Global Aerosol
Transcript of Global Aerosol
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg -
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Content
Aerosol Emission / Distribution
Global Aerosol Transport
The Effect of Aerosol on Earth- Aerosol From Volcanic eruption
Global scale Research Method
Introduction of large scale model
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Aerosol Emission / Distribution
William C. Hinds, Aerosol Technology 2nd ed, p.305
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ANNUAL MEAN PM 2.5 CONCENTRATIONS (2002)derived from MODIS satellite instrument data
Jacob et al. EPS[2000]
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GLOBAL ESTIMATE OF DUST EMISSION (2001)
Fairlie et al. [2007]
g m -2 y-1
The majority of soil-derived dust particles is lifted into the atmosphere by windin arid and semi- arid regions (1/3 of Earths land area).
Fine dust particles are produced by grain saltation
Global annual meandust production:
1000-5000 Tg / a -1
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Google satellite image
1. Antarctic Desert (Antarctica)2. Arctic 3. Sahara (Africa)
4. Arabian Desert (Middle East)5. Gobi Desert (Asia)
6. Kalahari Desert (Africa)7. Patagonian Desert 8. Great Victoria Desert (Australia)
9. Syrian Desert (Middle East)10. Great Basin Desert (North America)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Victoria_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Victoria_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Deserthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica -
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www.militec-1.com/emails/img/dust_storm.jpg
Dust Storm
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MEAN SEA SALT AEROSOL CONCENTRATIONS
Alexander et al. [2005]
Lower marine boundary layer (0-100 m)
Annual global massemission rate:
1300 Tg/a-1
(Andreae, 1995)5900 Tg/a -1 (Tegen, 1997)
Typically, number and mass concentrations of sea-salt aerosol increase withwind speed
Large uncertainty (one order of magnitude)
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GLOBAL SULFUR EMISSION TO THE ATMOSPHERE
Chin et al. [2000]
2001 estimates (Tg S yr -1):Industrial 57 Volcanoes 5
Ocean 15 Biomass burning 1
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GLOBAL SULFUR BUDGET [Chin et al., 1996](flux terms in Tg S yr -1)
Phytoplankton
(CH 3)2S
SO 2
t = 1.3d
(DMS)t = 1.0d
OHNO 3
Volcanoes Combustion
Smelters
SO4 2-
t = 3.9d
22
10 64
OH
cloud42
8184
dep27 dry20 wet
dep
6 dry44 wet
H2SO 4(g)
http://www-as.harvard.edu/chemistry/trop/news.htmlhttp://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/current_volcs/current.html -
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H2SO 4-HNO 3-NH3-H2O AEROSOL SOURCES
GLOBAL
Industrial
Volcanoes
Biomassburning
Oceans
Sulfur
78 Tg S yr -1 Livestock
FertilizerHumansIndustryBiofuelsSoils/vegetationOceansBiomass burning
Ammonia
55 Tg S yr -1
Fossil fuelFertilizerBiofuelLightningSoils
Biomass burning
NO x
43 Tg S yr -1 Jacob et al. EPS[2000]
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BLACK CARBON EMISSIONS
Emissions from
-fuel combustion (fossil fuels and biofuels) -open biomass burning
(forest fires, savanna burning and outdoor cooking)
The uncertaintyis about 100% or more.
Ton/yr -1 from a study by Bond et al.
DOMESTICCOAL BURNING
BIOMASSBURNING
TOTAL BIOMASS BURNINGfrom 4000 to 10400 Tg a -1
Total soot productionfrom 60 to 100 Tg a -1
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Content
Aerosol Emission / Distribution
Global Aerosol Transport
The Effect of Aerosol on EarthEffect of volcano on Atmosphere
Global scale Research Method
Introduction of large scale model
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png
Westerlies and Trade winds
2
3
Global Aerosol Transport
1
3. Sahara dust over west africa and atlantic oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png -
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R. Husar et al.(1998)
April 1998 event
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinadustmovie.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gif
Transport of East Asian Dust across the pacific
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinadustmovie.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinadustmovie.gif -
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An example of materialexchange between
land and ocean viaatm ospheric transportof dust : Iron r i ch d us t f rom the Gobi Desert fertilized a rapid algae b loom in the Nor th Pac i f i c Ocean in sp r ing 2001.Two robo t ic Carbon Explore r f loa ts recorded th e rapid g r o w t h o f p h y t o p l an k t o n i n
the up per layers af ter a pass ing s to rm had depos i t ed dus t f rom the Gobi Deser t.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png
Westerlies and Trade winds
2
3
Aerosol Emission / Distribution
1
3. Sahara dust over west africa and atlantic oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_movie.gifhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Map_prevailing_winds_on_earth.png -
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http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_22.html
Sahara dust over west Africa and Atlantic ocean
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/90/Saharan_Dust_off_West_Africa.jpg -
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Transport of boreal forest fire emissionsfrom Canada to Europe (CO tracer)
Caroline Forster [2005]
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Content
Aerosol Emission / Distribution
Global Aerosol transportation
The Effect of Aerosol on EarthEffect of volcano on Atmosphere
Global scale Research Method
Introduction of large scale model
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The Effect of Aerosol on Earth
IPCC [2007]
Cooling Effect !!
Direct reflect (albedo)Indirect
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ thumb/3/31/Man_sitting_under_beach_umbrella.JPG
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Indirect Effect on Climate
Clean Air
Polluted Air
AerosolParticles
CloudDroplets
Brighter,more
persistentclouds
First indirect
effect: albedo
Second
indirect effect:lifetime
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Aerosol Indirect Effects (Clouds)Change in cloud
reflectivity Change inrainfall
www.ipcc.cma.gov.cn/upload/ISCS/ISCS20040825Delmas.ppt
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Particles emitted by ships increase concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)Increased CCN increase concentration of cloud droplets and reduce their avg. sizeIncreased concentration and smaller particles reduce production of drizzleLiquid water content increases because loss of drizzle particles is suppressedClouds are optically thicker and brighter along ship track
N ~ 100 cm -3W ~ 0.75 g m -3
r ~ 10.5 m
N ~ 40 cm -3W ~ 0.30 g m -3r ~ 11.2 m
from D. Rosenfeld
EVIDENCE OF INDIRECT EFFECT: SHIP TRACKS
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AVHRR, 27. Sept. 1987, 22:45 GMTUS-west coast
NASA, 2002 Atlantic, France, Spain
SATELLITE IMAGES OF SHIP TRACKS
Ship track
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Aircraft con densation trails (contrails) over France, pho tograph ed from the Space Shuttle (NASA).
OTHER EVIDENCE OF CLOUD FORCING:CONTRAILS AND AIRCRAFT CIRRUS
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Content
Aerosol Emission / Distribution
Global Aerosol transportation
The Effect of Aerosol on EarthEffect of volcano on Atmosphere
Global scale Research Method
Introduction of large scale model
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Pinatubo ash plume reaching a height of 19 km,3 days before the climactic eruption of 15 June 1991
Effect of Volcano on Atmosphere
What happen ? Gas:
Water vapor CO 2
SO 2 H2S, HCl, HF Trace gases (H 2, CO, halocarbons, organic
compounds, volatile metal chlorides
Aerosol
Ash SO 2 H2SO 4 (condensation)
Large, explosive volcanic eruption stratosphere (16~32Km)
Particle of volcanic ashfrom Mount St, Helens
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rinjani_1994.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashsem_small.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Volcanic_injection.svg -
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Increase the Earths albedo cooling effect Ash SO 2 (condensation) H 2SO 4 (sulfate aerosol) Sulfate aerosol serve as nuclei for clouds
Acid rain : HCl, HF
Green house effect :CO2, CH4.
Ashmost of it is removed withinseveral days to a few weeks.
But, Fine particles can remainhigh for many years
Hong Kong sunset c. 1992after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Volcanic_injection.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Lamma_evening4.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MtCleveland_ISS013-E-24184.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Lamma_evening4.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Volcanic_injection.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png -
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png/220px-Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png -
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Content
Aerosol Emission / Distribution
Global Aerosol transportation
The Effect of Aerosol on Earth- Aerosol From Volcanic eruption
Global scale Research Method
Introduction of large scale model
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Research method (Global scale)
Air craft measurement
Balloon measurement
Lidar measurement ( Light Detection And Ranging)
Satellite measurement
Modeling
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Global scale Research method
High altitude aerosol , vertical or geographical structure. e.g. stratospheric aerosol
Special sensor photoelctric particle counter(
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optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered light tofind range and/or other information of a distant target.
Lidar measurement
atmospheric composition, structure, clouds, and aerosols Elastic backscatter LIDAR - typically used for studies of aerosols
and clouds
Aerosol Lidar Network (GALION)Northern Hemisphere ~105 lidar sites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIDAR
Slobodan Nickovic
R.C. whitten (1982) The stratospheric Aerosol layer
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Satellite measurement Advantage
Almost location and times Unaffected by weather condition.
Passive using sun or moon light Active using lasers
MOLECULAR AEROSOL SURFACE
Molecular scattering &absorbing
Aerosolscattering &absorbing
Surfacereflectance
MODIS measures top-of-atmosphere (TOA)reflectance in several wavelength channels
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Example : Atmospheric Optical Depth.(AOD)
A best estimate of the global distribution of annual average tropospheric aerosol opticaldepth (AOD) compiled by combining data from six satellites (operating for limited periods
between 1979 and 2004). Observations for a region were selected using ground- basedAOD observations as guidance ( courtesy of S. Kinne MPI, Hamburg, Germany ).
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(CMAQ) modeling systemCommunity Multi-scale Air Quality
CMAQ is a one atmosphere model to simulate Ozone PM Haze Acid deposition Nutrient and toxic deposition
Spatial / Time scale : local to continental / hourly to annual
contains three types of modeling components:1. Meteorological modeling system2. Emission models man-made and natural emissions that are injected into the atmosphere3. Chemistry-transport modeling system the chemical transformation and fate.
http://www.cmaq-model.org/images/nasa108_2004191_O3.gif
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Content
Aerosol Emission / Distribution
Global Aerosol transportation
The Effect of Aerosol on Earth- Aerosol From Volcanic eruption
Global scale Research Method
Introduction of large scale model
CMAQ h i l t t d l
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CMAQ chemical-transport model Horizontal / vertical advection Mass conservation adjustments for advection processes Horizontal / vertical diffusion
Emissions injection Deposition Gas-phase chemical reactions Aqueous-phase reactions and cloud mixing Aerosol dynamics, thermodynamics, and chemistry
Plume chemistry effects Photolytic rate computation Process analysis
Aerosol dynamics Modal description (3 Mode) Emission, deposition Nucleation, Coagulation, condensation, SOA formation
AccumulationAitken
Coarse.
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surface ozone surface PM 2.5
Example
Simulation of Surface ozone and PM2.5 of china
Liao et al. 2006
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Summary
Aerosol Emission / Distribution
Global Aerosol transportation
The Effect of Aerosol on Earth- Aerosol From Volcanic eruption
Global scale Research Method
Introduction of large scale model
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