Global climate responses to perturbations in Antarctic Intermediate Water Jennifer Graham Prof K....
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![Page 1: Global climate responses to perturbations in Antarctic Intermediate Water Jennifer Graham Prof K. Heywood, Prof. D. Stevens, Dr Z. Wang (BAS)](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060106/55160ac4550346a2308b5059/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Global climate responses to perturbations in Antarctic Intermediate Water
Jennifer GrahamProf K. Heywood, Prof. D. Stevens, Dr Z. Wang (BAS)
![Page 2: Global climate responses to perturbations in Antarctic Intermediate Water Jennifer Graham Prof K. Heywood, Prof. D. Stevens, Dr Z. Wang (BAS)](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060106/55160ac4550346a2308b5059/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW)
Dark green = extent of Antarctic Intermediate Water
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
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AAIW in HadCM3
Zonal-mean salinity from 500-year control
Characteristic salinity minimum found at intermediate depths in each ocean basin.
Key Questions:: •Can changes in AAIW affect the climate system? •If so, how?
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
![Page 4: Global climate responses to perturbations in Antarctic Intermediate Water Jennifer Graham Prof K. Heywood, Prof. D. Stevens, Dr Z. Wang (BAS)](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060106/55160ac4550346a2308b5059/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Perturbation ExperimentSeparate experiments for Atlantic, Pacific and Indian
oceans.Temperature perturbation of ±1oC, made between 10-
20oS.Density-compensating change in salinity.Simulations run for 100 years, using 9 member
ensembles.
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
Example: perturbing Atlantic AAIW
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Surfacing Anomalies• Surfacing in equatorial regions and higher latitudes (>30oS).• Mechanisms:
• A = equatorial or coastal upwelling.• B = shoaling isopycnals and deeper mixed layers.
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
![Page 6: Global climate responses to perturbations in Antarctic Intermediate Water Jennifer Graham Prof K. Heywood, Prof. D. Stevens, Dr Z. Wang (BAS)](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022060106/55160ac4550346a2308b5059/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Atmospheric Response
• Surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies found over regions of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies.
• Response is not equal and opposite for warming or cooling perturbations.
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
Warmer, saltier AAIW Cooler, fresher AAIW
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Mean SAT anomaly for each experiment
Response for Atl- is most significant.
Cooling in the North Atlantic Current (NAC) and subpolar gyre (SPG).
Reduced SAT over cooler surface ocean.
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
Mean SAT anomaly for years 51-100 [oC].
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Non-linear responses - I
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
Non-linear response to initially density-compensating perturbations.▫ When anomalies
surface, anomalous ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes cause changes in density.
▫ Density anomalies cause fresher AAIW to spend greater length of time at surface than the saltier AAIW.
Graham et al., 2011, Clim Dyn.
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Non-linear responses - II
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
• Density anomalies lead to changes in ocean circulation.e.g. Meridional overturning circulation (MOC),
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC).
Ensemble-mean anomalies, EXP-Ctl.Red = +1oC (saltier); Blue = -1oC (fresher).
MOC Index
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Conclusions• Perturbed AAIW, between 10-20oS
▫ ±1oC, compensating salinity decrease, constant density.
• Anomalies found at surface:▫ Equatorial regions.▫ Higher latitudes (>30oS).
• More significant response for cooler, fresher perturbations i.e. non-linear response.▫ North Atlantic particularly sensitive as decreased
MOC strength reduces northward ocean heat transport.
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
Finally, thanks to The Challenger Society for proving me with funding for this conference.
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Any questions...?
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
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Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
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Equatorial response - ISalinity anomalies found in equatorial regions.
▫Surfacing through equatorial upwelling.
Ensemble-mean anomalies, EXP-Ctl.Red = +1oC (saltier); Blue = -1oC (fresher).
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
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… but no corresponding trend in surface temperature.
Ensemble-mean anomalies, EXP-Ctl.Red = +1oC (saltier); Blue = -1oC (fresher).
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
Equatorial response - II
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Higher latitudes - ISalinity anomalies found in the Southern
Ocean.▫Shoaling isopycnals and regions of deeper
mixed layers.
Ensemble-mean anomalies, EXP-Ctl.Red = +1oC (saltier); Blue = -1oC (fresher).
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
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Higher latitudes - II
Ensemble-mean anomalies, EXP-Ctl.Red = +1oC (saltier); Blue = -1oC (fresher).
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
Temperature anomalies are also found in the Southern Ocean.▫Responses are not equal and opposite.
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Ensemble-mean anomalies, EXP-Ctl.Red = +1oC (saltier); Blue = -1oC (fresher).
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
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Non-linear responses
Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011
▫ Density anomalies lead to changes in ocean circulation.▫ e.g. Meridional overturning circulation (MOC),
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC).
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Jennifer Graham, Ocean Modelling 2011