

or the salvation o everyone who believes (983150983145983158)

Tus ldquoevangelicalrdquo religion has always been ldquogospelrdquo religion or religion

ocusing on the ldquogood newsrdquo o salvation brought to sinners by Jesus Christ

As ldquonewsrdquo it implies the need or the message to be spreadmdashindeed evan-

gelical Christianity takes the ldquospeakingrdquo and ldquoWordrdquo elements o the aith as

definitional An unspoken aith is no aith at allmdashand thus oundational toevangelicalism is the need to witness to the ldquogood newsrdquo o Jesus Christ to

ldquogo into all the worldrdquo At its core it is a aith with a global vision Tis em-

phasis also creates some o the unique tensions in the movementmdashsome

expressions o evangelicalism (the Reormed or Calvinistic tradition or

example) emphasize the external and rational in ways that are oreign to

evangelicals who place an emphasis on the heart and on the ldquoevidencerdquo o

experience As either ldquoword spokenrdquo or ldquoword livedrdquo however both ormshave demonstrated an extraordinary ability to cross borders to locate them-

selves in many places and within a wide variety o organizational orms and

yet in adapting to retain their essential character





During the sixteenth century the word evangelical began to take on a

more specific meaning associated with the Protestant Reormation In this

usage ldquoevangelicalsrdquo were those who protested against the corruptions othe late medieval Western church and who sought a Christ-centered and

Bible-centered reorm o the church Because o these efforts the wordevan-

gelical became a rough synonym or Protestant o this day in many places

around the world Lutheran churches reflect this older sense o the term (or

example the Evangelical Lutheran Church o Papua New Guinea the Evan-

gelical Lutheran Church in America or [in India] the amil Evangelical

Lutheran Church)Since the eighteenth century however the word has taken on an even

more restricted usage and it is this usage that reers to the movement this

book takes or its subject Tis usage reers not to Protestants in general but

to those Protestants who beginning about three hundred years ago placed

a heightened emphasis on experiencing the redeeming work o Christ per-

sonally and on spreading the good news o that message whether to those

with only a nominal attachment to Christianity or to those who had never

heard the Christian gospel In one o the most useul definitions the British

historian David Bebbington has identified our key ingredients o this kind

o evangelicalism1048628

bull Conversion Evangelicals stress the need or a definite turning away rom

sel and sin in order to find God in Jesus Christ

bull Te Bible or ldquoBiblicismrdquo Evangelicals may respect church traditions in

varying degrees and may use schooling reason and science to assist intalking about Christianity but the ultimate authority or all matters o

aith and religious practice are the Christian Scriptures

bull Activism Evangelicals have historically been moved to actionmdashto works

o charity sometimes to works o social reorm but above all to the work

o spreading the message o salvation in Christmdashbecause o their own

experience o God

bull Te Cross or ldquoCrucicentrismrdquo (cross-centeredness) Evangelicals have

also consistently stressed as the heart o Christian aith the death o

4D W Bebbington Evangelicalism in Modern Britain A History rom the 983089983095983091983088s to the 983089983097983096983088s

(London Unwin Hyman 1048625983097983096983097) pp 1048626-1048625983095





Christ on the cross and then the resurrection o Christ as a triumphant

seal or what was accomplished in that death Evangelicals have regularly

emphasized the substitutionary character o this atonement between Godand sinul humans whereby Christ receives the punishment due to

human sins and God gives spiritual lie to those who stand ldquoin Christrdquo

While holding to such core essentials evangelicals are ofen flexible about

nonessentials which has been a key to their spread around the world So

one sees not only revivalistic ervor (the religion o the heart) in South

America but also Reormed revivals in the Southern Baptist Convention in

America and among Anglicans in Sydney Australia In this sense evan-gelicalism is compatible with global expansion particular local emphases

and strong denominational identities

Consequently though evangelicals are marked out by Bebbingtonrsquos our

commitments important questions still remain concerning the use o

other terms that ofen arise when considering the worldwide dimensions

o evangelicalism

Fundamentalism is a term that arose in the United States during the earlyyears o the twentieth century to designate conservative evangelicals who

protested against what they saw as the undermining o orthodoxy by ration-

alist and modernist ideas (called ldquoliberalizationrdquo or ldquoliberalismrdquo)983093 Funda-

mentalists insisted on holding to traditional Christian teachings concerning

the infallibility o the Bible the virgin birth o Christ the substitutionary

nature o the atonement and the return o Christ at the end o history In

general undamentalists were strident in deense o the supernatural ele-

ments in the Christian Scriptures that were being questioned in some aca-

demic and church circles In more recent decades some groups have used

the term fundamentalist with regard to themselves in order to demonstrate

their separation rom other orms o Christianity (including Roman

Catholic liberal Protestant and other varieties o evangelicalism) and to

maintain a strict view o the Biblersquos errorless character In North America

undamentalists have also contributed a moral urgency to politically con-

servative movements like the New Christian Right1048630 Most evangelicals have

5See especially George M Marsden Fundamentalism and American Culture Te Shaping o

wentieth Century Evangelicalism 983089983096983095983088ndash983089983097983090983093 (New York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983096983088)6For expert assessment of political-religious connections involving recent fundamentalist activity





not been undamentalists but many undamentalists do fit within the tra-

ditional bounds o evangelicalism

Pentecostalism is a term that arose about the same time as fundamen-talism It describes evangelical believers who placed resh stress on the active

work o the Holy Spirit and on the restoration o the direct experience o

God commonly reported in the New estament In its classic orm Pente-

costals taught that ldquothe baptism o the Holy Spiritrdquo would be marked by

ldquospeaking in tonguesrdquo (unlearned speech produced by the Spiritrsquos direct

agency) and also by miracles o healing and prophecy Around the end o

the nineteenth century Pentecostal-like expressions began to emerge amongChristians in many parts o the globe particularly those who had roots in

Methodism or the Keswick ldquohigher Christian lierdquo circles in England Re-

vivals occurred in Australia India Wales and among indigenous peoples

(giving rise or instance to the variegated Arican independent churches)

who were coming to terms with modernization and rapid cultural change

In 983089983097983088983094 one o these outbreaks intersected with one o the more dynamic

and globally open cultures in Los Angeles in what is ofen reerred to as the

ldquoAzusa Street Revivalrdquo and rom that point Pentecostal belies and practices

have spread like wildfire oday Pentecostal and Pentecostal-like churches

make up the astest growing segment o world Christianity Pentecostalism

grew directly rom historical evangelical emphases and most Pentecostals

fit securely into historic channels o evangelical Christianity1048631

Charismatics are Christians not associated with Pentecostal churches

who nonetheless adopt some Pentecostal practices1048632 During the second

see John C Green James L Guth Corwin E Smidt and Lyman A Kellstedt Religion and the

Culture Wars Dispatches rom the Front (Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 1048625983097983097983094)7For helpful orientation see Walter J Hollenweger Te Pentecostals (London SCM Press 10486259830979830951048626)

Edith L Blumhofer ldquoransatlantic Currents in North Atlantic Pentecostalismrdquo in Evangelicalism

Comparative Studies o Popular Protestantism in North America the British Isles and Beyond

983089983095983088983088ndash983089983097983097983088 ed Mark A Noll David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk (New York Oxford

University Press 1048625983097983097983092) pp 98309110486291048625-983094983092 and Grant Wacker Heaven Below Early Pentecostals and

American Culture (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 10486269830889830881048625)8Helpful descriptions of the many and varied expressions of charismatic religion can be found

in the now standard source on the subject Te New International Dictionary o Pentecostal andCharismatic Movements ed S M Burgess and E M Van der Maas (Grand Rapids Zondervan

10486269830889830881048626) See also K Poewe ed Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (Columbia Univer-

sity of South Carolina Press 1048625983097983097983092) and such local studies as Peter Hockenrsquos Streams o Renewal

Te Origins and Early Development o the Charismatic Movement in Great Britain (Exeter UK

Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)





hal o the twentieth century charismatic movements appeared in many

o the older more traditional Protestant denominations and also in the

Roman Catholic Church Like Pentecostals charismatics stress the directpresence o God through the activity o the Holy Spirit but do not neces-

sarily organize entire churches denominations or agencies defined around

this special work o the Holy Spirit Teologically charismatics have at-

tempted to maintain the link between their personal experience and tra-

ditional Christian theology by deemphasizing the uniqueness o speaking

in tongues as a sign o the baptism in the Holy Spirit Charismatic move-

ments have been important in the shaping o recent evangelicalism espe-cially or making modified versions o historical Pentecostal practices

much more common among evangelical churches in the Western and non-

Western worlds alike

Part o the genius o evangelicalism is its ability to adapt to local cultures

but this adaptability makes clear-cut definitions more difficult to maintain

Te most difficult groups to categorize with respect to historic evangelicalism

are the ldquoApostolicrdquo ldquoZionistrdquo and other indigenous Christian movements that

prolierated in the Southern Hemisphere over the course o the twentieth

century In Arica these groups are sometimes known as ldquoaladurardquo churches

rom a Yoruba word meaning ldquoowners o prayerrdquo or are called Arican inde-

pendent (or initiated) churches (AICs) Examples rom literally thousands o

possibilities include the Zion Christian Church o Southern Arica and the

Cherubim and Seraphim Society o West Arica But churches and move-

ments with many similarities have also prolierated in other parts o the world

such as the Universal Church o the Kingdom o God in Brazil the house

church movements in China and many other rapidly developing church net-

works in India the Philippines Pacific Islands Arica and Latin America1048633

Trough missions and migration many o the practices and emphases o these

non-Western groups have spread back to First-World churches

As the names suggest these indigenous Christian movements usually

exercise a high degree o independence in charting their own courses they

9For introductory insights see Elizabeth Isichei A History o Christianity in Arica (London

SPCK and Grand Rapids Eerdmans 10486259830979830971048629) pp 1048626983095983097-983096983096 and Allan Anderson Zion and Pentecost

Te Spirituality and Experience o Pentecostal and ZionistApostolic Churches in South Arica

(Pretoria University of South Africa Press 1048626983088983088983088)





are usually well adapted to the religious and social practices o their different

regions and they are as determined to recover the supernatural practices o

New estament Christianity as the Pentecostals Teir variety and globalspread has caused some concern among traditional evangelicals regarding

the nature o their aith and threats to the traditional ways the term (and so

the identity) o evangelical has been used Te result has been ongoing and

quite vigorous debates over the meaning inspiration and role o the Bible

and repeated reorientations o evangelical groupings Tese indigenous

groups are sometimes criticized by more traditional evangelicals or exalting

the prophetic powers o their leaders or subordinating the work o Christ tothe work o the same leaders Some critics see too much ancestral religion

surviving in these groups as well as a penchant or promoting Christianity

as a means to gain health and wealth in this lie But there is no doubt that

a history o modern evangelical Christianity must pay considerable at-

tention to such groups Many o them originated rom contact with historic

evangelical missionaries and most o them promote belies and practices

that overlap with traditional evangelical emphases Case by case analysis is

the only way to discern whether such independent movements are best

studied as merely another variant o evangelical Christianity or should be

classified as something other than evangelical Some methodological rigor

is also required in not simply identiying popular revival movements with

previous layers o shamanism or popular religion that exist elsewhere in the

community in question

Efforts to define evangelicalism will always remain somewhat imprecise

because the phenomenon designated by the word represents a set o belies

and practices rather than a single organization A survey conducted in

North America or example was deliberately constructed to probe the di-

mensions o evangelicalism in Canada and the United States9830891048624 It ound that

not all o those who called themselves ldquoevangelicalsrdquo or use a related term

10Te survey was conducted by the Angus Reid Group of oronto in 1048625983097983097983094 with 983091983088983088983088 respondents

each in the United States and Canada Te late George Rawlyk of Queenrsquos University Ontariowho was the key consultant in shaping the survey oriented religious questions toward the four

characteristics of evangelicalism as defined by David Bebbington For further examination of

its results see ldquoHow Very Different A Poll Shows How Canadian and US Attitudes Vary on

Family Politics and Religionrdquo Macleanrsquos November 983092 1048625983097983097983094 pp 983091983094-983092983088 and Mark A Noll Amer-

ican Evangelical Christianity An Introduction (Oxford Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) pp 983091983088-983091983096





held to traditional evangelical belies (although 983095983092 percent in the US did so

with 983093983089 percent in Canada) It also discovered that many people who did

hold traditional evangelical belies were to be ound among members o theRoman Catholic Church (983089983091 percent o the Americans and 983090983093 percent o the

Canadians who called themselves ldquoevangelicalrdquo) And it ound that only

about hal o those in the denominations descended rom historical evan-

gelical movements used terms like evangelical to describe themselves (983092983092

percent in the US 983093983095 percent in Canada) In other words there is (as with

undamentalism) an increasing vagueness in the use o terminology about

evangelicalism both by scholars and among evangelicals themselvesYet i disciplined rather than ideological distinctions are observed much

o the imprecision ades away As several historians have recognized evan-

gelicalism can be described as a series o three overlapping constituencies that

differ in their sel-consciousness but are at least loosely related in their

shared history and convictions983089983089 What we might call intentional evangelicals

orm relatively small numbers o individuals and agenciesmdashofen active in

networks o voluntary societies or mission agenciesmdashwho deliberately label

themselves and their efforts as evangelical Much larger numbers are asso-

ciated with ormal churches and other institutions embedded securely in

historical evangelical movements And still larger numbers rom throughout

the world who may have only loose connections with original evangelical

movements nonetheless share the historic belies and practices o evan-

gelicalism and so may functionally be included in wider considerations o

evangelicalism as well

Later chapters in this book will refine questions o definition and indeed

also the relevance o conceptual boundary marking as applied in the various

corners o the globe Enough has been said here however to show why the

study o worldwide evangelicalism is both a deensible and necessary task

B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161

Protestant Christianity was transormed in the century that ollowed the

close o religious warare in early modern Europemdashthat is rom the Peace oWestphalia on the continent in 983089983094983092983096 that brought to an end the Tirty Years

11In this threefold categorization I am following George M Marsden ldquoIntroductionrdquo Evangelical-

ism and Modern America (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048625983097983096983092) p ix





War and the Restoration o the English monarchy in 983089983094983094983088 ollowing the Pu-

ritan Commonwealth period Tat transormation involved many actors

Some were obviously religious but others (like adjusting to new demands ocommercial society or resisting grabs or power by divine-right monarchs)

were more subtle in their relationship to aith Te most overt religious actor

in the transormation o Protestantism was spiritual renewal expressed as a

multiaceted protest against ecclesiastical ormalism and an urgent appeal or

a living religion o the heart Te orm o Christianity that historians describe

as ldquoevangelicalismrdquo originated in these movements o pietistic revival983089983090

On the European continent the emergence o such emphases is usuallydated rom the publication in 983089983094983095983093 o Philipp Jakob Spenerrsquos Pia Desideria

(Pious or Heartelt Desires) Tis was an appeal or heartelt religion and or

lay study o Scripture in the Lutheran state churches o Germany Positive

responses to this booklet marked the beginnings o the Pietist movement

which spread rom Germany to many other parts o Europe It influenced

later English-speaking evangelicalism in many ways and also pioneered in

missionary proclamation o the gospel beyond European borders But similar

longings afer ldquotrue religionrdquo were also evident in English-speaking areas as

indicated by the nearly simultaneous appearance in England o John Bun-

yanrsquos Pilgrimrsquos Progress (983089983094983095983096 983089983094983096983092) an allegorical account o Christian exis-

tence that moved rom the cross o Christ (and the joyul loss o the burden

o sin) through the trials o earthly existence to final entrance into the Ce-

lestial City Such stirrings could also be ound in other parts o England in

Scotland Wales and Ireland as well as in the American colonies

During the first hal o the eighteenth century Pietist protests against

cold ormal religion gathered increasing strength even as the widening

search or a ldquotrue religion o the heartrdquo broadened and deepened9830891048627 In the

English-speaking world the result was evangelicalism From the 983089983095983090983088s and

983089983095983091983088smdashin London and English market towns the Scottish Highlands and

Lowlands Wales Ireland and the North American coloniesmdashEnglish-

speaking Protestantism was significantly renewed through a series o ofen

12Te two best general accounts of this period and the origins of modern evangelicals are by

W R Ward Te Protestant Evangelical Awakening (New York Cambridge University Press 10486259830979830971048626)

and Christianity Under the Ancien Reacutegime (New York Cambridge University Press 1048625983097983097983097)13For a general picture see ed Campbell Te Religion o the Heart European Religious Lie in the

Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Columbia University of South Carolina Press 10486259830979830971048625)







Many English-speaking Protestants ollowed just as closely reports con-

cerning the great crowds that came out to hear George Whitefield as he

traveled through Britain and North America and then news o the extra-ordinary revival at Cambuslang near Glasgow in Scotland which began in

February 983089983095983092983090 and continued or several months

Soon congregations and small gatherings o believers through the North

Atlantic region were singing new hymns that described these lie-changing

experiences As would regularly occur in the history o evangelicalism resh

outbursts o religious ervor were sustained and encouraged by the writing

o creative congregational songs Most o evangelicalismrsquos early hymn writerswrote o what they had personally experienced John Newton a slave trader

become Anglican priest wrote such words in a hymn that became especially

popular in the last hal o the twentieth century

Amazing grace how sweet the sound

that saved a wretch like me

I once was lost but now am ound

was blind but now I see rsquowas grace that taught my heart to ear

and grace my ears relieved

how precious did that grace appear

the hour I first believed9830891048631

Te public preaching o repentance and ree grace new institutions

arising to perpetuate that message hymns expounding its effects and expe-

riences like those o Abigail Hutchinson and John Wesley constituted theorigins o the evangelical movement

From the mid-eighteenth century evangelicals expanded their activ-

ities first in Britain and North America but then soon also in other parts

o the world For much o the nineteenth century white evangelical Prot-

estants constituted the largest and most influential body o religious ad-

herents in the United States as also in Britain and Canada Methodists

Baptists Presbyterians Congregationalists and some Episcopalians sharedbroadly evangelical convictions and evangelical elements were prominent

17See especially D Bruce Hindmarsh John Newton and the English Evangelical radition (New

York Oxford University Press 1048625983097983097983094) pp 1048626983095983094-983095983096





among Lutherans German and Dutch Reormed and the Restorationist

churches (Churches o Christ Disciples o Christ) as well

Although evangelicals ofen combated each other aggressively on the de-tails o those convictions in 983089983096983092983094 delegates rom many churches in Britain

and North America as well as a substantial representation rom the Eu-

ropean continent created the Evangelical Alliance a voluntary interdenom-

inational organization whose doctrinal basis succinctly illustrated major

points o mutual evangelical agreement Te ounding convictions o the

Alliance remain central to evangelical movements around the world today

Well beore 983089983096983092983094 however evangelicals had also begun to take a growinginterest in spreading Christianity to other parts o the world In such efforts

English-speaking evangelicals lagged considerably behind their Continental

Pietist colleagues

Early in the eighteenth century Bartholomaumlus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich

Pluumltschau German Lutherans who had studied at the University o Halle

traveled to the territory o the Danish king in ranquebar South India

where they expended great energy in preaching and educating as well as

translating and printing the Scriptures and in general preparing the way

or the spread o Christianity Tese pioneering ventures in crosscultural

missionary service were ollowed by many other Continental Pietists over

the course o the eighteenth century Apart rom a ew efforts to reach native

American Indians with the gospel however significant missionary labors by

English speakers did not begin until the end o the century Te ex-American

slave David George immigrated to Sierra Leone in 983089983095983097983090 as a dedicated

preacher o revival just as that West Arican colony was being opened or

outside settlement under the auspices o Anglican evangelicals Te next

year the English Baptist William Carey set out or India In 983089983095983097983095 Dutch

evangelicals ormed the Netherlands Missionary Society In the English-

speaking world the Baptist Missionary Society (983089983095983097983090) was joined by the

London Missionary Society (983089983095983097983093) Te (Anglican) Church Missionary Society

(983089983095983097983097) the interdenominational American Board o Commissioners or

Foreign Missions (983089983096983089983088) the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society in theUK (983089983096983089983096) and many other evangelical bodies in what would rapidly grow

into great efforts o missionary proclamation Tey were quickly ollowed

by German and Dutch missions such as the Basel (983089983096983089983093) and Berlin Missions





(983089983096983090983092) and a flowering o voluntary missionary societies Te missionary

movement was a very important expression o evangelical zeal in English-

speaking countries It became even more important or planting seeds oChristianity in other parts o the world that would grow vigorously into

strong indigenous Christian churches

In the twentieth century evangelicals remained important in the broader

Christian histories o Britain and North America But the great story o the

recent past has been the flourishing o evangelical churches and movements

in other parts o the world9830891048632 Even as the Pentecostal ZionApostolic and

indigenous churches o the non-Western world have prolierated to an in-credible degree however evangelical movements in Britain and North

America have had their ups and downs Evangelicals rom around the world

continue to come to Britain the United States and Canada or training but

so now do missionaries rom the wo-Tirds World arrive to spread the

gospel among ellow immigrants in the West and also to evangelize among

secular Westerners o be sure the newer evangelical churches o the world

also ace many difficulties o their own instability at times lack o wise

leadership shortage o educational materials ethnic violence numbing

poverty and more But rom these churches insights practices songs and

doctrinal emphases have also begun to flow back toward the original evan-

gelical homelands As one commentator has written with a ocus on the

Pacific ldquoNew Zealand Maori like other indigenous peoples valued evan-

gelical Christianity or its acknowledgment o the supernatural Te re-

sults may put pakeha [New Zealanders o European descent] back into the

beginners class o spiritual thingsrdquo9830891048633 Te histories contained in the chapters

that ollow reveal some o the dynamics by which these great developments

o the twentieth century occurred

18For orientation see David Martin ongues o Fire Te Explosion o Protestantism in Latin

America (Oxford Blackwell 1048625983097983097983088) Martin Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish (Oxford

Blackwell 10486269830889830881048625) Poewe Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture Murray Dempster Bryon

D Klaus and Douglas Peterson eds Te Globalization o Pentecostalism (Oxford Regnum

1048625983097983097983097) Allan H Anderson and Walter J Hollenweger eds Pentecostals Afer a Century (Shef-

field Sheffield Academic Press 1048625983097983097983097) Richard Shaull and Waldo Cesar Pentecostalism and theFuture o the Christian Churches (Grand Rapids Eerdmans 1048626983088983088983088) and Allan Anderson An

Introduction to Pentecostalism (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 1048626983088983088983094)19John Roxborogh ldquoMapping the Evangelical Landscape in New Zealandrdquo in Mapping the Land-

scape Essays in Australian and New Zealand Christianity Festschrif in Honor o Proessor Ian

Breward (New York Peter Lang 1048626983088983088983088) p 9830911048626983095





G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140

Different measures can be applied to suggest the transormation o evan-

gelicalism into a thoroughly global presence Te Angus Reid Group con-ducted a survey with a significant set o religious questions in 983091983091 different

countries When counting the number o Protestants who reported prac-

ticing evangelical-like aithmdashthat is those who considered religion to be

very significant in their lives who prayed at least once a day who attended

church at least weekly and who had committed their lives to Christ and

considered themselves ldquoconverted Christiansrdquomdashit ound that the same per-

centage o South Aricans as Americans (983090983096 percent) answered positively toall our questions Next in order the Angus Reid survey ranked three na-

tions where there had been virtually no evangelical presence a century ago

Brazil the Philippines and South Korea (each 983089983088 percent o the population)9830901048624

Even broader evidence o the worldwide evangelical presence is con-

tained in the 983090983088983088983089 edition o David Barrettrsquos World Christian Encyclopedia

which presents an exhaustive country-by-country enumeration o Christian

believers throughout the whole world Using Barrettrsquos narrowest definitiono evangelical the Encyclopedia ound that more ldquoevangelicalsrdquo lived in the

United States (983092983088983094 million) than anywhere else in the world but also that

the next most populous ldquoevangelicalrdquo countries were two where almost no

evangelicals had existed one hundred years ago Brazil (983090983095983095m) and Nigeria

(983090983090983091m)983090983089 O the next 983092 countries where Barrett ound the largest number o

evangelicals 983089 was a historical center o evangelical strength (the United

Kingdom 983089983089983094m) but 983091 had witnessed the growth o substantial evangelical

populations mostly in the past century (India 983097983091m South Korea 983097983089m

South Arica 983097983089m) O the remaining 983090983092 countries where Barrett ound at

least one million evangelicals only 983091 were in Europe (Germany Romania

Ukraine) and 983089 in North America (Canada) Fully 983089983088 o these others were in

Arica (Angola Congo-Zaire Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Mozambique

20 Angus Reid World Monitor January 1048625983097983097983096 Te countries that came next in rank order by Prot-

estants responding positively to all four questions were Canada (983096983077) Australia (983095983077) Norway

(983094983077) and the United Kingdom (1048629983077) South Africa was the only nation in the continent of Africasurveyed in this Angus Reid poll

21Te World Christian Encyclopedia (ed Barrett Kurian and Johnson) defines ldquoevangelicalsrdquo like

this ldquoA subdivision mainly of Protestants consisting of all affiliated church members calling

themselves Evangelicals or all persons belonging to Evangelical congregations churches or

denominations characterized by commitment to personal religionrdquo





Rwanda anzania Uganda Zambia) 983093 were in Asia (China Myanmar In-

donesia Philippines Australia) and 983093 were in Latin America (Guatemala

Haiti Mexico Argentina Peru)I Barrettrsquos more diffuse categories o ldquoPentecostalrdquo ldquoCharismaticrdquo and

ldquoNeo-Independentrdquo are employed the worldwide distribution o evangelical-

like Christian movements is underscored even more dramatically983090983090 In the

enumeration o these categories Brazil leads all the rest (983095983097983097m) ollowed

then by the United States (983095983093983090m) China (983093983092983091m) India (983091983091983093m) South

Arica (983090983089983090m) the Philippines (983090983088983088m) Congo-Zaire (983089983095983095m) Mexico

(983089983091983088m) and then many other countries rom Asia Latin America and Aricaas well as Europe In places like China it is difficult to count evangelicals as

the ldquoofficialrdquo church is in act only a part o the religious landscape And as

recent sociological studies are indicating the ldquoChineserdquo or ldquoLatin Americanrdquo

evangelical presence is not just a actor in China or Latin America ldquoIn

American societyrdquo or instance ldquomost post-983089983097983094983093 immigrants are rom Asia

South and Central America and many o the new immigrants have joined

conservative churches such as Pentecostals among Latin Americans and

evangelicals among Korean and Chinese immigrants and Southeast Asian

reugeesrdquo9830901048627 In a global age one learns to think o such evangelical churches

both in their local sense and in the sense in which the ever-present act o

mass migration makes them worldwide churches Te consequences are

obviousmdashattacks on evangelicals in Ghana Nigeria China or elsewhere

very quickly become global issues

O course all such efforts at counting things must be treated with caution

Evangelical Christians should be the first ones to agree with the assertion by

Leigh Eric Schmidt ldquoMost o the things that count most about Christianity

cannot be counted like the warmth or coldness o prayer the resonance or

hollowness o scriptural words the songs or silences o the saints in heaven

22Tere is some overlap in the Encyclopediarsquos enumeration of these three categories and the ldquoEvan-

gelicalrdquo category Te Encyclopediarsquos definitions are as follows ldquoPentecostalsrdquo = Adherents of

traditional Pentecostal denominations ldquoCharismaticsrdquo = ldquoBaptized members affiliated to non-

Pentecostal denominations who have entered into the experience of being filled with the HolySpirit the Second Wave of the PentecostalCharismaticNeocharismatic Renewalrdquo ldquoNeocharis-

maticsIndependentsrdquo = Members of the Tird Wave of the PentecostalCharismatic Renewal

characterized by the adjectives Independent Postdenominationist and Neo-Apostolic23Fenggang Yang ldquoChinese Conversion to Evangelical Christianity Te Importance of Social and

Cultural Contextsrdquo Sociology o Religion 1048629983097 (1048625983097983097983096) 1048626983091983095-1048629983095





the presences or absences in the sacramentrdquo9830901048628 Yet with proper cautions in

place research results such as those ound by Angus Reid and David Barrett

testiy to how extensive any worldwide history o evangelical Christianitymust be today Tey also testiy to how essential it is to attempt such a history

D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

Evangelicalism is not an organized religious movement like the Roman

Catholic Church and it has no ldquoholy placerdquo such as Mecca Rather it repre-

sents an ever-diversiying series o local churches parachurch agencies na-

tional and international ministries and interlocking networks o publica-tions preachers and personal contacts Mission agencies have always

contributed substantially to the circulation and ligaments o the worldwide

evangelical body Among evangelical mission agencies that recruit their per-

sonnel rom a broad range o countries and are active in many locations are

the Wycliffe Bible ranslatorsSummer Institute o Linguistics World Evan-

gelical Alliance the ormerly named Overseas Missionary Fellowship (now

known as OMF International) Operation Mobilisation the early Student

Volunteer Movement Youth With A Mission and the International Fel-

lowship o Evangelical Students While not strictly ldquomissionsrdquo as such

agencies such as the International Bible Society and Scripture Union have

had a dynamic impact on international Christianity

Worldwide denominational connections among Anglicans Assemblies

o God Baptists some Lutherans and some Presbyterians strengthen inter-

national networks or evangelicals Te international ministries o leading

preachers Bible expositors and evangelists also unction to provide a

measure o coherence or worldwide evangelicalism O such figures in the

second hal o the twentieth century the American evangelist Billy Graham

the Church o England minister John Stott and ldquoMr Pentecostrdquo David J

Du Plessis have encouraged the broadest range o international contacts983090983093

Beore World War II the overlap between social improvement campaigns

24Leigh E Schmidt ldquoMixed Blessings Christianization and Secularizationrdquo Reviews in AmericanHistory 1048626983094 (1048625983097983097983096) 983094983092983088

25Billy Graham Just As I Am Te Autobiography o Billy Graham (San Francisco HarperCollins

1048625983097983097983095) with Grahamrsquos very extensive international trips outlined on end papers imothy Dudley-

Smith John Stott A Biography 1048626 vols (Leicester UK Inter-Varsity Press 1048625983097983097983097 10486269830889830881048625) with

Stottrsquos incredible range of international travel catalogued in the indices 1048625104862910486251048625-10486251048626 10486261048629983091983091-983091983092





(against slavery alcohol abuse child labor etc) and evangelical concerns

meant that evangelism and social activism were ofen closely linked Here

among the great names o those who worked to better the world whilespreading the gospel are many leading women as well as men the Womenrsquos

Christian emperance Union or example the promoter o holiness

teachings Phoebe Palmer the Keswick and missions speaker Hannah

Whitall Smith the wealthy patron o George Whitefield known as Selina

the Countess o Huntingdon coounder o the Salvation Army Catherine

Booth Pentecostal evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson the Indian social

reormer Pandita Ramabai the missionaries Gladys Aylward and AmyCarmichael and authors Carrie Judd Montgomery and Jessie Penn Lewis

Te men included Anthony Ashley Cooper (the seventh Earl o Shafes-

bury) Hudson aylor the ounder o the China Inland Mission and the

early John Mott Afer 983089983097983092983093 there are some whose names are perhaps more

important outside the West than inside it Oral Roberts Reinhard Bonnke

L Osborn the healing evangelist Katherine Kuhlmann and the inter-

national head o the Salvation Army Eva Burrows are just some o the

names that could be mentioned

Te important thing to note about this list is that not only does it eature

many women who (in the First World at least) were much more restricted

in terms o the roles available to them but many o these were not ldquoordainedrdquo

proessional clergy Missionaries lived between the worlds o clergy and laity

moving to and ro also between the First and wo-Tirds Worldmdashthey

could act both as ldquomen o Godrdquo and ldquohumble mechanicksrdquo So in China a

missionary such as Mary Andrews ound hersel perorming all the tasks

that the church back in Sydney or New York or London reused to allow

her to do A shoemaker such as William Carey could rise rom a position o

social insignificance to become a figure o real historical significance

Likewise we can think o the great merchants whose piety and finance drove

many evangelical concernsmdashLyman and Milton Stewart o the Union Oil

Company unders o the Fundamentals series o books and coounders o

Biola University or J Howard Pew o the Sun Oil company whose supportassisted the global campaigns o Billy Graham and ounded one o Americarsquos

largest charitable trusts the Young amily wealthy cane growers in Australia

who ounded the South Seas Evangelical Mission or the Griffiths Bros ea





and Coffee Company who sent out generation afer generation o their

young men and women to work in the Pacific Te preerred organizational

orm or evangelicalsmdashthe voluntary societymdashmade this close relationshipbetween clergy and laity an essential part o the evangelical story It also

helps to explain the great diversity o evangelicalism around the world

A number o student ministries have also contributed greatly to the inter-

national circulation o evangelical personnel ideas and programs Perhaps

the greatest sense o international cooperation has arisen rom the inter-

related movements connected to the movement that began in Britain Aus-

tralia Canada and the United States as InterVarsity Christian Fellowshipbut which have now evolved into a wide variety o local and regional orga-

nizations like University and College Christian Fellowship (UK) Overseas

Christian Fellowship (Asia) Comunidad Internacional de Estudiantes

Evangeacutelicos (Latin America) and the International Fellowship o Evan-

gelical Students

Te narrative that ollows will also draw attention to the role o inter-

national organizations such as the World Evangelical Alliance the Lausanne

Conerence and its continuing committees World Vision and others that

have stimulated consciousness about the worldwide dimensions o evan-

gelical movements Such organizations agencies and ministries highlight

some o the important dimensions o recent evangelical history Even more

however are to be ound in the local histories regional associations and

other initiatives that are touched on in the rest o this book Tis makes it

clear at least that an understanding o evangelical Christianity will not arise

solely out o theological definitions How it engages with the development

o a global society and how it emerges rom its European cocoon will be

developed in the ollowing chapters

F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143

Anderson Allan An Introduction to Pentecostalism Cambridge Cambridge

University Press 983090983088983088983094

Case Jay Riley An Unpredictable Gospel American Evangelicals and WorldChristianity 1048625104863210486251048626ndash1048625104863310486261048624 New York Oxord University Press 983090983088983089983090

Freston Paul Evangelicals and Politics in Asia Africa and Latin America Cam-

bridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983088983089





Haykin Michael A G and Kenneth J Stewart eds Te Emergence of Evangeli-

calism Exploring Historical Continuities Nottingham Inter-Varsity Press

983090983088983088983096Hutchinson Mark and John Wolffe A Short History of Global Evangelicalism

Cambridge Cambridge University Press 983090983088983089983090

Larsen imothy ed Biographical Dictionary of Evangelicals Downers Grove

IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983088983091

Lewis Donald M ed Te Blackwell Dictionary of Evangelical Biography 1048625104863110486271048629ndash

1048625104863210486301048624 983090 vols Oxord Blackwell 983089983097983097983093

mdashmdashmdash Christianity Reborn Evangelicalismrsquos Global Expansion in the wentieth

Century Grand Rapids Eerdmans 983090983088983088983092Marsden George M Evangelicalism and Modern America Grand Rapids

Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092

Martin David Pentecostalism Te World Teir Parish Oxord Wiley-Blackwell

983090983088983088983096

May Cedrick Evangelism and Resistance in the Black Atlantic 1048625104863110486301048624ndash1048625104863210486271048627 Athens

University o Georgia Press 983090983088983088983096

Noll Mark A Te New Shape of Global Christianity Downers Grove IL Inter-

Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097

Noll Mark A David W Bebbington and George A Rawlyk eds Evangelicalism

Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America the British

Isles and Beyond 1048625104863110486241048624ndash1048625104863310486331048624 New York Oxord University Press 983089983097983097983092

Sanneh Lamin Disciples of All Nations Pillars of World Christianity New York

Oxord University Press 983090983088983088983095

Shaw Mark Global Awakening How 10486261048624th Century Revivals riggered a Christian

Revolution Downers Grove IL InterVarsity Press 983090983088983089983088Ward W R Early Evangelicalism A Global Intellectual History 1048625104863010486311048624ndash1048625104863110486321048633 Cam-


mdashmdashmdashTe Protestant Evangelical Awakening Cambridge Cambridge University

Press 983089983097983097983090

InterVarsity Press has an excellent (chronologically organized) five-volume

series on the history o evangelicalism our o which have been published

to date (983090983088983089983092)

Noll Mark A Te Rise of Evangelicalism Te Age of Edwards Whitefield and the

Wesleys Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983091

Wolffe John Te Expansion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Wilberforce More

Chalmers and Finney Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983095





Bebbington David Te Dominance of Evangelicalism Te Age of Spurgeon and

Moody Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983088983093

Stanley Brian Te Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism Te Age of Graham andStott Downers Grove IL IVP Academic 983090983088983089983091

reloar Geoff Te Disruption of Evangelicalism Te Age of Mott Machen and

McPherson (orthcoming)







InterVarsity Press






InterVarsity Press









All rights reserved




ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983088983093983095-983089 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983094983094983090-983090 (digital)







pages cm




Richard V 983089983097983091983092- editor

BR983089983094983092983088G983093983094 983090983088983089983092

983090983095983088983096rsquo983090mdashdc983090983091983090983088983089983092983088983090983090983096983089983091

P 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092




CONTENTS

Preface 983097



P983137983154983156 I T983144983141983151983154983141983156983145983139983137983148 I983155983155983157983141983155



Wilbert R Shenk


Donald M Lewis

P983137983154983156 II E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148983145983155983149 983137983156 G983154983151983157983150983140 L983141983158983141983148

R983141983143983145983151983150983137983148 C983137983155983141 S983156983157983140983145983141983155



983093 Africa 983089983090983094

Ogbu Kalu

983094 Latin America 983089983094983094

C Reneacute Padilla

983095 Asia 983089983097983095

Scott W Sunquist



P983137983154983156 III I983155983155983157983141983155 983145983150 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148 E983150983139983151983157983150983156983141983154983155 983159983145983156983144 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


David M hompson


Sarah C Williams




Glossary 983090983097983095






PREFACE











































and Paul Gutacker




much in his debt





INTRODUCTION

























































































gain understanding





















U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147

















PART ONE

THEORETICAL ISSUES




1


Mark A Noll







Muslims and Hindus




































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)
















CONTENTS

Preface 983097



P983137983154983156 I T983144983141983151983154983141983156983145983139983137983148 I983155983155983157983141983155



Wilbert R Shenk


Donald M Lewis

P983137983154983156 II E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148983145983155983149 983137983156 G983154983151983157983150983140 L983141983158983141983148

R983141983143983145983151983150983137983148 C983137983155983141 S983156983157983140983145983141983155



983093 Africa 983089983090983094

Ogbu Kalu

983094 Latin America 983089983094983094

C Reneacute Padilla

983095 Asia 983089983097983095

Scott W Sunquist



P983137983154983156 III I983155983155983157983141983155 983145983150 E983158983137983150983143983141983148983145983139983137983148 E983150983139983151983157983150983156983141983154983155 983159983145983156983144 C983157983148983156983157983154983141


David M hompson


Sarah C Williams




Glossary 983090983097983095






PREFACE











































and Paul Gutacker




much in his debt





INTRODUCTION

























































































gain understanding





















U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147

















PART ONE

THEORETICAL ISSUES




1


Mark A Noll







Muslims and Hindus




































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)
















Glossary 983090983097983095






PREFACE











































and Paul Gutacker




much in his debt





INTRODUCTION

























































































gain understanding





















U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147

















PART ONE

THEORETICAL ISSUES




1


Mark A Noll







Muslims and Hindus




































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)
















PREFACE











































and Paul Gutacker




much in his debt





INTRODUCTION

























































































gain understanding





















U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147

















PART ONE

THEORETICAL ISSUES




1


Mark A Noll







Muslims and Hindus




































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)































and Paul Gutacker




much in his debt





INTRODUCTION

























































































gain understanding





















U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147

















PART ONE

THEORETICAL ISSUES




1


Mark A Noll







Muslims and Hindus




































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)
















INTRODUCTION

























































































gain understanding





















U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147

















PART ONE

THEORETICAL ISSUES




1


Mark A Noll







Muslims and Hindus




































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)













































































gain understanding





















U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147

















PART ONE

THEORETICAL ISSUES




1


Mark A Noll







Muslims and Hindus




































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)


























U983155983145983150983143 983144983145983155 B983151983151983147

















PART ONE

THEORETICAL ISSUES




1


Mark A Noll







Muslims and Hindus




































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)
















PART ONE

THEORETICAL ISSUES




1


Mark A Noll







Muslims and Hindus




































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)
















1


Mark A Noll







Muslims and Hindus




































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)
































D983141983142983145983150983145983156983145983151983150983155
















knoll NY Orbis 1048625983097983097983094) pp 983094-983095

































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)













































































experience o God






















o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)






























o evangelicalism























































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)


















































Paternoster 1048625983097983097983095)









































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)





















































































































B983154983145983141983142 H983145983155983156983151983154983161



























































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)



































































































Pietist colleagues
































































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)























































G983141983151983143983154983137983152983144983145983139983137983148 S983152983154983141983137983140













































































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)

























































D983141983150983151983149983145983150983137983156983145983151983150983155 M983151983158983141983149983141983150983156983155

















































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)

































































gelical Students













F983157983154983156983144983141983154 R983141983137983140983145983150983143




















Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)



























Eerdmans 983089983097983096983092


983090983088983088983096




Varsity Press 983090983088983088983097










Press 983089983097983097983090



to date (983090983088983089983092)














Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M. Lewis and Richard V. Pierard - EXCERPT

Documents

Transcript of Global Evangelicalism Edited by Donald M. Lewis and Richard V. Pierard - EXCERPT