Global Burden of Armed Violence Cumulative Index for 2008 ... · Global Burden of Armed Violence...

Global Burden of Armed Violence

Cumulative Index for 2008 and 2011 Reports Index compiled by Margaret Binns www.binnsindexing.co.uk abortion, sex-selective 2008 122–3 accounting approach, armed violence costs 2008 91–2, 92–4 acid attacks 2008 121–2 Afghanistan

armed violence, motives 2011 15 direct conflict deaths 2008 9, 10, 13, 18, 20, 21, 22, 27, 2011 52 post-conflict 2008 54 rule of law 2011 107, 108 violent deaths 2011 53, 57, 67, 68 women

suicide 2011 113 violence against 2011 125, 127

Africa aid worker deaths 2008 138

direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 18–19, 20 disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) 2008 64 homicides

clearance rates 2008 85 costs 2008 102 rates 2008 71, 72 types 2011 92–4

interstate conflicts 2008 12–13 kidnapping 2008 137

aid workers, violent deaths 2008 7, 126, 138–9 al-Qaeda 2011 15, 47 Albania, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Algeria

direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27 disappearances 2008 135

Americas direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 19

firearms 2011 100 homicides

attrition 2011 105–6 rates 2008 71, 72–3 trends 2008 78 types 2011 91–5

kidnapping 2008 137

Amnesty International 2008 44, 130, 131 analysis of multiple data sources, indirect conflict deaths 2008 36, 37–9 Angola

armed violence motives 2011 15 direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27 indirect conflict deaths 2008 40 life expectancy 2008 103 post-conflict violence 2008 54

Arab Spring (2011) 2011 21, 62 Argentina

disappearances 2008 135 femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 homicides

during legal interventions 2011 78–9 intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 armed groups 2008 126–8

non-state conflicts 2011 21–3 typology 2008 127

armed violence see also homicides; lethal violence

against women 2008 109–23, 2011 113–38 categories 2008 2–6, 2011 13–18 conflicts 2011 13, 19–23 costs 2008 6 definition 2008 2, 2011 12 and development 2011 9–10, 109, 145–69 disaggregation 2011 87–8 economic costs 2008 89–105 gender dimensions 2008 110–12 health dimensions 2008 96 monitoring systems 2011 163–8 non-conflict 2008 67–87, 115–17 other forms 2008 125–39 positive effects 2008 102–5 post-conflict 2008 49–65 prevention and reduction 2008 6–8 research 2011 19 social value of reduction 2008 96–7 systems of violence 2011 35–6 unified approach 2011 2–4, 11–36

armed violence lens 2011 35, 36, 87 armed violence monitoring systems (AVMS) 2011 164 Armenia, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Armenia–Azerbaijan, direct conflict deaths 2008 18 Asia

direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 18, 20 homicides

attrition 2011 105–6 rates 2008 71, 73 types 2011 91–5

kidnapping 2008 137 attrition rates, homicide clearances 2011 88, 104–6

Australia femicides 2011 129

homicides, definitions 2011 73 intimate partner violence 2008 116, 2011 129 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Austria femicides 2011 7

intimate partner violence 2011 129 homicides

male-female ratio 2011 123 trends 2011 27

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 AVMS see armed violence monitoring systems

Azerbaijan femicides 2011 120, 122

social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Bahamas femicides 2011 119, 120

rule of law 2011 107 social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

Bakassi Boys (Nigeria) 2008 127 Ball, Patrick 2008 12 Bangladesh

acid attacks 2008 121–2 intimate partner violence 2008 118

Barbados, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 baseline mortality rates 2008 35–6 Belarus

femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 120 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Belgium femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Belize

femicides 2011 119, 120 social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

Benin, violent deaths 2011 53 Bolivia

femicides 2011 120 life expectancy 2008 103

Bosnia and Herzegovina female labour 2008 98

female-headed households 2008 98 gender-based violence 2008 112 rape 2008 39

Botswana intimate partner violence 2008 118

violent deaths 2011 53 Brazil

armed violence costs 2008 93, 94 extrajudicial killings 2008 132 femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 7, 120 homicides

costs 2008 102 and development goals 2011 160–1 intentional 2011 55 male-female ratio 2011 123

intimate partner violence 2008 118 life expectancy 2008 103 social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53

bribery, homicide convictions 2008 84 Brunei Darussalam, homicides, male-female ratio 2011 123 Bulgaria

femicides 2008 80, 81 intimate partner violence 2011 129

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Burkina Faso, homicides, intentional, and unintentional 2011 74–5

Burundi direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27

indirect conflict deaths 2008 40 post-conflict violence 2011 52 violent deaths 2011 53, 67, 68–9

Calderón, Felipe 2011 30, 33 Cambodia, female labour 2008 98 Cameroon, violent deaths 2011 53 Canada

femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 129 homicides, costs 2008 102 intimate partner violence 2008 116, 118, 2011 129 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Caribbean direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17

femicides 2011 119–20 firearms 2011 100 homicides

costs 2008 102 rates 2008 71, 73, 2011 96–8 trends 2008 77, 79

rule of law 2011 107 social value of violence reduction 2008 97 violent deaths 2011 60, 61, 62

Center for Systemic Peace, University of Maryland 2008 11 Central African Republic

direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27 gender violence, against men 2008 111 violent deaths 2011 53

Central America direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17

femicides 2011 119 gangs 2008 128, 129–30, 2011 95 homicides

causes 2011 18 clearance rates 2008 84–5 rates 2008 71 trends 2008 77, 79 urban areas 2008 85–6

violent deaths 2011 60, 61, 62 Central Asia

femicides 2011 119 violent deaths 2011 60, 61

Central Asia and Transcaucasia direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 20

homicides rates 2008 71, 73

trends 2008 77, 78 urban areas 2008 85–6

Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) 2011 71 Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity (CRISE), Oxford University 2008 62 CERAC see Conflict Analysis Resource Center Chad

direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27 violent deaths 2011 53

Chechnya, female-headed households 2008 98 child mortality, and homicide rates 2011 156 child soldiers, Liberia 2008 111

children, killed by firearms 2011 132–3 Chile

femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 intimate partner violence 2008 116 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

China direct conflict deaths 2008 13

disappearances 2008 135 homicides

costs 2008 102 intentional 2011 55

sex-selective abortion 2008 122 Cingranelli–Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Data Project 2008 131–2, 2011 77

cities see urban areas Ciudad Juarez (Mexico)

femicides 2011 121 homicides, firearm use 2011 132 organized crime 2011 30 violent deaths 2011 64

civil wars armed groups 2011 21–3

direct conflict deaths 2008 12–13 economic costs 2008 94 indirect conflict deaths 2008 31–2 recurrence 2008 58 risk of dying 2008 26–8

civilians, conflict deaths, Iraq 2011 56–7 Colombia

armed violence costs 2008 94 direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 20, 21, 22, 27 disappearances 2008 135 femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 7, 120


costs 2008 102 during legal interventions 2011 78–9 intentional 2011 55 male-female ratio 2011 123

human development and conflict 2011 153 intimate partner violence 2008 116, 2011 129 life expectancy 2008 103 social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

community justice, post-conflict violence 2008 55 Conflict Analysis Resource Center (CERAC) 2008 99 conflict deaths 2011 2, 12

see also direct conflict deaths; indirect conflict deaths civilians 2011 56–7 measuring 2011 69–70

conflicts armed violence 2011 13, 19–23

and income inequalities 2011 159 mortality rates 2008 40–1 risk of dying 2008 26–8, 29 violence against women 2008 112–15

Congo, Democratic Republic of see Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo, Republic of (Congo-Brazzaville)

indirect conflict deaths 2008 40 violent deaths 2011 53

Control Risks 2008 136 Correlates of War (COW) project 2008 11 Costa Rica

femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 homicides


social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 67

Côte d’Ivoire conflict violence 2011 21

direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27 ethnic inequalities 2008 62 post-conflict violence 2011 52 violent deaths 2011 53

CRED see Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters crime

see also homicides organized crime 2011 29–33, 90–1 reporting 2008 69–70

criminal justice system distrust of 2011 108

and femicide 2011 122 homicide clearance 2008 82–5, 2011 48–9, 50, 102–9 killings by 2011 78–80

criminal violence definition 2011 13

and political violence 2011 2–4, 28–34 CRISE see Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity

Croatia femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129

homicides, during legal interventions 2011 78–9 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

crude mortality rate (CMR) 2008 33, 34 Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) 2008 52, 2011 71

Cuba, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Cyprus, femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 Czech Republic

femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 129 intimate partner violence 2011 129


Darfur direct conflict deaths 2008 24–5

indirect conflict deaths 2008 40, 41 databases

direct conflict deaths 2008 14–15 femicide 2011 116–24 lethal violence 2011 48–51 terrorism 2011 46–7

DDR see disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27 gender violence, against men 2008 111 homicides, intentional 2011 55 indirect conflict deaths 2008 4, 31, 40, 2011 14 mortality rates 2008 52, 2011 71 post-conflict violence 2008 52 rape 2008 38–9 sexual violence 2011 34, 114 violent deaths 2011 53

Denmark, femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 development

and armed violence 2011 9–10, 109, 145–69 definitions 2011 147

Dili Declaration on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding 2011 158 direct conflict deaths 2008 2–3, 9–29, 2011 4, 13, 45, 52

1945–2000 2008 13 1955–2002 2008 13 2004–07 2008 13–29 2004–09 2011 65, 70 compared with indirect conflict deaths 2008 39–42 databases 2008 14–15 decreases 2008 22–3 estimating 2008 10–13, 2011 70 global burden 2008 13–15 global and regional estimates and trends 2008 15–20 incident reporting 2008 9, 11–12, 2011 49, 50

individual countries 2008 21–3 and Millennium Development Goals 2011 157 risks 2008 26–8, 29 women 2008 112–13

dirty war index (DWI), Iraq 2011 56, 57 disappearances 2008 6, 125, 133–6 disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR)

post-conflict 2008 50, 63–5 women 2008 53

discount rates 2008 100 displaced persons, post-conflict violence 2008 56–7, 2011 150 domestic violence see intimate partner violence Dominica, rule of law 2011 107 Dominican Republic


life expectancy 2008 103 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

dowry-related violence 2008 121, 2011 134 DRC see Democratic Republic of the Congo drugs, and organized crime 2011 29–33 DWI see dirty war index East Africa

direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 20 femicides 2011 119 homicides, rates 2008 71 violent deaths 2011 60, 61

East Asia DDR operations 2008 63

femicides 2011 119 homicides, urban areas 2008 85–6 violent deaths 2011 60, 61

East and South-east Asia direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 20

homicides, rates 2008 71, 73 East Timor, indirect conflict deaths 2008 40

Eastern Europe direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17

femicides 2011 119 homicides

rates 2008 71 trends 2008 77 urban areas 2008 85–6

violent deaths 2011 60, 61

Eastern Mediterranean, homicides, costs 2008 102 economic costs, armed violence 2008 89–105 economically motivated armed violence, post-conflict violence 2008 54–5 Ecuador

femicides 2011 120 intimate partner violence 2011 129

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

education, and homicide rates 2011 156 El Salvador

armed violence by women 2008 111 armed violence costs 2008 94 female labour 2008 98 femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 7, 119, 120, 122, 123

intimate partner violence 2011 129 gangs 2008 129, 130

homicides causes 2011 18

clearance rates 2011 102 female 2008 80, 81, 2011 7, 119, 120, 122, 123 male-female ratio 2011 123

life expectancy 2008 103 rule of law 2011 107 social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53, 55, 67

enforced disappearances see disappearances environmental sustainability, and homicide rates 2011 157 epidemiological surveys

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) 2008 22 direct conflict deaths 2008 12 Iraq 2008 47 Sudan 2008 25

Equatorial Guinea, violent deaths 2011 53 Eritrea

violent deaths 2011 53 women in combat 2008 113

Estonia femicides 2011 120

intimate partner violence 2011 129 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Ethiopia armed violence costs 2008 95

direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27 disappearances 2008 135 intimate partner violence 2008 118 violent deaths 2011 53

ethnic groups, inequalities 2008 62 Europe

DDR operations 2008 63 direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 19 firearms 2011 100 homicides

attrition 2011 105–6 costs 2008 102 rates 2008 71, 74 trends 2008 78, 2011 26–7 types 2011 91–5

intimate partner violence 2011 130 kidnapping 2008 137

excess mortality 2011 71 conflict mortality 2008 33–4

extrajudicial killings 2008 6, 125, 130–3, 2011 23, 76–80 Factiva 2008 11 familicide 2011 130–1 family-related homicides see intimate partner violence FARC see Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia female infanticide 2008 122–3 female-headed households 2008 98 femicides 2011 7–9, 113–38

see also intimate partner violence characteristics 2011 124–8 country rates 2011 119–22 database 2011 116–24 definitions 2011 115, 116 dowry deaths 2011 134 firearm use 2011 131–3 global rates 2011 117–18 Guatemala 2011 33–4 intimate partner violence 2011 128–31 male-female ratio 2011 122–4 perpetrators 2011 124 regional rates 2011 118–19 and suicide 2011 127–8 trends 2011 122 witch killings 2011 134–5

Fiji, homicides, intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5 Finland


homicides

during legal interventions 2011 78–9 trends 2011 27

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 firearms

and femicide 2008 82, 2011 131–3 and homicide 2008 75, 2011 7, 99–101

foreign direct investment (FDI), and armed violence 2008 104 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM)

direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

fragile states, development 2011 158–9 France

femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 homicides, intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) 2011 29 FYROM see Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Gabon, violent deaths 2011 53 gangs 2008 125, 126–30

Central America 2011 18 firearm use 2011 100–1 homicides 2011 90–1, 95

GDP see gross domestic product gender

see also femicide; sexual violence; women gangs 2008 128 homicide rates 2011 117 violence against women 2008 109–23, 2011 113–38

gender equality, and homicide rates 2011 156 Georgia

direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27 female labour 2008 98 social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 69

Germany femicides 2008 80, 81

intimate partner violence 2011 129 homicides, intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Ghana, homicides, intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5

girls, infanticide 2008 122–3 Global Terrorism Database (GTD) 2011 47 Greece

femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Grenada, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 gross domestic product (GDP), and armed violence 2011 150 GTD see Global Terrorism Database Guatemala

armed violence benefits 2008 104 armed violence costs 2008 94, 99 armed violence motives 2011 15 disappearances 2008 135 ethnic inequalities 2008 62 ethnic violence 2008 112 female labour 2008 98 femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 7, 33–4, 120, 122, 123

intimate partner violence 2011 129 gangs 2008 129, 130

GDP 2011 150 homicides 2011 33–4

clearance rates 2008 84 male-female ratio 2011 123

honour killings 2008 120 life expectancy 2008 103 post-conflict violence 2008 54, 2011 23 rule of law 2011 107 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

Guinea, violent deaths 2011 53 Guinea-Bissau, violent deaths 2011 53 Gulf of Aden, anti-piracy costs 2011 150 guns see firearms Guyana

femicides 2011 119, 120 homicides, male-female ratio 2011 123 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

Haiti direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27

sexual violence 2011 138 women gang members 2008 128

HDI see Human Development Index health information systems (HIS)

data collection 2008 34–5 mortality rates 2008 37

healthcare, and homicide rates 2008 70–1 HIV/AIDS

conflict areas 2008 114 and homicide rates 2011 156–7 women 2011 135–8

homicides

see also femicides; lethal violence; non-conflict deaths by age 2008 81 categories 2011 87–8, 90–1 clearance rates 2011 101–9 contextualizing 2011 89–91 and criminal justice system 2008 82–5, 2011 102–9 cross-national comparisons 2008 85–6, 2011 91–9, 109 definitions 2008 68–9, 2011 73–4 distribution 2008 5 economic costs 2008 99–102 firearm use 2008 75, 2011 7, 99–101 global distribution 2011 4–6 global trends 2011 27–9 honour killings 2011 25, 124, 127, 133–4 and income inequalities 2011 99, 153, 154–5, 159 intentional and unintentional 2011 73–6 male-female ratio 2011 117, 122–4 measuring 2008 68–71, 2011 50, 69–70 regional differences 2011 91–9 regional and subregional distribution 2008 71–5, 2011 6–7, 64–5 sex-disaggregated 2011 115–24 solving 2008 82–3 trends 2008 75–82, 2011 26–34 urban areas 2008 85–6 women 2008 5, 80–2, 2011 113–38

Honduras disappearances 2008 135

femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 119, 120, 122, 123 intimate partner violence 2011 129

gangs 2008 129, 130, 2011 95 homicides, during legal interventions 2011 78–9 life expectancy 2008 103 rule of law 2011 107 violent deaths 2011 53, 67, 68

Hong Kong, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 honour killings 2008 120, 2011 124, 127, 133–4

Iraq 2011 25 Human Development Index (HDI) 2011 9–10

and homicide rates 2008 72, 2011 151–3 Human Rights Watch 2008 120, 130

Human Security Brief 2008 15, 28 Human Security Report 2008 13, 28, 2011 14, 71 Hungary


social value of violence reduction 2008 96

hunger, and homicide rates 2011 155 Iceland, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 IDPs see internally displaced persons IISS see International Institute for Strategic Studies incident reporting

direct conflict deaths 2008 9, 11–12 Iraq 2008 46 lethal violence 2011 48, 49, 50

income inequalities and development 2011 159–61

and homicide rates 2011 99, 153, 154–5, 159 India

direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 22, 27 disappearances 2008 135 dowry killings 2011 134 homicides

costs 2008 102 during legal interventions 2011 78–9 intentional 2011 55 intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5

sex-selective abortion 2008 122–3 witch killings 2011 135

Indian Ocean, anti-piracy costs 2011 150 indirect conflict deaths 2008 2–4, 31–47, 2011 13–15

compared with direct conflict deaths 2008 39–47 data collection 2008 34–6 excess mortality 2008 33–4 post-conflict 2008 49 quantifying 2008 36–9, 2011 70 women 2008 113–14

Indonesia direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27

disappearances 2008 135 ethnic inequalities 2008 62 homicides, costs 2008 102

INEGI see Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía inequalities, risk of violence 2008 62 infant mortality, conflict areas 2008 114 infanticide, gendered 2008 122–3 informal economies 2008 103 Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) (Mexico) 2011 121 internally displaced persons (IDPs)

development implications 2011 150 post-conflict violence 2008 56–7

international conflicts see interstate conflicts International Convention for the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearances (2006) 2008 133 International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) 2008 11, 14, 2011 19, 47 International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) 2008 11, 14 International Rescue Committee (IRC) 2008 31, 39, 52, 2011 14, 71 interstate conflicts, risk of dying 2008 26–8 intimate partner violence (IPV) 2008 82, 98, 109, 116, 117–18

see also femicides; sexual violence definition 2011 129 homicides 2011 90, 94–5, 99, 117, 128–31 and suicide 2011 127–8

intrastate conflicts see civil wars IPV see intimate partner violence Iran

armed violence costs 2008 95 direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27 disappearances 2008 135 violent deaths 2011 67, 68

Iran-Iraq war, direct conflict deaths 2008 13 Iraq

armed violence costs 2008 95 direct conflict deaths 2008 9, 10, 18, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 46–7, 2011 52, 55 direct and indirect conflict deaths (2003–07) 2008 46–7 disappearances 2008 134, 135 honour killings 2008 120, 2011 25 indirect conflict deaths 2008 40, 41, 47 post-conflict violence 2011 24–5 rule of law 2011 107, 108 violent deaths 2011 15, 53, 55, 67, 68, 69

civilians 2011 56–7 women casualties of combat 2008 113

Iraq Body Count 2008 11, 46, 2011 15, 55, 56 IRC see International Rescue Committee Ireland


social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Israel

direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Italy femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129

homicides, intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Jamaica armed violence costs 2008 93

femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 120 homicides 2011 96–8

clearance rates 2011 98, 102 during legal interventions 2011 78

life expectancy 2008 103 rule of law 2011 107 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

Jamaican Crime Observatory 2011 19 Japan

femicides 2011 7 homicides, male-female ratio 2011 123 intimate partner violence 2008 118 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Jordan, honour killings 2008 120 justice attrition rate, homicides 2008 82 Kashmir, direct conflict deaths 2008 18 Kazakhstan

femicides 2011 120 social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

Kenya direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27

female labour 2008 98 female-headed households 2008 98 homicides, intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5 non-state violence 2011 21, 22, 92–3 sexual violence 2011 135–6

kidnapping 2008 6, 125, 136–7 Korea

direct conflict deaths 2008 13 homicides, costs 2008 102

Kosovo direct conflict deaths 2008 12

indirect conflict deaths 2008 40–1 post-conflict violence 2008 57 rape 2008 39

Kuwait, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Kyrgyzstan

femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 120 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Latin America

DDR operations 2008 63 femicides 2011 119–20 homicides, costs 2008 101, 102 kidnapping 2008 137 social value of violence reduction 2008 97

Latvia femicides 2011 120

intimate partner violence 2011 129 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

law enforcement see also criminal justice system

homicide clearance rates 2011 101–2 Lebanon

direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 22, 2011 52 disappearances 2008 135 honour killings 2008 120 violent deaths 2011 53, 68, 69

legal interventions, lethal violence 2011 76–80 Lesotho

intimate partner violence 2008 118 violent deaths 2011 53

Lesser Antilles Region femicides 2011 120

intimate partner violence 2011 129 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

lethal violence see also armed violence; homicides

decreasing 2011 68–9 distribution (2004–09) 2011 51–65 framework for recording 2011 43–5 global distribution 2011 4–6 increasing 2011 65, 68 legal interventions 2011 76–80 measuring 2011 69–70 policy making 2011 80 regional distribution 2011 60–1 trends (2004–09) 2011 65–9 undercounting 2011 63, 64

LexisNexis 2008 11 Liberia

armed violence costs 2008 95 child soldiers 2008 111 female-headed households 2008 98 indirect conflict deaths 2008 40 life expectancy 2008 103 post-conflict violence 2008 55, 57, 2011 18, 92

rape 2008 39 violence against women 2008 114

life expectancy, gains by reducing armed violence 2008 6, 96, 99–100, 102, 103 Lithuania


social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 67

Lord’s Resistance Army (Uganda) 2011 29 lost product due to violent deaths (LPVD) 2008 99–102 LPVD see lost product due to violent deaths Luxembourg


Madagascar, violent deaths 2011 53 Mai Mai militia (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 2008 127 Malawi, violent deaths 2011 53 Malaysia, ethnic inequalities 2008 62 Mali, violent deaths 2011 53 Malta


manslaughter, definitions 2011 73–4 maras 2008 129–30, 2011 95 Marburg haemorrhagic fever 2008 35 masculinity, and armed violence 2008 110–12 maternal health, and homicide rates 2011 156, 157 maternal mortality, conflict areas 2008 114 Mauritania, violent deaths 2011 53 Mauritius, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 MDGs see Millennium Development Goals Mexico

disappearances 2008 135 drugs war 2011 30–2 femicides 2011 114, 121, 122, 123

intimate partner violence 2011 129 gangs 2008 130

homicides costs 2008 102

firearm use 2011 132 intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5 regional variations 2011 6, 31, 64, 121

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53, 64, 67, 68

Middle Africa, violent deaths 2011 60, 61 Middle East see Near and Middle East Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and armed violence 2011 9–10, 117, 146, 154–69 mobs see gangs; vigilantes modelling approach, armed violence costs 2008 92, 94–5 Moldova, femicides 2011 120 Mongolia, violent deaths 2011 53, 67 monitoring systems, armed violence 2011 163–8 Morocco, disappearances 2008 135 mortality rates

see also child mortality Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) 2008 52, 2011 71 indirect conflict deaths 2008 33–9 Iraq (2003–07) 2008 46–7 post-conflict 2008 50, 52 Sierra Leone (1991–2002) 2008 44–5 southern Sudan (1999–2005) 2008 43 women 2008 114

Mozambique conflict and development 2011 159

intimate partner violence 2008 118 post-conflict violence 2008 54 violent deaths 2011 53

MSEs see multiple systems estimations multiple systems estimations (MSEs)

direct conflict deaths 2008 12 indirect conflict deaths 2008 39

murder see also homicides

definitions 2011 73–4 Myanmar, direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27

Nagaland, direct conflict deaths 2008 18 Namibia


National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) 2011 46–7 NCTC see National Counterterrorism Center Near and Middle East

DDR operations 2008 63 direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 20 homicides, rates 2008 71, 73

Nepal direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 22, 23, 27

disappearances 2008 135

female labour 2008 98 female-headed households 2008 98 homicides

costs 2008 102 intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5

violent deaths 2011 64, 67, 69 Netherlands


homicides, during legal interventions 2011 78–9 intimate partner violence 2008 116 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

New Zealand femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 news databases, incident reporting 2008 11

Nicaragua armed violence costs 2008 95, 99


homicides, intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5 post-conflict violence 2008 55 violent deaths 2011 53

Nigeria direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 20, 22, 27

ethnic inequalities 2008 62 homicides


intimate partner violence 2008 118 non-conflict deaths 2008 2–3, 5–7, 67–87, 2011 12

see also homicides non-conflict violence

against women 2008 115–17 definition 2011 13

non-state armed groups 2011 21–3 North Africa

DDR operations 2008 63 direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 20 femicides 2011 119 homicides, rates 2008 71 violent deaths 2011 60, 61, 62

North America direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17


costs 2008 101, 102 rates 2008 71 trends 2008 77, 79 urban areas 2008 85–6

social value of violence reduction 2008 97 violent deaths 2011 60, 61

North Korea, violent deaths 2011 53 Northern Europe


Northern Ireland, ethnic inequalities 2008 62 Norway


homicides male-female ratio 2011 123

trends 2011 27 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Oceania

femicides 2011 119 firearms 2011 100 homicides, rates 2008 71, 73 violent deaths 2011 60, 61

OECD see Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development O’odua People’s Congress (Nigeria) 2008 127 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

armed violence lens 2011 35, 36, 87 Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) 2011 145, 158, 164

organized crime 2011 29–33 homicides 2011 90–1

Pakistan

direct conflict deaths 2008 9, 18, 22, 27 disappearances 2008 135 honour killings 2008 120 violent deaths 2011 64–5, 67, 68

Palestine direct conflict deaths 2011 52

violent deaths 2011 53, 67, 68 Panama

femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 gangs 2011 95 violent deaths 2011 53, 67, 68

pandillas 2008 129–30, 2011 91, 95 Papua New Guinea

violent deaths 2011 53 witch killings 2011 134

Paraguay femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129

violent deaths 2011 53, 67 Peru

disappearances 2008 135 femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 intimate partner violence 2008 118 violent deaths 2011 53, 67, 68

Philippines direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27

disappearances 2008 135 homicides, costs 2008 102 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

pirates, Somali 2011 16 Poland


police homicide detection rates 2008 82–3, 2011 101–2

killings by 2011 77–80 policing, informal 2008 55

Political Instability Task Force (PITF) 2008 11, 14, 24 political violence

see also state and criminal violence 2011 2–4, 28–34 post-conflict violence 2008 53–4

population surveys, direct conflict deaths 2008 13 Portugal


post-conflict situation, definition 2008 50–1 post-conflict violence 2008 5, 49–65, 2011 15–18, 23

against women 2011 122 decreasing death rates 2011 68–9 disaggregating 2008 50–7 Iraq 2011 24–5 risk factors 2008 58–63 security promotion 2008 63–5 sexual violence 2008 53 typology 2008 53–7

post-election violence 2011 92–3 poverty, and lethal violence 2011 154–5 PRIO see International Peace Research Institute, Oslo private sector, armed violence benefits 2008 104

productivity, loss due to armed violence 2008 99–102 Project Ploughshares 2008 14, 15, 2011 19 property disputes, post-conflict violence 2008 55, 57 prospective surveillance, indirect conflict deaths 2008 36, 37 Provea 2011 79–80 public health systems, lethal violence reporting 2011 48, 50 Puerto Rico


homicides, male-female ratio 2011 123 rule of law 2011 107 social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

rape armed conflict 2008 38–9

gang rapes 2008 119 post-conflict 2008 53 Rwanda 2011 34

refugees development implications 2011 150

post-conflict violence 2008 56–7 Republic of Korea, social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Republic of Moldova, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 research, armed violence 2011 19 retrospective mortality surveys (RMS), indirect conflict deaths 2008 36–7, 39 risks

dying in armed conflict 2008 26–8, 29 post-conflict societies 2008 58–63

RMS see retrospective mortality surveys road accidents 2011 74, 75, 164 robbery and theft, homicides 2011 90, 99 Romania


rule of law 2011 106–7 Russian Federation

direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 22, 27 disappearances 2008 135 femicides 2011 120


costs 2008 102 intentional 2011 55 male-female ratio 2011 123

human development and conflict 2011 153 life expectancy 2008 103 social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

Rwanda direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27

economic development 2008 104 ethnic violence 2008 112 female labour 2008 98 post-conflict 2008 54 rape 2008 39, 2011 34

St. Kitts & Nevis rule of law 2011 107

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 St. Lucia, rule of law 2011 107

St. Vincent and the Grenadines homicides, male-female ratio 2011 123

rule of law 2011 107 Samoa, intimate partner violence 2008 118

São Paulo (Brazil), homicides, and development goals 2011 160–1 Scotland, femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 security promotion, post-conflict 2008 63–5 security sector reform (SSR), post-conflict 2008 50 Senegal, direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27 Serbia, femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 Serbia and Montenegro, intimate partner violence 2008 118 sexual violence 2008 118–19

see also intimate partner violence; rape Afghanistan 2011 125, 127 armed conflict 2008 38–9, 2011 34, 114 economic costs 2008 98 HIV/AIDS 2011 135–8 Kenya 2011 135–6 men as victims 2008 111 post-conflict 2008 53 Sierra Leone 2008 39, 44, 53

Seychelles, violent deaths 2011 67 Sierra Leone

armed groups 2008 127 direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27 direct and indirect conflict deaths (1991–2002) 2008 44–5 indirect conflict deaths 2008 40 sexual violence 2008 39, 44, 53

Singapore, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 SIPRI see Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Slovak Republic


Slovenia femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 SMART see Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions

social capital 2011 163 Somalia

direct conflict deaths 2008 9, 10, 18, 20, 22, 26, 27, 2011 52 female-headed households 2008 98 life expectancy 2008 103 mortality rates 2008 36 pirates 2011 16 rule of law 2011 107, 108 violent deaths 2011 53, 57, 67, 68, 69

Somaliland, economic development 2008 104 South Africa

femicides 2008 80, 81, 82, 2011 120 firearms 2011 99–100 homicides

clearance rates 2008 85 costs 2008 102 intentional 2011 55 vigilantes 2011 92, 93

intimate partner violence 2008 118 life expectancy 2008 103 violence and development 2011 162 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

South America direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17


rates 2008 71 trends 2008 77, 79, 80 urban areas 2008 85–6

violent deaths 2011 60, 61 South Asia

DDR operations 2008 63 direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 20 femicides 2011 119 homicides, rates 2008 71, 73 violent deaths 2011 60, 61

South Sudan

direct conflict deaths 2008 24, 25 health data collection 2008 34–5 indirect conflict deaths 2008 40

South-east Asia femicides 2011 119

homicides, costs 2008 102 violent deaths 2011 60, 61

South-east Europe direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17

homicides rates 2008 71, 74

trends 2008 77 urban areas 2008 85–6

South-west Asia direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17

homicides, rates 2008 71 Southern Africa

direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17 femicides 2011 119, 127–8 homicides, rates 2008 71 violent deaths 2011 60, 61

Southern Europe femicides 2011 119

violent deaths 2011 60, 61 Spain

direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27 femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 homicides

during legal interventions 2011 78–9 trends 2011 27

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Sri Lanka

armed violence costs 2008 95, 99 direct conflict deaths 2008 9, 18, 20, 22, 27, 2011 52 disappearances 2008 134, 135 female-headed households 2008 98 post-conflict violence 2008 57 violent deaths 2011 53, 65, 67, 68

SSR see security sector reform Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART) 2008 42 state

disappearances 2008 6, 125, 133–6 extrajudicial killings 2008 6, 125, 130–3, 2011 23, 76–80 post-conflict violence 2008 54

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) 2008 14 Sudan

see also Darfur; South Sudan direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 21, 22, 23, 24–5, 27 direct and indirect conflict deaths (1999–2005) 2008 43 disappearances 2008 135 female-headed households 2008 98 life expectancy 2008 103 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) 2008 24 Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) 2008 24 suicide

familicide 2011 130–1 women 2011 113, 124, 127–8

Suriname social value of violence reduction 2008 96

violent deaths 2011 67 Swaziland


Sweden femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129


Switzerland femicides 2011 7


male-female ratio 2011 123 trends 2011 27

Syria direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 22

honour killings 2008 120 system of violence 2011 35–6

Tajikistan, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Taliban 2011 15 Tanzania

homicides, vigilantes 2011 92, 93 intimate partner violence 2008 118 violent deaths 2011 53 witch killings 2011 134–5

terrorism defining 2011 46–7

direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17, 18, 20, 2011 45 reported victims 2011 47

Thailand armed violence costs 2008 93

direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 27 homicides, costs 2008 102 intimate partner violence 2008 118

theft see robbery Togo, violent deaths 2011 53 trafficking

definition 2011 29 drugs 2011 4, 30–3

Trinidad & Tobago homicides 2011 96–8

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 Turkey

direct conflict deaths 2008 19, 27 disappearances 2008 135 homicides, female 2008 80, 81 human development and conflict 2011 153

Turkmenistan, social value of violence reduction 2008 96 UCDP see Uppsala Conflict Data Program Uganda

armed violence costs 2008 99 direct conflict deaths 2008 18, 22, 27 economic development 2008 104 homicides, vigilantes 2011 92, 93 indirect conflict deaths 2008 40 intimate partner violence 2008 118 violent deaths 2011 53, 67, 68

Ukraine femicides 2008 80, 81, 2011 120

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 UNAMA see United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan

unemployment and armed violence 2011 161

and homicide rates 2011 155 UNGA see United Nations General Assembly

UNICEF see United Nations Children’s Fund UNIFEM see United Nations Development Fund for Women United Kingdom

armed violence costs 2008 95 femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 homicides

clearance rates 2008 85 costs 2008 102 intentional and unintentional 2011 74–5

social value of violence reduction 2008 96 United Nations

Human Rights Committee 2011 106 Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions 2011 76, 78, 93, 133 Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences 2011 116, 134 Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances 2008 134

United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) 2011 125 United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), State of the World’s Children 2008 36 United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) 2008 109 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 2011 145, 168 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), Ad Hoc Committee on International Terrorism 2011 46 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 2011 19, 27, 49, 168 United Nations Security Council (UNSC), sexual violence 2008 39 United States

armed violence costs 2008 95 femicides 2008 82, 2011 123

firearm use 2011 132–3 intimate partner violence 2011 129

gangs 2011 95 homicides

clearance rates 2008 85, 2011 102 costs 2008 102 during legal interventions 2011 78–9 intentional 2011 55

intimate partner violence 2008 116, 2011 127, 129 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

UNODC see United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNSC see United Nations Security Council Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) 2008 11, 12, 14, 132, 2011 15, 19, 47 urban areas, homicides 2008 85–6 Uruguay, femicides, intimate partner violence 2011 129 Uzbekistan

direct conflict deaths 2008 18 homicides, during legal interventions 2011 78–9 social value of violence reduction 2008 96

Venezuela femicides 2011 7, 120

homicides during legal interventions 2011 78–9

male-female ratio 2011 123 kidnapping 2008 136

life expectancy 2008 103

rule of law 2011 107 social value of violence reduction 2008 96 violent deaths 2011 53, 67

verbal autopsies 2008 12, 35, 2011 71 victimization surveys, direct conflict deaths 2008 12 Vietnam, direct conflict deaths 2008 13 vigilantes 2008 55, 2011 23, 92–3 violent deaths see femicides; homicides; lethal violence Virgin Islands, homicides, male-female ratio 2011 123 West Africa, violent deaths 2011 60, 61 West and Central Africa

direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17 homicides, rates 2008 71

Western Asia femicides 2011 119

violent deaths 2011 60, 61 Western and Central Europe

direct conflict deaths 2008 16, 17 homicides

rates 2008 71, 74 trends 2008 76, 77 urban areas 2008 85–6

social value of violence reduction 2008 97 Western Europe


Western Pacific homicides, costs 2008 102

social value of violence reduction 2008 97 WHOMDB see World Health Organization, Mortality Database

witch killings 2011 134–5 women

see also femicides; rape; sexual violence acid attacks 2008 121–2 armed violence against 2008 109–23, 2011 113–38 conflict violence 2008 112–15 dowry-related violence 2008 121, 2011 134 female-headed households 2008 98 gangs 2008 128 HIV/AIDS infection 2011 135–8 homicides 2008 5, 80–2, 2011 113–38 honour killings 2008 120, 2011 25, 124, 127, 133–4 Iraq 2011 24–5 non-conflict violence 2008 115–17

suicide 2011 113, 124, 127–8 witch killings 2011 134–5

World Bank 2011 18, 145, 148–50, 168 World Development Report (2011) 2011 148–50, 158 World Health Organization (WHO) 2011 18, 168

Mortality Database (WHOMDB) 2011 48 Violence and Injury Prevention programme 2011 164

Yemen, violent deaths 2011 63 youth

gangs 2008 129 post-conflict risks 2008 59–61

Zambia, intimate partner violence 2008 118 Zimbabwe, intimate partner violence 2008 118

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