Global Climate Change Alliance+ - MOD2 Handout EN · 2018. 4. 6. · Module 2: Understanding...

The GCCA is funded by the European Union

These training materials were developed with the support of the European Commission

Global Climate Change Alliance Support Facility

Training workshops on mainstreaming climatechange in national

HANDOUT FOR PARTICIP

Understanding climate change

The GCCA is funded by the European Union.

These training materials were developed with the support of the European Commission


orkshops on mainstreaming climatechange in national development planning

and budgeting

HANDOUT FOR PARTICIPANTS

---

MODULE 2

Understanding climate change–development linkages

These training materials were developed with the support of the European Commission.


orkshops on mainstreaming climatedevelopment planning

ANTS

development linkages

Module 2: Understanding climate change

MODULE 2 – Understanding

TOPICS COVERED BY THE MODULE:

- Adaptation, mitigation and vulnerability- Climate change, environment and development- Moving to climate-resilient, low

KEY TOOL:

- Conceptual framework of interactions between ecosystem services, human wellreduction, and drivers of change

KEY CONCEPTS AND MESSAGES:

Adaptation, mitigation and vulnerability

1. Human activities and the environment (in the wider sense, including climate and naturalresources) are in constant interaction. On the one hand, the environment is a source ofopportunities, risks and constraints for human activities;opportunities, risks and constraints. On the other hand, human activities exercise pressure andgenerate impacts on the natural environment;in particular for minimising negative impacts.

2. Adaptation to climate changeagainst the actual and expected harmful effects of climate change, to exploit any opportunities itmay generate, and to ensure the sustainability of investment andmore difficult climatic conditions;climate change (Klein et al 2005,

3. Climate change mitigation involves reducingthe capacity of ‘sinks’ for GHGstheir precursors from the atmosphere)in the atmosphere; it aims to reduce globalEC 2009b).

4. Vulnerability to climate change is the extent to which a system, individual or group of people issusceptible to, and unable to cope with, the adverse effects of climate change. Vulnerability toclimate change depends on:

- exposure to climate hazardsto the physical manifestations of climate changeand likelihood and the rate of variation of climate

- sensitivity to its effects (i.e. the degree to which a system, individual or group iseither positively or negatively, directly or indirectly)

- and adaptive capacity (Brooks 2003,

: Understanding climate change–development linkages

Understanding climate change–development linkages

daptation, mitigation and vulnerability.Climate change, environment and development.

resilient, low-emission development.

interactions between ecosystem services, human well, and drivers of change (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005).

Adaptation, mitigation and vulnerability

Human activities and the environment (in the wider sense, including climate and naturalresources) are in constant interaction. On the one hand, the environment is a source ofopportunities, risks and constraints for human activities; adaptation

, risks and constraints. On the other hand, human activities exercise pressure andgenerate impacts on the natural environment; mitigation addresses these pressures and impacts,in particular for minimising negative impacts.

Adaptation to climate change involves adopting measures to protect natural and human systemsagainst the actual and expected harmful effects of climate change, to exploit any opportunities itmay generate, and to ensure the sustainability of investment and development interventions in

conditions; it aims to reduce sensitivity and vulnerabilityKlein et al 2005, IPCC 2007a, EC 2009b, World Bank 2010a).

involves reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and/or enhancingthe capacity of ‘sinks’ for GHGs (i.e. processes and mechanisms that remove greenhouse gases ortheir precursors from the atmosphere), for the ultimate purpose of stabilising their concentration

aims to reduce global exposure to the effects of climate change

to climate change is the extent to which a system, individual or group of people issusceptible to, and unable to cope with, the adverse effects of climate change. Vulnerability to

hazards (i.e. the extent to which a system, individual or group isthe physical manifestations of climate change, considering that their character,

and the rate of variation of climate differ across regions of the world)

(i.e. the degree to which a system, individual or group iseither positively or negatively, directly or indirectly);

Brooks 2003, IPCC 2007c, EC 2009b, OECD 2009a).

1


interactions between ecosystem services, human well-being and poverty

Human activities and the environment (in the wider sense, including climate and naturalresources) are in constant interaction. On the one hand, the environment is a source of

adaptation addresses these, risks and constraints. On the other hand, human activities exercise pressure and

addresses these pressures and impacts,

natural and human systemsagainst the actual and expected harmful effects of climate change, to exploit any opportunities it

development interventions inand vulnerability to the effects of

emissions and/or enhancing(i.e. processes and mechanisms that remove greenhouse gases or

, for the ultimate purpose of stabilising their concentrationto the effects of climate change (IPCC 2007d,

to climate change is the extent to which a system, individual or group of people issusceptible to, and unable to cope with, the adverse effects of climate change. Vulnerability to

o which a system, individual or group is exposedconsidering that their character, magnitude

across regions of the world):

(i.e. the degree to which a system, individual or group is affected,


5. Adaptive capacity is the extent to which a system, individual or group has the capabilities, and/orhas access to the information, resources and institutions,anticipated external stressesthrough the adoption of risk prevention and2009b, OECD 2009a). It has also been defined as ‘the property of a system to adjust itscharacteristics or behaviour, in order toor future climate conditions’ (‘generic’ (i.e. supportive of a positive reaction to stresses of various types), or specific to climatechange-related stresses (Burton & van Aalst 2004).resilience, i.e. the ability of a system, individual or group to absorb disturbances, and adapt tostress and change (IPCC 2007adaptation options (Klein et al 2005)

6. Adaptive capacity (and therefore also vulnerability) is strongly influenced by

- wealth, age, gender, social group;- education and skills;- access to information and- ‘built’ and ‘green’ infrastructure- institutions and social organisation;- cultural norms;- equity and (in)equality;- the ‘development level’ in general

7. Maladaptation is an inadequate response to climate change, by which ‘businessdevelopment interventions that overlook the implications of climate change inadvertently resultin increased vulnerability (e.g. building new infrastructure and settlements in floodThe term also designates an inadequate adaptation response, which fails to reduce vulnerabilityto climate change and instead ends up increasing itfor adaptation. For example, maladaptation masystems in areas likely to suffer from increasing water scarcitysea walls that accelerate coastal erosion elsewhere along the coast and, by providing a false senseof security, end up encouraging development in high2007, EC 2009b, OECD 2009a,potential impacts of climate change, one of the factors that may give rise touncertainty; and ‘adaptation which can be successful at a specific temporal or spatial scale canbecome maladaptation at a different spatial and temporal scope’

8. The biophysical impacts of climate change, which may vary significantly with location, include:

- changes in average and/or extreme temperature and rainfall patterns, shifts in seasons;- increased frequency and/or severity of extreme weather events;- raised sea levels, increased coa- acceleration in desertification and soil erosion processes;- decrease in the availability and quality of water, changes in the levels of groundwater, surface

water drainage patterns and permafrost;- loss of habitats and changes i

1 ‘Green infrastructure’ refers to the lifeenvironment and ecosystems (EC 2009a); it has been defined as ‘wildlife habitat, parks and other natural areas that sustains clean air, watenriches our quality of life’ (Benedict & McMahon 2001:3).


is the extent to which a system, individual or group has the capabilities, and/orhas access to the information, resources and institutions, required to cope with existing oranticipated external stresses – and in this specific context, to adapt to climate change, notablythrough the adoption of risk prevention and management measures (Brooks 2003,

t has also been defined as ‘the property of a system to adjust itscharacteristics or behaviour, in order to expand its coping range under existing climate variability,or future climate conditions’ (Brooks & Adger 2004: 168). Note that adaptive capacity can be‘generic’ (i.e. supportive of a positive reaction to stresses of various types), or specific to climate

related stresses (Burton & van Aalst 2004). Increased adaptive capacity leads to improvedthe ability of a system, individual or group to absorb disturbances, and adapt to

(IPCC 2007c); it determines the ability to access and successfully implementadaptation options (Klein et al 2005).

Adaptive capacity (and therefore also vulnerability) is strongly influenced by factors

wealth, age, gender, social group;

access to information and technology;‘built’ and ‘green’ infrastructure1;institutions and social organisation;

the ‘development level’ in general (Brooks & Adger 2004, IPCC 2007c, EC 2009a

is an inadequate response to climate change, by which ‘businessdevelopment interventions that overlook the implications of climate change inadvertently resultin increased vulnerability (e.g. building new infrastructure and settlements in flood

an inadequate adaptation response, which fails to reduce vulnerabilityto climate change and instead ends up increasing it, displacing it or reducing

. For example, maladaptation may result from developing oversized irrigationsystems in areas likely to suffer from increasing water scarcity; or building infrastructure such assea walls that accelerate coastal erosion elsewhere along the coast and, by providing a false sense

ty, end up encouraging development in high-risk areas (Burton & van Aalst 2004,, OECD 2009a, Olhoff & Schaer 2010, World Bank 2010a). Besides disregard for the

potential impacts of climate change, one of the factors that may give rise to; and ‘adaptation which can be successful at a specific temporal or spatial scale can

become maladaptation at a different spatial and temporal scope’ (EEA 2007: 21)

of climate change, which may vary significantly with location, include:

changes in average and/or extreme temperature and rainfall patterns, shifts in seasons;increased frequency and/or severity of extreme weather events;raised sea levels, increased coastal and river bank erosion;acceleration in desertification and soil erosion processes;decrease in the availability and quality of water, changes in the levels of groundwater, surfacewater drainage patterns and permafrost;loss of habitats and changes in ecosystems, biodiversity loss;

refers to the life-supporting and regulation services provided by the natural(EC 2009a); it has been defined as ‘the network of open space, woodlands,

wildlife habitat, parks and other natural areas that sustains clean air, water and natural resources and(Benedict & McMahon 2001:3).

2

is the extent to which a system, individual or group has the capabilities, and/orrequired to cope with existing or

adapt to climate change, notablyBrooks 2003, IPCC 2007c, EC

t has also been defined as ‘the property of a system to adjust itsexpand its coping range under existing climate variability,

Note that adaptive capacity can be‘generic’ (i.e. supportive of a positive reaction to stresses of various types), or specific to climate

Increased adaptive capacity leads to improvedthe ability of a system, individual or group to absorb disturbances, and adapt to

to access and successfully implement

factors such as:

EC 2009a, OECD 2009a).

is an inadequate response to climate change, by which ‘business-as-usual’development interventions that overlook the implications of climate change inadvertently resultin increased vulnerability (e.g. building new infrastructure and settlements in flood-prone areas).

an inadequate adaptation response, which fails to reduce vulnerabilitydisplacing it or reducing the future potential

developing oversized irrigationbuilding infrastructure such as

sea walls that accelerate coastal erosion elsewhere along the coast and, by providing a false senseBurton & van Aalst 2004, EEA

. Besides disregard for thepotential impacts of climate change, one of the factors that may give rise to maladaptation is

; and ‘adaptation which can be successful at a specific temporal or spatial scale can(EEA 2007: 21).

of climate change, which may vary significantly with location, include:

changes in average and/or extreme temperature and rainfall patterns, shifts in seasons;

decrease in the availability and quality of water, changes in the levels of groundwater, surface

supporting and regulation services provided by the naturalthe network of open space, woodlands,

er and natural resources and


- increased frequency and/or severity of disease and pest outbreaks;- changes in atmospheric pollution patterns

9. These biophysical effects may in turn lead to

- damage to or destruction of infrastructure;- reduction in the availability of energy (hydropower);- economic disruption, loss of livelihoods and social disruption;- reduced food security, increased malnutrition;- increased mortality and morbidity;- increased probability and- population displacement and human migrations

10. Table 1.1 provides illustrations ofeconomic impacts.

Table

PHENOMENONAND

DIRECTION OFTREND

LIKELIHOODOF FUTURE

TRENDSBASED ON

SRESSCENARIOS

Over mostland areas,fewer colddays andnights,warmer andmore frequenthot days andnights

Virtuallycertain

Warmspells/heatwaves.Frequencyincreasesovermost areas

Very likely

Heavyprecipitationevents.Frequencyincreases overmost areas

Very likely


increased frequency and/or severity of disease and pest outbreaks;changes in atmospheric pollution patterns (EC 2009a).

These biophysical effects may in turn lead to socio-economic impacts, such as:

destruction of infrastructure;reduction in the availability of energy (hydropower);economic disruption, loss of livelihoods and social disruption;reduced food security, increased malnutrition;increased mortality and morbidity;

intensity of conflicts;population displacement and human migrations (EC 2009a).

provides illustrations of some of these linkages between biophysical and

Table 1.1 – Examples of climate change impacts

LIKELIHOODOF FUTURE

BASED ON

EXAMPLES OF MAJOR PROJECTED IMPACTS BY SECTOR

AGRICULTURE,FORESTRY ANDECOSYSTEMS

WATERRESOURCES

HUMANHEALTH

Increased yieldsin colderenvironments;decreased yieldsin warmerenvironments;increased insectoutbreaks

Effects on waterresources relyingon snow melt;effects on somewater supply

Reduced humanmortality fromdecreased coldexposure;increasedmortality andillness due tomalaria

Reduced yields inwarmer regionsdue to heatstress; wild firedanger increase

Increased waterdemands; waterquality problems,e.g. algal blooms

Increased risk ofheat-relatedmortality,especially forthe elderly,chronically sick,very young andsocially-isolated

Damage to crops;soil erosion,inability tocultivate land dueto water loggingof soils

Adverse effectson quality ofsurface andgroundwater;contamination ofwater supply;water scarcitymay be relieved

Increased risk ofdeaths, injuries,infectious,respiratory andskin disease

3

, such as:

between biophysical and socio-


HUMANHEALTH

INDUSTRY,SETTLEMENTAND SOCIETY

Reduced humanmortality fromdecreased cold

mortality andillness due to

Reduced energydemand forheating; increaseddemand forcooling; decliningair quality incities; reduceddisruption totransport due tosnow, ice; effectson winter tourism

Increased risk ofrelated

especially for

chronically sick,very young and

isolated

Reduction inquality of life forpeople in warmareas withoutappropriatehousing; impactson elderly, veryyoung and poor

Increased risk ofdeaths, injuries,

respiratory and

Disruption ofsettlements,commerce,transport andsocieties due toflooding;pressures onurban and ruralinfrastructures;loss of property


PHENOMENONAND

DIRECTION OFTREND

LIKELIHOODOF FUTURE

TRENDSBASED ON

SRESSCENARIOS

Area affectedby droughtincreases

Likely

Increasedincidence ofextreme highsea level(excludestsunamis)

Likely

Information for this exhibit was taken from “Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and VulnerabilityMakers of the Working Group II (World),” IPCC

Source: USAID (2007) Adapting to Climate Variability and Change: A guidance manual for developmentplanning. United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Exhibit 3, p. 4

11. Vulnerability factors influence the way in which the biophysical effects and impacts of climatechange generate socio-economicwithin each country, are disproportionately vulnerable to the effects of climate change as theycumulate vulnerability factors, includingfinancial resources; poor health and education levels; poor or no access to infrastructure,essential services and social safety nets; genderecosystems, social inequities, poor governance practices and weak instituti2010a, World Bank 2010g).

Links between climate change, environment

12. Figure 1.1, from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessmentlinkages between economic activitand poverty reduction. Annex 1.1development–poverty linkages.

13. Economic activities, one of the indirect drivers of ecosystem changes,change which is in turn a direct driver of changes in ecosystem services.human well-being and the outcome of poverty reduction efforts, directly and through its effectson ecosystem services. Climate change is


LIKELIHOODOF FUTURE

BASED ON


AGRICULTURE,FORESTRY ANDECOSYSTEMS

WATERRESOURCES

HUMANHEALTH

Landdegradation;lower yields, cropdamage andfailure; increasedlivestock deaths;increased risk ofwild fire

More widespreadstress on watersupply oravailability

Increased risk offood and watershortage;increased risk ofmalnutrition;increased risk ofwater- andfood-bornediseases

Salinization ofirrigation water,estuaries andfreshwatersystems

Decreasedfreshwateravailability due tosaltwaterintrusion

Increased risk ofdeaths andinjuries bydrowning infloods;migration-related healtheffects

Information for this exhibit was taken from “Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and VulnerabilityMakers of the Working Group II (World),” IPCC, http://www.ipcc-wg2.org/.

Adapting to Climate Variability and Change: A guidance manual for development. United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Exhibit 3, p. 4

IPCC report as quoted.

influence the way in which the biophysical effects and impacts of climateeconomic impacts. Poor countries, and the poor and socially vulnerable

within each country, are disproportionately vulnerable to the effects of climate change as theycumulate vulnerability factors, including: dependence on natural resources for livelihoods; lack of

ial resources; poor health and education levels; poor or no access to infrastructure,essential services and social safety nets; gender-based inequalities; and exposure to degradedecosystems, social inequities, poor governance practices and weak instituti

en climate change, environment and development

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), provides a good illustration of thelinkages between economic activities, climate change, environmental change

Annex 1.1 lists a number of guiding questions for assessing climatepoverty linkages.

, one of the indirect drivers of ecosystem changes, are a keya direct driver of changes in ecosystem services. Climate change

being and the outcome of poverty reduction efforts, directly and through its effectsClimate change is both a development issue and an environmental

4


HUMANHEALTH

INDUSTRY,SETTLEMENTAND SOCIETY

Increased risk offood and water

increased risk ofon;

increased risk of

Water shortagesfor settlements,industry, andsocieties; reducedhydropowergenerationpotentials;potential forpopulationmigration

Increased risk of

drowning in

related health

Costs of coastalprotection versuscosts of land-userelocation;potential formovements ofpeople andinfrastructure

Information for this exhibit was taken from “Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability - Summary for Policy

Adapting to Climate Variability and Change: A guidance manual for development. United States Agency for International Development, Washington, DC. Exhibit 3, p. 4 – based on

influence the way in which the biophysical effects and impacts of climatePoor countries, and the poor and socially vulnerable

within each country, are disproportionately vulnerable to the effects of climate change as theydependence on natural resources for livelihoods; lack of

ial resources; poor health and education levels; poor or no access to infrastructure,based inequalities; and exposure to degraded

ecosystems, social inequities, poor governance practices and weak institutions (World Bank

provides a good illustration of theenvironmental change, human well-being

lists a number of guiding questions for assessing climate–

a key cause of climateClimate change affects

being and the outcome of poverty reduction efforts, directly and through its effectsan environmental issue.


Figure 1.1 – Conceptual framework of interactions between ecosystem services,human well-being

Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)

14. The wide range of biophysical effects andaddressed, threaten all three pillars (economic, social and environmental) ofdevelopment (EC 2009b), as illustrated byclimate change mitigation cansustainable development can enhance society’s response capacity in terms of both adaptationand mitigation (IPCC 2007c).

15. Climate is a critical aspect of the environment.environmental issues, for two main reasons:

- It exacerbates a wide range of existing environmental trends and problems (e.g.desertification, freshwater scarcity, loss of biodiversity, air pollution).

- The way we manage environmentland use planning and management) has an impact on climate change.


Conceptual framework of interactions between ecosystem services,being and poverty reduction, and drivers of change

Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: SynthesisFigure B, p. 7.

wide range of biophysical effects and socio-economic impacts of climate change, if notthreaten all three pillars (economic, social and environmental) of

, as illustrated by Figure 1.2. Both adaptation to climate change andcan support more sustainable development – while the pursuit of

sustainable development can enhance society’s response capacity in terms of both adaptation

Climate is a critical aspect of the environment. Climate change should be addressed with other, for two main reasons:

It exacerbates a wide range of existing environmental trends and problems (e.g.tion, freshwater scarcity, loss of biodiversity, air pollution).

The way we manage environment-related issues (e.g. waste management, soil management,land use planning and management) has an impact on climate change.

5

Conceptual framework of interactions between ecosystem services,

being: Synthesis.

of climate change, if notthreaten all three pillars (economic, social and environmental) of sustainable

oth adaptation to climate change andwhile the pursuit of

sustainable development can enhance society’s response capacity in terms of both adaptation

Climate change should be addressed with other

It exacerbates a wide range of existing environmental trends and problems (e.g.

related issues (e.g. waste management, soil management,


Figure 1.2 – Climate change impacts

16. Through its multiple potential biophysical andthreaten the achievement of theprovides illustrations of the potential impacts of climate change on the MDGs. Again, bothadaptation and mitigation efforts can support the achievement of the MDGs.

Table 1.2 – Potential impacts of climate change on

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL

Eradicate extreme poverty andhunger (Goal 1)

Promote gender equality andempower women (Goal 3)


Climate change impacts on the three pillars of sustainable development

Source: GCCA Support Facility.

Through its multiple potential biophysical and socio-economic impacts, climate change may alsothreaten the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (OECD 2009a).provides illustrations of the potential impacts of climate change on the MDGs. Again, bothadaptation and mitigation efforts can support the achievement of the MDGs.

Potential impacts of climate change on the Millennium Development Goals

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL EXAMPLES OF LINKS WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

Eradicate extreme poverty and Climate change is projected to reduce the assets and livelihoodsof many poor people, for example health, access to water,and infrastructure.

Climate change is expected to alter the path and rate of economicgrowth because of changes in natural systems and resources,infrastructure, and labour productivity. A reduction in economicgrowth directly affects poverty through reduced incomeopportunities.

Climate change is projected to alter regional food security. Inparticular in Africa, food security is expected to worsen. Adverseimpacts on food security could be seen in Latin America, as wellas in South and South-East Asia.

In the developing world in particular, women aredisproportionately involved in natural resourceactivities, such as agriculture, which are particularly vulnerable toclimate change.

Women’s traditional roles as primary users and managers ofnatural resources, primary caregivers and labourers engaged inunpaid labour (i.e. subsistence farming) mean they are involved inand dependent on livelihood and resources that are put most atrisk by climate change.

6

on the three pillars of sustainable development

impacts, climate change may also(OECD 2009a). Table 1.2

provides illustrations of the potential impacts of climate change on the MDGs. Again, both

Development Goals

EXAMPLES OF LINKS WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change is projected to reduce the assets and livelihoodsof many poor people, for example health, access to water, homes,

Climate change is expected to alter the path and rate of economicgrowth because of changes in natural systems and resources,infrastructure, and labour productivity. A reduction in economic

h reduced income

Climate change is projected to alter regional food security. Inparticular in Africa, food security is expected to worsen. Adverseimpacts on food security could be seen in Latin America, as well

In the developing world in particular, women aredisproportionately involved in natural resource-dependentactivities, such as agriculture, which are particularly vulnerable to

’s traditional roles as primary users and managers ofnatural resources, primary caregivers and labourers engaged in

subsistence farming) mean they are involved inand dependent on livelihood and resources that are put most at


MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL

Health-related goals:

Combat major diseases (Goal 6)

Reduce child mortality (Goal 4)

Improve maternal health (Goal 5)

Ensure environmental sustainability(Goal 7)

Global partnerships (Goal 8)

Multi-Agency Report (2003), “Poverty and Climate Change: Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor through Adaptation”, report by theAfrican Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, UK Department for International Development, Federal Ministry for EconomicCo-operation and Development (Germany), Ministry of Foreign Affairs Development CoNations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme and World Bank; Sperling, F. (ed.), Washington.IPCC (2007), “Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability”, Working Group II Contribution to theReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeCapacity”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 717WEDO (Women’s Environment and Development Organization) (2008),developed for the Greece Government Chairmanship of the Human Security Network, New York/Athens.

Source: OECD (2009a) Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co

17. Because of the many linkages between climate change and development, in practice manyadaptation measures overlap with development measuresdevelopment policy, even if their time horizons differ (OECD 2009a). Development, notably through achieving the MDGs, is critical to reducingvulnerability to climate changeBank 2010g) – and the factors that constrain or facilitate adathat constrain or facilitate development. Most development processes can bridge the ‘adaptationdeficit’, i.e. the failures in managing and adapting to current climate variability and riskspreparing the ground for adaptation to climate changealways conducive to adaptation:conditions) and for avoiding anything that might increase future vulnmind (Burton & van Aalst 2004, Sperling et al 2008)

2 Burton and van Aalst (2004: 15) note that ‘mclimate normals (average conditions), but tend to pay less atvariability and extreme events’.


MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL EXAMPLES OF LINKS WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

Combat major diseases (Goal 6)

Improve maternal health (Goal 5)

Direct effects of climate change include increases inmortality and illnesses associated with heat waves (althoughfewer winter cold-related deaths may occur in some regions).

Climate change may increase the prevalence of some vectorborne diseases (for example malaria and dengue fever), andvulnerability to water, food, or contagious diseases (for examplecholera and dysentery).

Children and pregnant women are particularly susceptible tovector and waterborne diseases. Anaemia –malaria – is responsible for a quarter of maternal

Climate change will likely result in declining quantity and qualityof drinking water in many locations, which is a prerequisite forgood health, and exacerbate malnutrition –of ill health among children – by reducing naturaproductivity and threatening food security, particularly in subSaharan Africa, but also in many other low latitude areas.

Ensure environmental sustainability Climate change is likely to alter the quality and productivity ofnatural resources and ecosystems, some of which may beirreversibly damaged, and these changes may also decreasebiological diversity and compound existing environmentaldegradation.

Climate change is a global issue and response requioperation, especially to help developing countries adapt to theadverse impacts of climate change.

Agency Report (2003), “Poverty and Climate Change: Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor through Adaptation”, report by theelopment Bank, Asian Development Bank, UK Department for International Development, Federal Ministry for Economic

operation and Development (Germany), Ministry of Foreign Affairs Development Co-operation (Netherlands), OECD, Unitedrogramme, United Nations Environment Programme and World Bank; Sperling, F. (ed.), Washington.

IPCC (2007), “Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability”, Working Group II Contribution to thePanel on Climate Change, “Chapter 17: Assessment of Adaptation Practices, Options, Constraints and

Capacity”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 717-743.WEDO (Women’s Environment and Development Organization) (2008), Gender, Climate Change and Human Securitydeveloped for the Greece Government Chairmanship of the Human Security Network, New York/Athens.

Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development CoPolicy guidance. Table 1.1, p. 29.

Because of the many linkages between climate change and development, in practice manyadaptation measures overlap with development measures – and climate policy overlaps withdevelopment policy, even if their time horizons differ (Burton & van Aalst 2004,

. Development, notably through achieving the MDGs, is critical to reducingvulnerability to climate change (Fankhauser & Schmidt-Traub 2010, World Bank 2010c, World

and the factors that constrain or facilitate adaptation are often the same factorsthat constrain or facilitate development. Most development processes can bridge the ‘adaptationdeficit’, i.e. the failures in managing and adapting to current climate variability and risks

the ground for adaptation to climate change. However, ‘developmentadaptation: the need for flexibility (i.e. possibility of adjustments to evolving

conditions) and for avoiding anything that might increase future vulnerability(Burton & van Aalst 2004, Sperling et al 2008).

) note that ‘many projects and development plans are well in tune with theclimate normals (average conditions), but tend to pay less attention to the risks associated with climate

7

EXAMPLES OF LINKS WITH CLIMATE CHANGE

Direct effects of climate change include increases in heat-relatedmortality and illnesses associated with heat waves (although

related deaths may occur in some regions).

Climate change may increase the prevalence of some vector-borne diseases (for example malaria and dengue fever), and

nerability to water, food, or contagious diseases (for example

Children and pregnant women are particularly susceptible to– resulting from

is responsible for a quarter of maternal mortality.

Climate change will likely result in declining quantity and qualityof drinking water in many locations, which is a prerequisite for

– an important sourceby reducing natural resource

productivity and threatening food security, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, but also in many other low latitude areas.

Climate change is likely to alter the quality and productivity ofresources and ecosystems, some of which may be

irreversibly damaged, and these changes may also decreasebiological diversity and compound existing environmental

Climate change is a global issue and response requires global co-operation, especially to help developing countries adapt to the

Agency Report (2003), “Poverty and Climate Change: Reducing the Vulnerability of the Poor through Adaptation”, report by theelopment Bank, Asian Development Bank, UK Department for International Development, Federal Ministry for Economic

operation (Netherlands), OECD, Unitedrogramme, United Nations Environment Programme and World Bank; Sperling, F. (ed.), Washington.

IPCC (2007), “Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability”, Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment, “Chapter 17: Assessment of Adaptation Practices, Options, Constraints and

man Security, policy report

Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation:

Because of the many linkages between climate change and development, in practice manyand climate policy overlaps with

Burton & van Aalst 2004, Klein et al 2005,. Development, notably through achieving the MDGs, is critical to reducing

Traub 2010, World Bank 2010c, Worldptation are often the same factors

that constrain or facilitate development. Most development processes can bridge the ‘adaptationdeficit’, i.e. the failures in managing and adapting to current climate variability and risks2, thereby

However, ‘development-as-usual’ is notthe need for flexibility (i.e. possibility of adjustments to evolving

erability must be kept in

any projects and development plans are well in tune with thetention to the risks associated with climate


18. There is a continuum between development and adaptation measuresmeasures focused on vulnerability to those focused on addre

- Some measures address the drivers of vulnerability, and deliver primarily developmentalbenefits (e.g. any measures aimed at reducing poverty and enhancing human development)

- Some measures help build the response capacity, producing benefits in tchange adaptation and overall development (e.g. awareness raising on climatelinkages, institutional building, development of weather and climate monitoring systems,improvements in natural resource management and land use

- Some measures, focused on managing climate risks,positive ‘side effect’ (e.g. climate risk screening and assessmentprojects and infrastructure

- Some measures, focused quasi exclusively on confronting very specific climate change impacts,deliver adaptation benefits only (e.g.dikes) (McGray et al 2007,

Figure 1.3

Adapted from: McGray et al

19. Other typologies of adaptation measuresthat foster behavioural change, technological and engineering solutions, risk management andvulnerability reduction strategies, research, and capacity building.adaptation options based on thisor pre-defined measures to be integrated in policies and strategies: relevant adaptation measuresare very much context-specific and must result from the processinto policies and development plans


continuum between development and adaptation measures (seemeasures focused on vulnerability to those focused on addressing specific climate

measures address the drivers of vulnerability, and deliver primarily developmentalbenefits (e.g. any measures aimed at reducing poverty and enhancing human development)

measures help build the response capacity, producing benefits in terms of both climatechange adaptation and overall development (e.g. awareness raising on climatelinkages, institutional building, development of weather and climate monitoring systems,improvements in natural resource management and land use planning practices)

used on managing climate risks, involve developmental benefits as apositive ‘side effect’ (e.g. climate risk screening and assessment andprojects and infrastructure resulting in improved resilience to current climate conditions

focused quasi exclusively on confronting very specific climate change impacts,deliver adaptation benefits only (e.g. relocation in view of expected sea level rise, building o

, OECD 2009a, Olhoff & Schaer 2010).

Figure 1.3 – The development–adaptation continuum

McGray et al (2007), OECD (2009a), Olhoff & Schaer (2010)

typologies of adaptation measures exist. The UNFCCC, for instance, distinguishes measuresthat foster behavioural change, technological and engineering solutions, risk management andvulnerability reduction strategies, research, and capacity building. Table 1.3adaptation options based on this classification. Note that these are examples only, not blueprints

defined measures to be integrated in policies and strategies: relevant adaptation measuresspecific and must result from the process of mainstreaming climate ch

into policies and development plans.

8

(see Figure 1.3), fromssing specific climate impacts:

measures address the drivers of vulnerability, and deliver primarily developmentalbenefits (e.g. any measures aimed at reducing poverty and enhancing human development).

erms of both climatechange adaptation and overall development (e.g. awareness raising on climate–developmentlinkages, institutional building, development of weather and climate monitoring systems,

planning practices).

involve developmental benefits as aand climate proofing of

resulting in improved resilience to current climate conditions);

focused quasi exclusively on confronting very specific climate change impacts,elocation in view of expected sea level rise, building of

(2010).

instance, distinguishes measuresthat foster behavioural change, technological and engineering solutions, risk management and

Table 1.3. gives examples ofNote that these are examples only, not blueprints

defined measures to be integrated in policies and strategies: relevant adaptation measuresof mainstreaming climate change

Module 2: Understanding climate change–development linkages

Table 1.3 – Examples of adaptation measures for sectors most likely to be affected by

Fostering behaviouralchange

Technological and engineering

Fisheries Diversifying sources of income Downscaling fleet size and fishingeffort

Coastal zonesand marineecosystems

Promoting settlements andeconomic activities in lessexposed areas

Building dykes, sea defences andbarriers

Disaster riskreduction,disastermanagement

Awareness raising on how torespond to warning signals,evacuation,…

Construction of shelters

Health Prevention against malaria innewly exposed population

Improving the protection of healthinfrastructure against extremeweather events

Infrastructure Raising the awareness ofinfrastructure managers, bothpublic and private, aboutclimate-related risks andadaptation options

Enhancing resilience in urban,rural and coastal infrastructure(floodsmallinfrastructure)

Water supplyand sanitation

Rainwater harvesting,promoting of water savingtechniques

Adopting new technology for safewater in coastalcombat salinity due to sea levelrise


Examples of adaptation measures for sectors most likely to be affected by climate change

Technological and engineeringsolutions

Risk management andvulnerability reduction

strategies

Downscaling fleet size and fishingeffort

Improving mapping andmonitoring of fish stocks; adoptecosystem based approach tofisheries management

Stepping up research onsustainable aquaculture

Building dykes, sea defences andbarriers

Early warning systems; coastalafforestation, restoration ofmangroves

Establishing baselines ofmangroves status and trends,using standardized methods, inorder to better understand ofsea rising effect on mangrovesand reefs

Construction of shelters Early warning systems Improved monitoring andweather forecasts

Improving the protection of healthinfrastructure against extremeweather events

Information systems on climatechange related disasters;promotion of healthyenvironment to reduce breedinggrounds for vectors

Strengthening and developinglong-range epidemic forecastingsystems

Enhancing resilience in urban,rural and coastal infrastructure(flood protection dykes, dams,small-scale hydraulicinfrastructure)

Adopting appropriateengineering standards andbuilding norms, making newinfrastructure more resilient toadverse weather conditions andnatural disasters

Monitoring trends in migrationsand poas to anticipate future needs atthe time of planning investmentsin infrastructure

Adopting new technology for safewater in coastal communities tocombat salinity due to sea levelrise

Protection of groundwaterrecharge areas (e.g. by notmultiplying them and bypromoting the kind of vegetationthat can maximise waterretention and infiltration)

Improving storage capacity byconstructing reservoirs atcommunity level

9

climate change

ResearchCapacitybuilding

Stepping up research onsustainable aquaculture

Incre

ase

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led

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of

clim

ate

cha

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at

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aw

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an

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-makin

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Establishing baselines ofmangroves status and trends,using standardized methods, inorder to better understand ofsea rising effect on mangrovesand reefs

Improved monitoring andweather forecasts

Strengthening and developingrange epidemic forecasting

systems

Monitoring trends in migrationsand population resettlements, soas to anticipate future needs atthe time of planning investmentsin infrastructure

Improving storage capacity byconstructing reservoirs atcommunity level

Module 2: Understanding climate change–development linkages

Fostering behaviouralchange

Technological and engineering

Agriculture3

Promoting water conservationor soil conservation practices

New irrigation technologies

Energyproduction anduse

Promoting the use of improvedstoves, energy conservationand renewable energies

Promoting the use of improvedstoves, renewable energies.Introducing new technologies forthe use of firewood and formaking charcoal

Source: EC (2009b) Guidelines on the Integration of Environment and Climate Change in Development Cooperation.

3 Both agriculture and energy supply and use offer significant opportunities for promoting low


Technological and engineeringsolutions

Risk management andvulnerability reduction

strategies

New irrigation technologies Improving the use of weatherforecasts for farmers; insuranceto cope with climate risks;creating or strengtheningnational centres for theconservation and use ofdiversity of in food plant species

Research on drought, flood andsalinitycrops

Promoting the use of improvedstoves, renewable energies.Introducing new technologies forthe use of firewood and formaking charcoal

Promoting better use of weatherinformation and forecasts, aswell as climate change relateddisasters; sustainable forestmanagement and biomassproduction / use

Supporting R&D for lowsustainable energy technologies

Guidelines on the Integration of Environment and Climate Change in Development Cooperation.European Commission, Brussels, p. 124.

Both agriculture and energy supply and use offer significant opportunities for promoting low -carbon development paths while increasing adaptive capacity.

10

ResearchCapacitybuilding

Research on drought, flood andsalinity-tolerant varieties of

Supporting R&D for low-carbon,sustainable energy technologies

Guidelines on the Integration of Environment and Climate Change in Development Cooperation.

carbon development paths while increasing adaptive capacity.


Moving to climate-resilient, low-emission development

20. Climate-resilient developmentdevelopment planning and budgetingstrategies, programmes and projects. It rests on the implementation of development activitiesaimed at addressing vulnerability factors, and of climate risk management and specific adaptationmeasures focused on the biophysical andbuilding underpins all types of measuresto climate change should not be seen as a separate process, but a continuous and integrated onethat addresses present and future climate risks’ (Sperling et al 2008: 6) and that adaptation anddevelopment should be implemented in a fully in2010). The ultimate goal is to ensure thatboth current and future vulnerability, risks and impacts

21. Recommendations for achieving climate

- improving governance mechanisms, including stakeholder participation;

- providing better access to information and planning processes, across all levels of governance;

- building on past strategies to cope with climate variability, as long as they domaladaptation;

- investing in enabling policies (e.g. land use planning and management, natural resourcesmanagement, support for technology transfer and adoption) that enhance sectorinterventions;

- promoting multi-sector investments t

- implementing pro-poor social policy interventions and adaptation options that generatesustainable development co

- and combining ‘soft’ (social, environmental) adaptation optionsbased) adaptation options,(World Bank 2010g).

22. Low-emission development requires addressing sources ofenhancing carbon sinks, to support the‘at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system(UNFCCC, Art. 2). At the global level, the three ‘sectors’ that are the biggest contributors toemissions (namely energy generated from fossil fuel burning, agricultureespecially deforestation) are also the main choices for emission reductions (Herzog 2005).Globally, the largest potential for curbing GHG emissions

- improving energy efficiency (across all uses/sectors)

- relying more on low-carbon technologies to generate heat and power

- opting for more sustainable modes of transport

- curbing deforestation (and stopping desertification)

- and modifying agriculturalimproved management of manure2009).

4 ‘Soft’ adaptation options are sometimes neglected, even though they may have a better costthan infrastructure-based options.


emission development

resilient development requires addressing climate vulnerability, risks and impactsand budgeting and in the implementation and monitoring of developments

strategies, programmes and projects. It rests on the implementation of development activitiessing vulnerability factors, and of climate risk management and specific adaptation

measures focused on the biophysical and socio-economic impacts of climate changeall types of measures. Climate-resilient development ‘implies t

to climate change should not be seen as a separate process, but a continuous and integrated onethat addresses present and future climate risks’ (Sperling et al 2008: 6) and that adaptation anddevelopment should be implemented in a fully integrated manner (Fankhauser & Schmidt2010). The ultimate goal is to ensure that the chosen development path adequately addresses

vulnerability, risks and impacts.

Recommendations for achieving climate-resilient development include:

improving governance mechanisms, including stakeholder participation;

providing better access to information and planning processes, across all levels of governance;

building on past strategies to cope with climate variability, as long as they do

investing in enabling policies (e.g. land use planning and management, natural resourcesmanagement, support for technology transfer and adoption) that enhance sector

investments to build resilience in targeted geographical regions;

poor social policy interventions and adaptation options that generatesustainable development co-benefits;

and combining ‘soft’ (social, environmental) adaptation options4 with ‘hard’ (infrastructurebased) adaptation options, keeping in mind the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable

requires addressing sources of GHG emissions, and developing orsupport the objective of stabilising atmospheric

at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. At the global level, the three ‘sectors’ that are the biggest contributors to

emissions (namely energy generated from fossil fuel burning, agriculture, and land use changedeforestation) are also the main choices for emission reductions (Herzog 2005).

largest potential for curbing GHG emissions lies in:

improving energy efficiency (across all uses/sectors);

carbon technologies to generate heat and power;

opting for more sustainable modes of transport;

curbing deforestation (and stopping desertification);

odifying agricultural practices (e.g. more efficient use of nitrogenimproved management of manure) (IPCC 2007d, Stern 2007, EC 2009a, McKinsey & Company

are sometimes neglected, even though they may have a better cost

11

addressing climate vulnerability, risks and impacts inand in the implementation and monitoring of developments

strategies, programmes and projects. It rests on the implementation of development activitiessing vulnerability factors, and of climate risk management and specific adaptation

impacts of climate change. Capacityresilient development ‘implies that adaptation

to climate change should not be seen as a separate process, but a continuous and integrated onethat addresses present and future climate risks’ (Sperling et al 2008: 6) and that adaptation and

tegrated manner (Fankhauser & Schmidt-Traubthe chosen development path adequately addresses

providing better access to information and planning processes, across all levels of governance;

building on past strategies to cope with climate variability, as long as they do not result in

investing in enabling policies (e.g. land use planning and management, natural resourcesmanagement, support for technology transfer and adoption) that enhance sector-specific

o build resilience in targeted geographical regions;

poor social policy interventions and adaptation options that generate

with ‘hard’ (infrastructure-keeping in mind the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable

emissions, and developing oratmospheric GHG concentrations

at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system’. At the global level, the three ‘sectors’ that are the biggest contributors to GHG

, and land use change –deforestation) are also the main choices for emission reductions (Herzog 2005).

more efficient use of nitrogen-based fertilisers,McKinsey & Company

are sometimes neglected, even though they may have a better cost-benefit ratio


23. At the national level, countrydevelopment objectives and priorities)for mitigation. Developing countriesinternational carbon finance flowspath addresses sources of emissions

24. Many developing countries have now submitted their(NAPAs) and nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) to the UNFCC

- NAPAs were promoted to hnational capacities and identify priority adaptation projects with developmental benefitsLDCs have not prepared NAPAs, but many have national climate acdocuments – and the majority of UNFCCC signatory countries have now submitted their first(and increasingly their second) National Communications under the Convention.

- NAMAs are voluntary mitigation measures consistent with a countthat are meant to put it on a more sustainable development path.

Both are good starting pointdevelopment objectives – and can contribute to thefederate and to some extent replace

25. Climate adaptation and mitigation should not be seen only as a constraint but also as a source ofopportunity. In many instances, the adoption ofmakes a positive contribution to development objectivesgrowth, green jobs and development co

26. Green growth can be defined as ‘a way to pursue economic growth and development, whilepreventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable natural resource use’(OECD 2010b). It provides a way of rethinking the traditional tradeoffs between econodevelopment/improved living standards and environmental sustainability, with the perspectpromoting and accelerating sustainable growth.developing countries alike and should be

- the use of a mix of policy instruments to create adequate incentives and disincentives (e.g.regulations and standards, marketenvironmental services, taxes and subsidies,

- long-term, stable support for research and development (R&D) and innovation;

- support for the diffusion of clean technologies and related knowledgebarriers to clean technology adoption (e.g. trade barriemarket failure barriers, environmentally harmful subsidies, policy inconsistencies);

- support for technology transfers (e.g. financing mechanisms for global public goods, joint R&Dinitiatives);

- the management of the negative employment and distribution effects ofgreener economy, which may

- and the development of new performance assessment frameworks (PAFs), with indicatorsrelated to the environmental efficiency of production and consumption, stocks of naturalassets, environmental qualityresponses and instruments

27. One of the ways for ‘climategrowth is to encourage the creation of


, country-specific patterns of emissions and circumstancesdevelopment objectives and priorities) should be considered when determining national priorities

eveloping countries should also consider the existence of opportunities linked toernational carbon finance flows. The ultimate goal is to ensure that the chosen

addresses sources of emissions.

Many developing countries have now submitted their national adaptation programmes of actionnationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) to the UNFCC

NAPAs were promoted to help least developed countries (LDCs) raise awareness,national capacities and identify priority adaptation projects with developmental benefitsLDCs have not prepared NAPAs, but many have national climate action plans or equivalent

and the majority of UNFCCC signatory countries have now submitted their first(and increasingly their second) National Communications under the Convention.

NAMAs are voluntary mitigation measures consistent with a country’s development strategythat are meant to put it on a more sustainable development path.

good starting points for addressing the climate challenge without compromisingand can contribute to the mainstreaming effort if they

federate and to some extent replace standalone plans and measures (see Module

mitigation should not be seen only as a constraint but also as a source of. In many instances, the adoption of adaptation and mitigation measures actually

a positive contribution to development objectives, and creates opportunities such as greengrowth, green jobs and development co-benefits (EC 2009a).

can be defined as ‘a way to pursue economic growth and development, whilepreventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable natural resource use’

). It provides a way of rethinking the traditional tradeoffs between econodevelopment/improved living standards and environmental sustainability, with the perspectpromoting and accelerating sustainable growth. Green growth is relevant to developed and

and should be part of the mainstreaming process. It

the use of a mix of policy instruments to create adequate incentives and disincentives (e.g.regulations and standards, market-based incentives such as tradable permits or payment forenvironmental services, taxes and subsidies, information-based instruments);

term, stable support for research and development (R&D) and innovation;

support for the diffusion of clean technologies and related knowledge –barriers to clean technology adoption (e.g. trade barriers, regulatory barriers, skills barriers,market failure barriers, environmentally harmful subsidies, policy inconsistencies);

support for technology transfers (e.g. financing mechanisms for global public goods, joint R&D

e negative employment and distribution effects ofwhich may require significant re-allocations of capital and labour

and the development of new performance assessment frameworks (PAFs), with indicatorsenvironmental efficiency of production and consumption, stocks of natural

assets, environmental quality and quality of life, and the effectiveness of green growth policyresponses and instruments (Dervis et al 2009, OECD 2010b).

te-compatible’ development to be conducive togrowth is to encourage the creation of ‘green jobs’, i.e. jobs associated with the deployment of

12

specific patterns of emissions and circumstances (includingshould be considered when determining national priorities

the existence of opportunities linked tothe chosen development

national adaptation programmes of actionnationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) to the UNFCCC Secretariat:

) raise awareness, buildnational capacities and identify priority adaptation projects with developmental benefits. Non-

tion plans or equivalentand the majority of UNFCCC signatory countries have now submitted their first

(and increasingly their second) National Communications under the Convention.

ry’s development strategy,

challenge without compromisingeffort if they manage to

standalone plans and measures (see Module 3).

mitigation should not be seen only as a constraint but also as a source ofmitigation measures actually

opportunities such as green

can be defined as ‘a way to pursue economic growth and development, whilepreventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable natural resource use’

). It provides a way of rethinking the traditional tradeoffs between economicdevelopment/improved living standards and environmental sustainability, with the perspective of

is relevant to developed andIt entails:

the use of a mix of policy instruments to create adequate incentives and disincentives (e.g.based incentives such as tradable permits or payment for

based instruments);

term, stable support for research and development (R&D) and innovation;

– and the removal ofrs, regulatory barriers, skills barriers,

market failure barriers, environmentally harmful subsidies, policy inconsistencies);

support for technology transfers (e.g. financing mechanisms for global public goods, joint R&D

e negative employment and distribution effects of the transition to aocations of capital and labour;

and the development of new performance assessment frameworks (PAFs), with indicatorsenvironmental efficiency of production and consumption, stocks of natural

quality of life, and the effectiveness of green growth policy

’ development to be conducive to pro-poor economic, i.e. jobs associated with the deployment of


clean technologies and the adoption of improved environmental practices. Green jobs may beassociated with both adaptation and mitigationinclude (renewable) energy supplyequipment), construction (e.g.of buildings for improved thermal insulation)recycling), retail (e.g. promotion of locally produced goods), agriculture (e.g. soil conservation,water efficiency) and forestry (e.g. afforestation, reforestation, sustainableActive training and capacity building policies are required to support the develjobs (UNEP 2008, EC 2009a).

28. The development co-benefitsmitigation should be specifically consideredeconomic growth, poverty reduction, gender equality and environmental sustainability (2010). For instance:

- The development of renewable energy sources may reduce pollutionwith significant environmental and health benefitsexposed to external shocks and

- Projects, programmes and strategies developed in the context offor Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradationterms of forest- and forestryimportant ecosystem servicesdependent people and local communities.

- Adaptation measures for agriculture, andsoils, may improve the livelihoods of farmers, including the many women involved insubsistence agriculture, byimproving water quality and

- Adaptation to future climate change mayvulnerability to current climate ris

29. Adaptation and mitigationcomplementary elements of the response to clanalysis shows that ‘the total costs of climate change are the lowest when both mitigation andadaptation are undertaken in conjunction’

30. There are both potential synergiesmitigation responses:

- Although adaptation and mitigation are quite different in nature (Klein et al 2005), sometimesadaptation and mitigation measures are congruent, so that mitigation produces a doublestream of benefits. For instance,soils while supporting soil moisture retention, thus increasing resilience to dry spellssustainable reforestation may simultaneously enhance carbon stocks and,livelihood opportunities, enhance the adaptive capacity of local communities

- Mitigation measures should be compatible with adaptation policies and requirements,increasing vulnerability to climate change,Biofuels or agrofuels, for example,practice, depending on local circumstances, may be a threat to food security, water availabilityand ecosystems.

- Similarly, adaptation measures should be designed and selected taking emissions into accountFor example, when opting for agricultural intensification in support of improved food security,


clean technologies and the adoption of improved environmental practices. Green jobs may beboth adaptation and mitigation. Possible sectors for the creation of

energy supply, public transport, manufacturing (e.g.e.g. climate proofing of buildings and other infrastructure, retrofitting

of buildings for improved thermal insulation), materials management (e.g. resource efficiency andrecycling), retail (e.g. promotion of locally produced goods), agriculture (e.g. soil conservation,

y (e.g. afforestation, reforestation, sustainable forestry, agroforestry)Active training and capacity building policies are required to support the devel

(also known as ‘ancillary benefits’) of climate change adaptation anduld be specifically considered from a multidimensional perspective, including

economic growth, poverty reduction, gender equality and environmental sustainability (

The development of renewable energy sources may reduce pollution fromwith significant environmental and health benefits – while making the national economy less

external shocks and increases in the price of imported fuels.

Projects, programmes and strategies developed in the context of REDD+ (the global initiativeemissions from deforestation and forest degradation) may deliver benefits in

and forestry-related livelihoods and the preservation or restoration ofimportant ecosystem services – provided they are conceived with the participation of forestdependent people and local communities.

for agriculture, and measures for reducing emissions from agriculturamay improve the livelihoods of farmers, including the many women involved in

subsistence agriculture, by improving yields, reducing soil erosion and degradationuality and availability.

Adaptation to future climate change may entail immediate benefits in terms of reducedvulnerability to current climate risks (EEA 2007, Agrawala & Fankhauser 2008

are both essential; they are like two sides of a coin, thecomplementary elements of the response to climate change (IPCC 2007c)

‘the total costs of climate change are the lowest when both mitigation andadaptation are undertaken in conjunction’ (Agrawala et al 2010: 4).

synergies and potential conflicts or trade-offs between adap

Although adaptation and mitigation are quite different in nature (Klein et al 2005), sometimesadaptation and mitigation measures are congruent, so that mitigation produces a double

For instance, reduced tillage agriculture enhances carbon sequestration insoils while supporting soil moisture retention, thus increasing resilience to dry spellssustainable reforestation may simultaneously enhance carbon stocks and,livelihood opportunities, enhance the adaptive capacity of local communities

should be compatible with adaptation policies and requirements,vulnerability to climate change, and rely on environmentally sustainable practices.

Biofuels or agrofuels, for example, are often presented as a good mitigation option, but inpractice, depending on local circumstances, may be a threat to food security, water availability

, adaptation measures should be designed and selected taking emissions into accountor example, when opting for agricultural intensification in support of improved food security,

13

clean technologies and the adoption of improved environmental practices. Green jobs may be. Possible sectors for the creation of such jobs

e.g. clean technologyinfrastructure, retrofitting

resource efficiency andrecycling), retail (e.g. promotion of locally produced goods), agriculture (e.g. soil conservation,

forestry, agroforestry).Active training and capacity building policies are required to support the development of green

of climate change adaptation andfrom a multidimensional perspective, including

economic growth, poverty reduction, gender equality and environmental sustainability (Perch

from fossil fuel burning,while making the national economy less

REDD+ (the global initiative) may deliver benefits in

the preservation or restoration ofprovided they are conceived with the participation of forest-

reducing emissions from agriculturalmay improve the livelihoods of farmers, including the many women involved in

yields, reducing soil erosion and degradation, or

entail immediate benefits in terms of reducedks (EEA 2007, Agrawala & Fankhauser 2008).

are both essential; they are like two sides of a coin, the(IPCC 2007c). Recent economic

‘the total costs of climate change are the lowest when both mitigation and

between adaptation and

Although adaptation and mitigation are quite different in nature (Klein et al 2005), sometimesadaptation and mitigation measures are congruent, so that mitigation produces a double

reduced tillage agriculture enhances carbon sequestration insoils while supporting soil moisture retention, thus increasing resilience to dry spells; andsustainable reforestation may simultaneously enhance carbon stocks and, by offering newlivelihood opportunities, enhance the adaptive capacity of local communities.

should be compatible with adaptation policies and requirements, avoidsustainable practices.

are often presented as a good mitigation option, but inpractice, depending on local circumstances, may be a threat to food security, water availability

, adaptation measures should be designed and selected taking emissions into account.or example, when opting for agricultural intensification in support of improved food security,


emissions associated with the use of fertilisers should becooling systems for adapting to heat waves, users should consider emissions from fossilenergy.

31. Climate change mainstreaming is at the heart of the process of moving to climateemission development (IPCC 2007c)mainstreaming, while low-emission development results from a process of mainstreaming climatechange mitigation in all policymainstreaming, see Moduleincentives for initiating and sustaining

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Agrawala S. & Fankhauser S. (2008) Putting Climate Change Adaptation in an Economic Context.Agrawala S. & Fankhauser S. (eds.) (2008)benefits and policy instruments. OECD Publishing, Paris.

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emission development results from a process of mainstreaming climatechange mitigation in all policy-making and planning activities. (For explanations on the concmainstreaming, see Module 3.) In both cases, focusing on co-benefits canincentives for initiating and sustaining the mainstreaming process.

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14

similarly, when deployingadapting to heat waves, users should consider emissions from fossil

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17

including links to available National Communications


Annex 1.1 – Guiding questions for assessing climate

Climate and environment

What is the climate situation (of extreme weather events,...)

What is the state of the environment?

How does the current climate interact with other drivers of environmental change to impact onecosystems and their services?

Could climate change exacerbate existing environmental problems or aggravate negativeenvironmental trends?

Vulnerability and adaptation

What population groups, sectors and regions are most vulnerable to the impacts of current climatevariability? And to those of future

Why are they at greatest risk (e.g. poverty, degraded natural resourcesWhat are the key factors contributing to vulnerability?

How could climate change impacts

What is the current situation with respect to climate change adaptationdeficit?

Development and poverty reduction

What are the links between current and future climate and national developmentsectors?

To what extent could climate change jeopardize the achievement of certain developmentobjectives (e.g. the MDGs)?

Do existing policies, strategies and programmes increase the risk of maladaptation, and/orcontribute to enhancing adaptive capacity and reducing vulnerability?

Do current development policies and strategies contribute to increased or reduced greenhouse gasemissions? Is there a potential for reducing emissions and/or enhancing carbon sequestration?

If so, what are the implications of realising this potential on livelihoods, economic growth, povertyreduction, employment, human health, and other components of human wellbeing?

Adapted from: UNDP-UNEP (2011) Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change into DevelopmentA Guide for Practitioners. Box 4.1, p. 20.


Guiding questions for assessing climate–development–poverty linkages

situation (average climate parameters, climate variability, seasons, frequencyof extreme weather events,...)?

What is the state of the environment?

How does the current climate interact with other drivers of environmental change to impact onecosystems and their services?

Could climate change exacerbate existing environmental problems or aggravate negative

What population groups, sectors and regions are most vulnerable to the impacts of current climatethose of future climate change?

Why are they at greatest risk (e.g. poverty, degraded natural resources, lack of infrastructureWhat are the key factors contributing to vulnerability?

impacts exacerbate existing vulnerabilities?

What is the current situation with respect to climate change adaptation? Is there an adaptation

Development and poverty reduction

What are the links between current and future climate and national development

To what extent could climate change jeopardize the achievement of certain development

Do existing policies, strategies and programmes increase the risk of maladaptation, and/oradaptive capacity and reducing vulnerability?


he implications of realising this potential on livelihoods, economic growth, povertyreduction, employment, human health, and other components of human wellbeing?

Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change into Development. Box 4.1, p. 20.

18

poverty linkages

average climate parameters, climate variability, seasons, frequency

How does the current climate interact with other drivers of environmental change to impact on

Could climate change exacerbate existing environmental problems or aggravate negative

What population groups, sectors and regions are most vulnerable to the impacts of current climate

, lack of infrastructure)?

Is there an adaptation

What are the links between current and future climate and national development priorities/key

To what extent could climate change jeopardize the achievement of certain development

Do existing policies, strategies and programmes increase the risk of maladaptation, and/or


he implications of realising this potential on livelihoods, economic growth, povertyreduction, employment, human health, and other components of human wellbeing?

Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change into Development Planning:

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