Global and European Migration TrendsMigration Health UnitMigration Health Unit

International Organization for MigrationEmail: MRFBrusselsMigrationHealthUnit@iom.int

Objectives

1. What are the migration trends, causes and

impact of migration?

2. What is today’s situation: migration to and

within Europe?within Europe?

3. Why Migration and Health?

1.1 Why" migration?212 M international migrants 212 M international migrants -- WWorld’s 5th biggest countryorld’s 5th biggest country

740 M Internal migrants (UNDP 2009)740 M Internal migrants (UNDP 2009)

1.2 The impact of migration

• There are 214 million estimated international

migrants in the world today.

• Migrants comprise 3.1 per cent of the global

population.

• The number of the migrants worldwide would

constitute the fifth most populous country in the constitute the fifth most populous country in the

world.

• In 2008, remittance flows are estimated at USD

444 billion worldwide, USD 338 billion of which

went to developing countries.

IOM. 2010. Facts and Figures.

Highly-Skilled

Migration

Irregular Migration

Study

(1010--15% of total15% of total flows*)*)

Low- and Middle-

Skilled Migration

1.3 Realms of mobility?

Family Migration

Internal Migration Tourism

Study

Abroad

*ILO Estimates

Refugees,

Asylum Seekers

1.4 Developmental dimension of migration

POSITIVE

• Personal & professional opportunities

NEGATIVENEGATIVE

• Loss of skilled workers

• Reduced economic growth & productivity

• Lower returns from

• Remittances

• Investments from the Diaspora

• Increase trade flows

• Lower returns from public investments in education

• Loss of tax revenue

• Creation of a “remittance economy”

1.5 Reasons behind migration:

inequalities & push-pull Our World according to Human Poverty Index

USACanada

Ethiopia

India

Bangladesh

Philippines

China

Russian Federation

Thailand

WorldMapper. 2010

Kenya

Indonesia

Philippines

Australia

Thailand

South

Africa

1.6 Where are migrants mostly heading to? U.S. and Europe (net immigration

by country)

IOM. Munz. 2010

“Bmigration is a fact of life in a world full of inequalities in which people

search for better lives for themselves and their families. We

know that in this globalized, interconnected world, migration is here to stay. We also know that

1.7 Food for thought

here to stay. We also know that migrants are essential for developed countries, to address the demands

of aging populations and skill shortages”.

IOM. MHD. Dr. Davide Mosca. 2010

2.1 A glimpse into history: Europe after

WWII

• A large number of refugees and displaced persons remaining from that conflict had to be assisted.

• Some were resettled in other European countries, while others went abroad finding new homes in North and South America and Australia where migrant workers were in demand.

UNHCR. 2009

2.2 Europe in the 50’s and 60’s

• Migrant workers were recruited to help post-

war rebuilding efforts.

• In some European countries, immigration

from colonies and former colonies in Asia and

Africa constituted a new migration trend. Africa constituted a new migration trend. UNHCR. 2009.

2.3 Europe in the 70s, 80s, and 90s

Source: Population Action International 1994

2.4 (a) Europe Today

In 2009, there were nearly

261 000 asylum applicants registered in the

EU27.

The main countries of citizenship of these

applicants were Afghanistan (20 400), applicants were Afghanistan (20 400),

Russia (20 100), Somalia (19 100), Iraq (18

700) and Kosovo under UN Security Council

Resolution 1244 (14 200).

EUROSTAT. 2010

2.4 (b) Today’s Demographics

An enlarged

European Union

faces increased,

complex migration

flows - internal and flows - internal and

external, regular

and irregular.

2.4 (c) Today’s Demographics

• By 2050, the EU will have:

– 48 million fewer 15-64 year olds

– 58 million more above 65

2.5 Recent Figures and Trends in the EU

““Europe needs more migrant workers�.It will be Europe needs more migrant workers�.It will be

facing increasing labour shortage at least over the facing increasing labour shortage at least over the

next 20 years�” EC president Jose Manuel Barrosso next 20 years�” EC president Jose Manuel Barrosso

0707--1111--20072007

2.6 Recent trends in the European

Union and Schengen borders

Central Europe continues to be a

region of emigration,

immigration, and transit

migration.

BBC News Media. 2010

Such trends create needs for

proactive policy and new

measures to effectively integrate

migrants.

IOM Central Europe. 2010

Migration is in and of itself not a risk-factor to health: the circumstancessurrounding the migration process can pose risks to health

3.1 Migration and Health of Migrants

The nature of modern migration is such The nature of modern migration is such that poverty and social exclusion and that poverty and social exclusion and resulting health consequences resulting health consequences disproportionately affect some disproportionately affect some

Somewhere close to us.…

Conclusions of Portuguese presidency..

Addressing the health of migrants …not only as a humanitarian cause, but moreover as a need for attainment of the best level of health and well-being for everybody living in the EU.

disproportionately affect some disproportionately affect some migrant communitiesmigrant communities

Pre Migration

phaseCross cutting factors

(age, gender, genetic

make up, education)

3.2 Mobility and health: 3.2 Mobility and health: functional frameworkfunctional framework

Movement

Migrant’s

health

profile

Arrival and

integration

Return

make up, education)

IOM. MRF Brussels

3.3 Health of migrants…3.3 Health of migrants…

“Addressing the health of migrants B not only as a humanitarian

cause,

but moreover as a need for attainment of the best level of health

and well-being for everybody living in the EU.

Conclusions of the Conference

Portuguese presidency

Conclusions

• The health of migrants is important to bridge rights, public health, security and development.

• The impacts of migration can be positive or negative depending on the country context, characteristics of migrants & migrant behaviour offering opportunities or constraints to economic & social development.

• Migration is formed by different aspects, such as “pull and push” factors, globalization, enlarged Europe, ageing population, skill shortage, emergencies and inequalities.

• Throughout history, migration has been a part of European society. However, recently there has been a significant inflow of migrants to Europe, and also a significant movement of individuals within Europe.

ANNEX

Hungary

Facts and Figures

Population (2010): 10 million

HDI Rank (2007): 43 of 182

Net Migration Rate (2005-2010): 1.5 migrants /1,000 population

Immigrants (2010): 3.7%

Women as a Percentage of Immigrants (2010): 56.4%Women as a Percentage of Immigrants (2010): 56.4%

Total Labour Force (2006): 4,247,000

Foreign-born Labour Force (2006): 1.7%

IOM Central Europe. 2010.

Poland

Facts and Figures

Population (2010): 38 millionHDI Rank (2007): 41 of 182

Net Migration Rate (2005-2010): -0.6 migrants /1,000 populationNet Migration Rate (2005-2010): -0.6 migrants /1,000 populationImmigrants (2010): 2.2%Women as a Percentage of Immigrants (2010): 59.0%

Total Labour Force (2006): 16,992,000Foreign-born Labour Force (2006): 0.3%

IOM Central Europe. 2010

Slovakia

Facts and Figures

Population (2010): 5.4 millionHDI Rank (2007): 42 of 182

Net Migration Rate (2005-2010): 0.7 migrants /1,000 populationImmigrants (2010): 2.4%Women as a Percentage of Immigrants (2010): 56.0%Women as a Percentage of Immigrants (2010): 56.0%

Total Labour Force (2006): 2,655,000Foreign-born Labour Force (2006): 0.7%

IOM Central Europe. 2010