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GLOBAL CHALLENGES: URBANISATION, CLIMATE CHANGE, LIVELIHOODS AND FOOD SECURITY Water, Sanitation &...
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Transcript of GLOBAL CHALLENGES: URBANISATION, CLIMATE CHANGE, LIVELIHOODS AND FOOD SECURITY Water, Sanitation &...
GLOBAL CHALLENGES: URBANISATION, CLIMATE CHANGE,
LIVELIHOODS AND FOOD SECURITY
Water, Sanitation & Food Security
Presented atAfrican European Residential
School University of Botswana
P.T. Odirile, University of Botswana04/08/2014
Background
Food security is a multi-faceted concept, variously defined and interpreted. At one end of the spectrum food security
implies the availability of adequate supplies at a global and national level;
at the other end, the concern is with adequate nutrition and well-being.
WHO defines food security as “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.”
The three main aspects of food security are: food availability, food access, and food use
The world now recognizing that food security challenges cannot be met until safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are available in the world’s poorest communities.
Safe WaterSafe water does not have any detectable faecal contamination in any 100 ml sample and meets the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (2006).
SanitationGenerally refers to the provision of facilities and services, such as latrines, for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. Also refers to wastewater disposal, garbage collection and disposal and insect/rodent control.
Global Problems
The major global challenges faced by the sanitation sector are;
Climate Change many people without sanitation, health effects of poor sanitation, water shortage and pollution, food insecurity, urban growth and the inadequacy of current
sanitation options. Water Scarcity/stress
Mulnutrition
The global picture
Total Sanitation Coverage 2006
Less than 50%50 – 75%76 – 90%91 – 100%No or Insufficient data
Sources: World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: special focus on sanitation. UNICEF, New York, and WHO, Geneva, 2008.
Progress towards the MDG sanitation target 2006
On trackProgress but insufficientNot on trackNo or insufficient data
Coverage in 2006 was less than 5% below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or coverage was higher than 95%.Coverage in 2006 was 5 to 10% below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target.Coverage in 2006 was more than 10% below the rate it needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or the 1990–2006 trend shows unchanged or decreasing coverage.Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends.
Sources: World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund Joint Monitoring Programme on Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: special focus on sanitation. UNICEF, New York, and WHO,
Geneva, 2008.
The history of management of water and used water over the 20th century and beyond
1970 2000
Supply
Management
Demand
Management
Reuse
Management
Priority 1: provide water no longer the only concern
Priority 1: reduce water volume and emerging interest in wastewater
Pri 1: wastewater quality
Jan-Olof Drangert, Sweden
Estimated outflow from WWTW
Time to search for technical solutions!
The Water & Wastewater Infrastructure System
Treatmentplant
Treatmentplant
Disposal
Reuse
Supply
Distributionsystem
CollectionsystemDrainage
system
Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems
DEWATS
WATER REUSE
YOUR BENEFITS WITH DEWATS
BIOGAS
The The non-regulated use non-regulated use of treated water in agricultureof treated water in agriculture
The The non-existing reuse criteria related to hygiene, public non-existing reuse criteria related to hygiene, public health and quality control health and quality control
The non-existing reuse The non-existing reuse criteria related to irrigation criteria related to irrigation techniques, degree of wastewater treatment,techniques, degree of wastewater treatment, and and choice choice of areas and types of crops to be irrigated of areas and types of crops to be irrigated
The The lack of efficient control and monitoring lack of efficient control and monitoring of urban of urban wastewater treatment plantswastewater treatment plants
The The lack of trained personnel lack of trained personnel both in the competent both in the competent authorities and the treatment plants authorities and the treatment plants
The The low level of awareness of the farmers low level of awareness of the farmers and the public and the public at largeat large
Strategy Analysis T ree
S u s ta in ab le was tewatertrea tm en t - p rod u c tion
of h ig h q u a lity waterab le to b e reu sed
In tern a tion a l C on feren ces -D iscu ss ion F oru m
D eve lop m en t o ftrea tm en t tech n o lo
g ies ta ilo red toloca l n eed s
Id en tifica tion o f exis tin gwas tewater trea tm en t
m eth od s
D eve lop m en t o fm eth od s & too ls
fo r id en tifyin gop tim u m sch em es
D eve lop m en t o fm eth od s & too ls
fo r th e con tro l/m on ito ro f trea tm en t p lan ts
D eve lop m en t o fsp ec ifica tion s fo r
was tewater u tiliza tionin ag ricu ltu re
Id en tifica tion o f exis tin greu se / irrig a tion p rac tices
D eve lop m en t o fsp ec ifica tion s fo r
water s to rag econ d ition s
Id en tifica tion o freu se lim ita tion s
(e .g . econ om ic , lan dissu es )
D eterm in ation o f loca ln eed s an d con s tra in ts -sp ec ia l ch arac te ris tics
E xam in a tion o fb es t p rac tices
on com b in ed trea tm en t &reu se sys tem s
D eterm in ation o f exis tin gp o lic ies re la ted to
water & was tewaterm an ag em en t
D eterm in ation o f soc io-econ om ic & leg is la tivein s tru m en ts n eed ed fo r
su s ta in ab le m an ag em en t
Tra in in g worksh op sfo r a ll ac tors in vo lved
(au th orit ies , op era to rs ,fa rm ers )
P rod u c tion o f in fo rm ation a l /ed u cation a l b roch u res
an d lea fle ts
S afe an d su s ta in ab lereu se o f e fflu en t
in ag ricu ltu re
P rom otion o f trea tedwas tewater reu se in
ag ricu ltu re
A va ilab ility o f watersa fe fo r reu sein ag ricu ltu re
Education/Awareness Strategy
Best Practices & Effective Policies
Promotion Strategy
Sustainable & Controlled Treatment Strategy
Sustainable Wastewater
Reuse Strategy
ConclusionsConclusions
The highest priority in the wastewater management The highest priority in the wastewater management sector has to be given to setting up an effective sector has to be given to setting up an effective
wastewater management system which will include:wastewater management system which will include:
Maximization of collection of wastewaterMaximization of collection of wastewater Upgrading the existing wastewater collection Upgrading the existing wastewater collection
systemssystems Rehabilitation or upgrading of existing Rehabilitation or upgrading of existing
wastewater treatment plants or the construction wastewater treatment plants or the construction of new treatment plantsof new treatment plants
Establishment of proper standards for influent Establishment of proper standards for influent and effluent wastewater qualityand effluent wastewater quality
Education of the farmers Education of the farmers
Problems associated with WW reuse
Social acceptance (farmers, retailers and consumers): This is the most sensitive area of this topic. Farmers are not going to reuse water, if their product cannot be sold.
Consumers will not buy products where reuse water was used unless it is proven to be safe
Social issues play a significant role in water reuse initiatives and should be adequately addressed. With adequate political will accompanied by awareness programmes these cultural, religious and social objections can be overcome.
Grease trap
Greywater arrangements
Hose for tap water Kitchen
sink
Curtesy of S. Cummings, Caroma, Australia
J-O Drangert, Linköping university, Sweden
Check what connections are in use in the area
Connect a rubber hose to the outlet which can reach where (grey-) watering is needed
Maintain water speed: make use of gravity and no bends
ENVIRO TOILET SYSTEMSENVIRO TOILET SYSTEMS
Waterless composting toilet system
Double flush urine diverting toilets of different designs
Courtesy of Roshan Shrestha, Nepal
(a 2) Waterless and odourless urine-diverting toilet
Co-compost bin
Co-compostbin
Resting bin for faeces
Porcelain UD-toilet
Collection bin
Shute
Urine tank with tap
The role of sanitation in solving the looming water and nutrient crises and global warming
- save H2O (demand management) and prevent pollution of H2O
- use treated greywater to save on ground- and surface water
- provide nutrients (N, P, K and S) from households and restaurants
- recycle nutrients and organics for food production and soil restoration
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linköping university, Sweden
- reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases
Ecological sanitation is a safe approach to recovering nutrients from human excreta.
NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD TO PEOPLE TO FOOD
’’Closing the loop’’
Proposed scenarioCurrent situation = Faecal sludge crisis:
Faecal sludge management overview
uncontrolled disposal
illegal dumping no beneficial
reuse
But how to deal with liquid effluent?
(need to add water to empty pit by pumping)
Principle:
Organic ≠ other solid waste Stormwater ≠ sewage Industrial ≠ household wastewater Toilet water ≠ greywater Faeces ≠ urine
Strategies for sanitation improvements
A new approach for sustainability
The discharged waste is an unlimited resource! - if it is clean enough
There is no scarcity of natural resources for households
– only poor management of the natural resources we already command!
The crucial question to ask is therefore:
”What comes out at the end of the sanitation system?”
CONCLUSIONS
Current Projects in Botswana Wastewater effluent from GWWTP for
horticultural projects Grey water reuse is becoming popular
among locals Decentralised Wastewater systems just
being introduced.
references Lentner, C., Lentner, C., Wink, A. 1981. Units of Measurement, Body Fluids,
Composition of the Body, Nutrition. Geigy Scientific Tables. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd, Basle, Switzerland. ISBN 0-914168-50-9.
Feachem, R.G., Bradley, D.J., Garelick, H., Mara, D.D. 1983. Sanitation and Disease. Health aspects of excreta and wastewater management. World Bank studies in water supply and sanitation. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
Harvey, P., Bastable, A., Ferron, S., Forster, T., Hoque, E., Morris, L., Piano, E., and Smith, M. (2007) Excreta Disposal in Emergencies: A Field Manual, WEDC, Loughborough University Available: http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/projects/new_projects3.php?id=15 *
Heinss, U., Larmie, S. A., and Strauss, M. (1998) Solids separation and pond systems for the treatment of faecal sludges in the tropics. Lessons learnt and recommendations for preliminary design. EAWAG/SANDEC, Dübendorf, Switzerland. http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_ewm/downloads_ewm/solids_sep_and_pond_treatm.pdf *
Steiner, M., Montangero, A., Koné, D., and Strauss, M. (2002) Economic aspects of low-cost faecal sludge management. Estimation of collection, haulage, treatment and disposal /reuse cost, EAWAG/SANDEC, Dübendorf, Switzerland. http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_ewm/downloads_ewm/FSM_cost_report.pdf *
WHO/UNICEF (2006) Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target – The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation. Available: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp2006/en/index.html (provided under Course 1 Unit 1 Assigned Reading)
Thank You!