Global and Cultural Studies - Europe in Transition (unit 4) 1 Submitted by Lt Col Brian McGrain &...

Global and Cultural Studies - Europe in Transition (unit 4) 1

Submitted byLt Col Brian McGrain & MSgt Rich Sambuchino

(PA-931) -----Original Message----- From: PA-931 [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Wednesday, January 10, 2007 1:03 PM To: Ledbetter Roger D Civ AFOATS/CRJD Subject: Yugoslavia Lesson--Global and Cultural Studies course Mr Ledbetter, Just thought I would pass along a powerpoint lesson I prepared for Global and

Cultural Studies - Europe in Transition (Lesson 4).

Brian Cathedral Preparatory School (814) 453-7737 x. 260 Brian McGrain, SASI, [email protected] Rich Sambuchino, ASI, [email protected]

Air Force Junior ROTCPA-931

Cathedral Preparatory SchoolErie, PA

Global and Cultural Studies


Europe in Transition

Lesson 4 – Nationalism, Conflict, and Immigration

Introductory Video (12:30)

Assignment Read pages 59 - 68 Complete the written assignment on pages 70 -

75


Introduction

The emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe and the growth of the European Union (EU)

A relatively optimistic picture of continental peace and eventual prosperity

Tensions between different Ethnic Religious And cultural groups

Lead to violence


Some of the Hotspots We Will Look At

The former Yugoslavia Northern Ireland Cyprus Spain

And … persecution of the Roma and tensions between Europeans and immigrant groups


Nation, Nationalism, and Ethnic Cleansing

Nationalism can be a force of fragmentation as well as unification

A NATION is a group of people who see themselves ethnically, culturally, linguistically, or otherwise related

Loyalty to one’s national group could be good or evil … the promotion of its CULTURE and interests over those of other national groups might not be in the best interests of a nation … this is NATIONALISM

When nationalism is carried to its darkest extreme, it can lead to violent acts against other national groups … ETHNIC CLEANSING is a campaign to eradicate another ethnic group through forced migration, imprisonment, suppression of culture, and murder


The Holocaust in Germany

It is a question of existence, thus it will be a racial struggle

of pitiless severity, in the course of which 20 to 30 million Slavs and Jews will perish through military actions and crises of food

supply.

Heinrich Himmler, June 1941


Nationalism in Former Yugoslavia

Home to some of the most volatile ethnic conflicts on the continent

The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, united under the Serbian king, was one of seven new independent states created in the wake of World War I


Between World War I and II

Internal rivalries between its several nationalities Primarily between the Serbs and Croats

Leader of Croat Peasant Party shot on the floor of the National Assembly in 1928

King Alexander I dissolved parliament and took control of the government … changed the name of his kingdom to Yugoslavia (land of the south Slavs)


Yugoslavia During World War II

Germany invaded Yugoslavia in 1941 It installed a puppet Croatian government in the

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia portions of Yugoslavia

This government killed as many as 400,000 Serbs

Two opposing forces within Yugoslavia Chetniks … loyalists who sought the return of

monarchy Communist … led by Josip Tito


Tito’s Yugoslavia

Following World War II, Tito and the communists assumed power in Yugoslavia

Six republics: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia

Watch This


Tito became the first communist leader to reject Moscow’s directions in 1948

He had attained power with little help from Russia Remained politically non-aligned during the Cold War Needed to suppress ethnic conflict … and did with

some limited success

In 1974, each republic demanded that power be shifted from the central government to each of the 6 republics

Regions began competing with each other and the entire Yugoslav economy suffered

Marshall Tito


Tito’s Death in 1980

Rotating presidency between leaders of each republic When in control – set policies that favored that republic

at the expense of the others Political and economic uncertainty

1986 … Slobodan Milosevic (Serb nationalist) became the leader of Serbia’s communist party

President of Serbia in 1989 Called for Serb pride to keep Yugoslavia together and

to end what he called the oppression of Serbs living in the other Yugoslav republics

1991 Slovenia and Croatia declare independence, followed by Macedonia, and then Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992


Escape is Not Easy for …

Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina Home to many Serbs

Would come to bloody warfare


War in Croatia Demands for creation of a multiparty system became

apparent in 1989 Election in 1990 put a staunch Croatian nationalist in

charge of the republic The Serb minority feared repression The passage of a new constitution did not

protect the rights of the minority Serbs Croatians demanded greater sovereignty,

however politicians in Serbia were unwilling to consider

Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence on June 25, 1991

Open warfare erupted when the Yugoslav army moved in to “protect” the ethnic Serbs in Croatia … nearly 1/3rd of Croatia was militarily occupied by Yugoslavia … by 1998, Croatia had regained all its lost lands


War in Bosnia

Bosnia and Herzegovina is among the most evenly divided in terms of its ethnic makeup (Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims)

Under Tito, these communities lived apart but with relatively few problems

As Croatia and Slovenia pulled away, B/H also aspired to independence

A referendum in 1992 was opposed by ethnic Serbs residing in the region (and supported by fellow Serbs in Serbia)

Armed resistance with the idea of carving up B/H further along ethnic lines

Non-Serbs (particularly Muslims) became the targets of ethnic cleansing

Global and Cultural Studies - Europe in Transition (unit 4) 19Behind Enemy Lines – the movie


United Nations intervention in 1992 was aimed to ensure the supply of humanitarian relief made its way to the right places

The Serb nationalists conquered more than 70% of B/H

NATO air strikes began in 1994 Serbian aggression continued 350 UN peacekeepers were taken hostage

and eventually released Serbs overran the UN-protected Muslim

enclave of Srebrenica, killing thousands of Muslims and causing thousands more to flee


Srebrenica


The Dayton Peace Agreement U.S. led negotiations

resulted in a cease-fire in October 1995

Leaders from Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia met for 3 weeks at Wright-Patterson Base in Dayton, Oh in November

A final treaty was signed in Paris on December 14

A division of lands along ethnic lines to be enforced by NATO troops

Federation of Bosnia

Bosnian Serb Republic

Mainly Croats and Muslims

Primarily Serbs

United under a single central government with a three-person rotating presidency, composed of a Muslim, a Croat, and a Serb


Conflict in Kosovo Province

Kosovo came under Serb control in the 12th century

In 1389, the site of a historic battle in which the advancing Ottoman Empire crushed the Serb army

At the creation of the Yugoslav republic after WW 2, Kosovo (with its Albanian ethnic majority) became an autonomous province within Serbia

Schools, courts, police, provincial assembly, etc

1989 – Milosevic revoked the autonomous status


By 1995, unrest led to the creation of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)

Took up arms against Serb troops and police in Kosovo Milosevic responded with repression and ethnic cleansing By early 1998 – fighting and ethnic cleansing had

escalated Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the US imposed

economic sanctions and issued stern warnings A subsequent truce was broken In March 1999, air strikes against Yugoslavia

Continued killing of Albanians Large push of refugees into Albania and Macedonia

June 1999, Milosevic accepted a peace plan to end the conflict

Global and Cultural Studies - Europe in Transition (unit 4) 1 Submitted by Lt Col Brian McGrain &...

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