Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire...

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Transcript of Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire...

Page 1: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?
Page 2: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

Focus Question:

How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Page 3: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

• The Mercantilist System– Theory of Mercantilism

– Navigation Acts of 1651

Page 4: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

• The Conquest of New Netherland– English restoration – 1660

• Royal African Company – Doubled English colonies

– Conquest of New Netherland - 1664

Page 5: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

• New York and the Rights of Englishmen and Englishwomen– Continuation of property and religious

rights

– Eliminated some rights of women

– Discrimination against free blacks

Page 6: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

• New York and the Indians– Sir Edmund Andros and the Iroquois

Confederation

– Expansion of Iroquois and English power

Page 7: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

• The Charter of Liberties– 1683 – Duke of York called elected

assembly

– Charter of Liberties and Privileges• Affirmed English religious and political rights

Page 8: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

Map 3.1 Eastern North America in the seventeenthand early-eighteenth centuries

Page 9: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

• The Founding of Carolina– Buffer against Spain

– Wealthy plantation owners of Barbados

– Trade with local Indians• Indian slave trade

Page 10: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

• The Holy Experiment– William Penn

• Society of Friends• Religious toleration and

spiritual freedom• Elected assembly with

broad suffrage

Page 11: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

• Quaker Liberty– The Quaker principles

• Equality of all person– Encouraged immigration from Europe

• Peace with Indians

• 1682 – Charter of Liberty

Page 12: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

• Land in Pennsylvania– Assembly elected by male taxpayers and

freemen• Land distribution

– Bought from the Indians• Penn owned all land

– Sold it at low prizes

Page 13: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

An early eighteenth-century engravingdepicts William Penn welcoming a German immigrant on the dock in Philadelphia.

Page 14: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Origins of American Slavery

Focus Question:

How was slavery established in the Western Atlantic world?

Page 15: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Origins of American Slavery

• Englishmen and Africans– Growing dependence on African slavery

• Not protected under English common law

• People considered as uncivilized– Africans, Native Americans and Irish

Page 16: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Origins of American Slavery

• Slavery in History– Greece and Rome

– Existed in the Mediterranean and Africa in the 17th century

– Not based on plantation slavery

Page 17: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Origins of American Slavery

• Slavery in the West Indies– Major business in the 17th century

• Developed in Brazil– Based on sugar– Transformed colonies in the West Indies

• Grew slowly in North America

Page 18: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

Cutting Sugar Cane, an engraving from TenViews in Antigua

Page 19: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Origins of American Slavery

• Slavery and the Law– Spain – various rights for slaves

– Virginia Slave Laws• Barred them from serving in the militia• Possibility to acquire land and slaves/indentured

servants

Page 20: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & CompanyOperation of a Sugar Mill

Page 21: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Origins of American Slavery

• The Rise of Chesapeake Slavery– 1660’s laws explicitly referred to slavery

– Tobacco increased labor demand• 1680 – racial differences reflected in colonial

laws– Children have legal status of the mother

Page 22: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

In this scene depicted on an English handkerchief,male and female slaves work in the tobacco fields.

Page 23: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Origins of American Slavery

• Bacon’s Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia– Shift to slave labor

– 1676 – outrage over limitation in land and voting rights• Governor William Berkley

Page 24: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & CompanySir William Berkeley, governor of colonial Virginia

Page 25: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Origins of American Slavery

• The End of the Rebellion, and its Consequences– Led by Nathaniel Bacon

• Burned Jamestown• Plundered plantations

– Reinforced property qualifications• Reduced taxes, opened Indian land

Page 26: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Origins of American Slavery

• A Slave Society– 1700-1750 – blacks increased from 10 to

50% of colonial population• New slave code

– White supremacy in law

– Beginning of “slave society”

Page 27: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Origins of American Slavery

• Notions of Freedom– Limitation of freedom for Africans

– Familiarity with culture and language• Slave able to contest their conditions

Page 28: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Colonies in Crisis

Focus Question:

What major social and political crises rocked the colonies in the late seventeenth century?

Page 29: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Colonies in Crisis

• The Glorious Revolution, 1688– Parliament invited William

of Orange and Mary• Took the throne• Established Bill of Rights

– Trial by Jury– Parliamentary control over

taxation

Page 30: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Colonies in Crisis

• The Glorious Revolution in America– Charles II revoked Massachusetts charter

– 1688 – James II combined the Northern Colonies• Dominion of New England

– Sir Edmund Andros

Page 31: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Colonies in Crisis

• The Maryland Uprising– Protestant rebellion

• Overthrew government of Lord Baltimore– Revoked old, Catholic charter

– New, Protestant-dominated government

Page 32: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Colonies in Crisis

• Leisler’s Rebellion– Unsuccessful

• Divided colony on ethnic and economic lines– Alienated Dutch and English merchants– United against Leisler

• King William suppressed rebellion

Page 33: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Colonies in Crisis

• Changes in New England– Massachusetts received new charter

• Royal colony

– Ended Puritan’s Bible Commonwealth

Page 34: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Colonies in Crisis

• The Prosecution of Witches– Punishable by hanging

– Most accused were older women• Violated gender norms• Challenge to God’s will and stature of men

Page 35: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Colonies in Crisis

• The Salem Witch Trials– 1691 – Salem, Massachusetts

• 150 persons accused– 19 men and women hanged

• Trials discredited the prosecution of witches

Page 36: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

Focus Question:

What were the directions of social and economic change in the eighteenth-century colonies?

Page 37: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

• A Diverse Population– Increase of population to 2.3 million in 1770

– Increase of Africans and non-English migrants• English migrants decreased

Page 38: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

• Attracting Settlers– Fear of population drain

• Sent thousands of convicts to the tobacco fields

– Promoted non-English migration• Scotch-Irish

Page 39: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

TABLE 3.1 Origins and Status of Migrants to British North American colonies, 1700–1775

Page 40: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

Map 3.2 European settlement and ethnic diversity on theAtlantic coast of North America, 1760

Page 41: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

• The German Migration– Over 100,000 immigrants

• Catholics and Protestant sects

– Fleeing persecution and worsening economic conditions• Settled in frontier areas

Page 42: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

• Religious Diversity– Ethnic groups lived and worship in

homogenous communities

– Free worship of most religions• Included Anglican, Congregational, Lutheran,

Mennonites, Anabaptists, Presbyterians, Jews and Muslims

Page 43: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

View of Bethlehem, One of the Brethren’s Principal Settlements in Pennsylvania

Page 44: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

• Indian Life in Transition– Trading and using of European goods

– Allying and fighting in European Imperial wars

– Loss of native land

Page 45: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

• Regional Diversity

– Distinct regional economic and social order• New England• Middle Colonies• Southern Colonies

Page 46: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & CompanyWilliam Penn’s Treaty with the Indians

Page 47: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

• The Consumer Revolution– Great Britain - Trader and producer of

inexpensive consumer goods

• Increase use of books, metal cutlery, ceramic plates, and tea

Page 48: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

• Colonial Cities– Colonies mostly rural

– Cities became centers of trade and exchange• Philadelphia – 30,000 inhabitants

Page 49: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

• Colonial Artisans– Included furniture maker, jewelers,

silversmiths, weavers etc.• Mostly served wealthier citizen

– Master artisans• Journeymen and apprentices

Page 50: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

This piece of china made in England and exported to New England celebrates the coronation of James II in 1685.

Page 51: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

The Growth of Colonial America

• An Atlantic World– Atlantic becomes highway, not barriers

– Exchange of ideas and goods• Colonies benefited from membership in the

British Empire

Page 52: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & CompanyCharles Town Harbor

Page 53: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Social Classes in the Colonies

Focus Question:

How did patterns of class and gender roles change in eighteenth-century America?

Page 54: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Social Classes in the Colonies

• The Colonial Elite– Growing gap between rich and poor

– New England – merchant upper class

– South – planter aristocracy

Page 55: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Social Classes in the Colonies

• Anglicization

– Stronger connection to England than to other colonies• Imitated fashion, architecture, and consumption

Page 56: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & CompanyA portrait of Elijah Boardman

Page 57: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Social Classes in the Colonies

• The South Carolina Aristocracy– Wealthiest in the colonies

• Charleston• America’s aristocrats

– Freedom = gentleman

Page 58: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

Carter’s Grove

Page 59: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Social Classes in the Colonies

• Poverty in the Colonies– Fewer, free colonial Americans were poor

• Britain = ¼ to ½ required assistance

• Diminishing land and growth of wage labor

• Slaves - impoverished

Page 60: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Social Classes in the Colonies

• The Middle Ranks– Most Americans members of the middle

ranks• Small farmers

– America = 2/3 owned land– Britain = 3/5 owned no property

• Property represented freedom

Page 61: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Social Classes in the Colonies

• Women and the Household Economy– Family center of economic life

• Farmer’s depended on women's work

– Women’s work increased, despite introduction of new consumer goods

Page 62: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 4th EditionCopyright © 2013 W.W. Norton & Company

This portrait of the Cheney family illustrates the high birthrate in America.

Page 63: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Social Classes in the Colonies

• North America at Mid-Century– Highly diverse society and culture

– Different colonial development

– Colonists experience partial freedom

Page 64: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Review

• Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire

Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

• Origins of American SlaveryFocus Question: How was slavery established in the Western Atlantic world?

• Colonies in CrisisFocus Question: What major social and political crises rocked the colonies in the late seventeenth century?

Page 65: Global Competition and the Expansion of England's Empire Focus Question: How did the English empire in America expand in the mid-seventeenth century?

Review

• The Growth of Colonial AmericaFocus Question: What were the directions of social and economic change in the eighteenth-century colonies?

• Social Classes in the ColoniesFocus Question: How did patterns of class and gender roles change in eighteenth-century America?


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