GLIMPSES - National Commission for Culture and the...

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GLIMPSES

In understanding the peoples of the Philippines,an in-depth study of the different ethnic groups

is needed-their beginnings, differentiation,adaptation, distribution, convergence and many

other aspects. This books intends to identify all theethnic boundaries that define their existenceand provides glimpse of the different peoples

that make up this nation.

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GLIMPSESPEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES

JESUS T. PERALTA

National Commission for Culture and the Arts

GLIMPSE: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES©2000 by Jesus T. Peralta. All rights reserved.

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GLIMPSE: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES©2000 by Jesus T. Peralta. All rights reserved.

First edition, 2000First printing, 2000

Cover design by Boy TogononPage composition by Rommel Macaraig

The National Library of the Philippines CIP DataRecommended entry:

Peralta, Jesus T. Glimpses: Peoples of the Philippines /By Jesus T. Peralta – Manila : NCCA, c2000 1v

1. Ethnic groups-Philippines I. Philippines.National Commission for Culture and the Arts. II.Title.

GN495.4P5 305.8’09599 2000 P 200000005ISBN 971-814-002-6

National Commission for Culture and the Arts633 General Luna Street, Inramuros, 1002 Manila

Tel. 527-2192 to 98 • Fax 527-2191 and 94email: [email protected] • website: www.ncca.gov.ph

The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) is the overall coordinating and policymaking government body that systematizes and streamlines national efforts in promoting culture and the arts. The NCCA promotes cultural and artistic development; conserves and promote the nation’s historical and cultural heritage; ensures the widest dissemination of artistic and cultural products among the greatest number across the country; preserve and integrates traditional culture and its various creative expressions as a dynamic part of the national cultural mainstreams; and ensures that standards of excellence are pursued in its programs and activities. The NCCA administer the National Endowment Fund for Culture and the Arts (NEFCA).

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CONTENTS

Preface vii

Acknowledgement xi

The People: Ethnic Differentiation 1

Ethnic Group Briefs 13

Ethno-Linguistic Group Listings 53

Distribution of Ethnic Groups by Provinces 63

Bibliography 115

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PREF ACE

The study that resulted in this book started in 1988 when initial inquiries into a more definitive assessment of the people of the Philippines were made. Surprisingly, the number of ethnic groups in the country could not be ascertained. The number varies according to which authority is read. The Republic of the Philippines has been in existence for a long time and yet no one knows exactly who are the different people that make up this nation. The beginning, differentiation, adaptation, distribution, convergences, and other aspects of the different ethnic groups in the Philippine archipelago have never been discussed in a continuous format. The question can even be raised as to why there are ethnic groups at all, or if there still are ethnic groups as they have been traditionally recognized. Many ethnic names are known but little else is heard about the people they refer to. For instance, who are the Balango? Where were they located originally and where are they now? How many of them are there? The Tituray, Ikalahan, I’wak and others are not even been mentioned in the 1990 national census. Studying peoples is a very complex endeavor, and one has to speak about them in the so-called ethnographic present because they continually change. Even the relationships among them are in a state of flux, and are altered when seen from another perspective. Also, relationships are often compounded so that any genealogical tree of kinship between ethnic groups can be graphically stated in a number of ways depending on the perspective used. An attempt to show a dendogram of the relationship of Philippine groups will be made here if only to serve as a point of departure for future refinements. To put all known ethnic groups in a single volume that will allow contiguous glimpses, like still photographic frames flipped through, is the objective of this work. The different parameters that led to the formation of the different ethnic communities that now compose the Filipino people are treated here. How specific ethnicities developed due to the variations in the state coordinates, whether environmental or sociological in nature, are discussed. However, the state of isolation of a majority of these ethnic groups through time has led to the establishment of rigidly maintained and defended ethnic boundaries. During the past few centuries many of these boundaries have become amorphous

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especially where the strictures of a centralized government, modified religious and belief systems, new sets of values, state-introduced systems of education and economy have been established. The breakdown of traditional institutions together with the deterioration of ethnic cultures has become an essential component of the development of a single nation and people, and this now characterized the state of the many ethnic groups. The loss of ethnic culture is a high price to pay for nationhood. This is inevitable for ethnicity by its very nature changes as individual persons alter through time. It is static and constant only in the ethnographic present, but changes in the harsh light of reality. The tragedy of traditions in continual flux is evident now in the Philippine ethnic societies. It is no longer possible to be very positive in the identification of ethnic membership by appearance alone. Before a person could readily be said to be a Kiyyangan Ifugao or a Duluanon B’laan because the patterns and colors of clothing alone would identify him as such. Now unless a person says that he is Kiyyangan or Duluanon, or speaks in this mother tongue, identification cannot easily be done. Before the pagdiwata ritual was performed in the Tagbanua villages on occasions of celebration. Now this is choreographed on stage before seated audiences instead of participating villagers. Given the altered states of Philippine ethnic group it is imperative taht they be located and identified for the rest of the Filipino people who are enmeshed only in of nationhood. Secondly, with the mobility afforded by the infrastructures of government, peoples have moved out from their traditional enclaves into different catchment areas in the country. Thus, communities that have developed in Mindanao composed of peoples from different ethnic groups like the Hiligaynon and Ilocano. Others through internal pressures exerted by their own culture have left their home land, like the Ilongot. There are now more Ilongot in Bulacan, Cavite, and Palawan than in Nueva Vizcaya or Quirino provinces. These matters are discussed in the second part of this study. The second part of this work gives a sketch of a majority of the different ethnic groups, with longer annotations on those groups that are relatively less known. The various names given to these various groups in different studies are included to make the identification more specific, even if to a certain extent it would create some confusion. Some of the ethnic groups have not been described due firstly to the lack of literature or because no fieldwork data have been obtained from the groups at the time of writing. The core areas-places where the population counts are densest while indicating the probable staging areas of dispersal of the different populations are pointed out when possible. This is based on the postulate in natural history that the area of greatest variation of a species is the area of origin.

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The succeeding part attempts to list the different ethnic groupings in varying levels of integrations. With the multiplicity of ethnic subgroup names, there had been a tendency to equate specific ethnicity to a subgroup, or even a sub-subgroup which is actually only a highly localized community with a locative term to identify this member of an ethnic group. The classification clarifies that different level of membership. Thus, twenty six (26) major groupings are recognized, with the rest falling in different levels of integration. There are problems, too where a subgroup at a secondary level, has received anthropological treatment such that the focus had somewhat elevated the status of the subgroup to the level of a major group, e.g. the Tasaday which has been regarded by most as a distinct ethnic group when in fact it is merely as subgroup of the Cotabato Manobo, or the “Badjaw” or Sama Delaut which is only a subgroup of the larger Sama ethnicity. In northern Luzon, there are the Malaweg, Itawit, and Ibanag that culturally for all intents and purposes, have already converged into a single group. Insofar as the Negrito and Manobo groups are concerned, the picture is not yet very clear. At one time, the summer institute of Linguistics, revealed the existence of some 82 subgroups of the Manobo. How they are related is still not clear .the situation call for more field work, and even then once can still not clear. The situation calls for more fields work, and even then one can still expect changes because ethnicity and its relationships with other groups are always in flux. In understanding the peoples of the Philippines, it is an obligation that the status and dispersal of the various groups have to be considered. Time was when an ethnic group is concentrated in a home territory with strictly defined and defended ethnic boundaries. The Itnegs were fund only in Abra, the Ifugao in Ifugaoland , the maranao in Lanao del Sur, and so on. The boundaries are even expressed in terms of village limits. With the development of a plural society in the Philippines where a national economic and market system is superimposed over the various domestic economies, ethnic boundaries have become diffused, interdigitated, and in many instances, anachronistic. The last part of this work traces the distribution of the different ethnic groups in various parts of the country, including an estimate of these populations. To a large extent the population count is based on the 1980 and 1988 to 1990 statistic of the National Museum. The bulk of the research data will probably never see publication. The present work is actually only a spin-off of the ethnic Mapping Project. The main body of materials is comprised of raw statistical data running some 450 pages of continuous computer forms that define the indices of affinities between different languages and dialects in the country today. Also included are estimates of margins of error and research areas which can be taken up by archaeology to understand more clearly the movements of populations into the Philippine archipelago through time-correlations.

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The completed databases, covering records of ethnic distribution, and language affinities, can be accessed readily. It is hoped that this work will be further subjected to refinement by another generation of anthropologists so that our insight into the Filipino people will be clearer.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

A study of this scope is not possible unless the work of countless people in the field of prehistory, anthropology, demography, and other related disciplines of the humanities and the natural sciences are put together. The task alone of collating the various word lists and ethnographies involved the entire staff of the anthropology Division of the National Museum of the Philippines in a single aspects of the study from 1988 to 1994. Artenio Barbosa, OIC of the Division, should be mentioned in particular. Polarization of ideas also developed from arguments with Dr. F. Landa Jocano-presently of the Asian Center of the University of the Philippines-when he was still with the National Museum. Data have also been culled from the works of social scientists from the University of San Carlos, Siliman University, Mindanao State University, and many other institutions. The various regional branched of the National Museum, principally the Butuan City Branch have also participated in the collation of demographic data. Margarita Cembrano of Butuan practically combed the island of Mindanao to make a more accurate count of the distribution of different ethnic groups. At the Zamboanga City branch, Eufemia Catolin and Hope V. Villegas provided the linguistic data from the western part of Mindanao. At the Central Office the following contributed to the Ethnic Mapping Project: Nicolas Cuadra, Donato Zapata, Pedrito Caspe, Celedonia Yamson, Marcedita Magno, Nicetas Aquino, LEty Cabang, Remy Merilou, Alejo Ballesteros, Helen Hosillos, Mario Dancel, Them Simpao, Adela Escober, Erlinda Bagaslao, Aileen Eclipse,Ederick Miano, Lutgardo Ramirez, and Felicely Magparangalan. There were many individuals in personal or official capacities with Different institutional affiliations who advanced information or provided ethnographic data which otherwise would have been missed. Among these are the staffs members of the Office of Southern Cultural Communities based in Zamboanga City and headed by Director Pearl de Castro, and the main office in Manila. Members, too, of the Summer Institure of Linguistic in particular are Glenn L. de Peralta, Rose W. Teves, Olivia Dupingay, Juan Galeon, E. Macaraya, Haji Yusof Malabong, Dr. Toh Goda, Dr. Ghislane Loyre, and Dr. Lawrence Reid, Dr. Thomas Headland, Dr. Delbert Rice, and Karl Aaronsen.

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The National Commission for Culture and the Arts and the National Museum of the Philippines are to be acknowledged, especially Dr. Jaime C. Laya, chairman of the board of the NCCA, for making the publication of the manuscript possible. Handling of the voluminous amount of data required the use of computer technology, while existing database software were utilized, special programs were commissioned practically gratis et a more to handle specialized aspects, my three sons have to acknowledged: first among them is my physicist son in Canada, Samuel, who designed the intial ‘Lexicon” program to handle my linguistic data; then my second son,Francis Paul, a chemical engineer, who improved of “Lexicon” by eliminating some bugs; and thirdly, my computer genius of a son, Patrick Ian, who wrestled with the highly complex main “Lex2” program to solve my most intricate programming demands, and sat through the long hours of processing my data at home when my AT286 office computer could no longer handle the immensity of the data matrix. Patient through all these and the lost weekends, is my painter/sculptor wife, Charito, without who’s sustaining support, I would not have had the energy to push through with the project.

GLIMPSES: PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINES 1

The People: Ethnic Differentiation

The ecological diversity and the differential cultural adjustment of

Particular population to their effective environment both physical and

natural, have led to the evolution of at least 77 major Ethno linguistic

groups in the Philippine archipelago. These groups are compounded by their

own respective subgroups numbering about 244 with their own variation of

the central cultures ecotonal areas have also given rise to marginal populations

where culture change is much more accelerated than the core area.

The diversification is not only dispersed horizontally in the various

regions, but also vertically, with respect to the different elevations of the

habitation areas of the groups. This has become so since changes in elevations

in the topography produce differences in climatologically affected flora and

fauna. Various parts of the country, too, are affected differentially by the wind

currents that flow over the archipelago seasonally, principal among which are

the southwest monsoon, the northeast monsoon, the southeast and the Siberian

current. Those that are affected directly by the monsoons exhibit distinctive

flora; others that are affected directly by the monsoons exhibit distinctive flora;

others that are not so affected developed differently. Ecological zones, too,

differ in terms of elevations. The edge of the sea develops mangrove forests.

Dipterocarp forests cover vast tracts of land. Higher up are the mountain

forests characterized by tropical oaks. Beyond these are the temperate

zone forests where the temperatures are brought down by the increased

elevation. And much higher still are the mossy forest. Societies change since

cultures adapt to the vagaries of the physical environment, adjusting their

subsistence patterns to the relevant features of the environment. In all these,

differentially developed ecosystems are niches where ethnic groups coevolved

correspondingly different culture complexes.

Due to the generally homogeneous forms of ecosystems prevalent

in some broad areas, and the relatively more increased interaction between

ethnic groups that inhabit proximate areas, some patterning of culture may

be seen in certain regions in the Philippines. Thus, the mountain regions of

the Cordilleras of Northern Luzon have peoples that appear to be related

in general aspects of their culture as the Ifugao, Bontoc, Kalinga, Ibaloy,

Kankanaey, Apayao, Itneg, and Gaddang. In the Cagayan Valley, between the

2 PERALTA

Cordilleras and the Sierra Madre Mountain, adaptation is again specialized

giving the rise to the cultures of the Ibanag, Itawis, and Yogad. Influenced

by the Islamic movements and provided with a base Southeast Asian culture

the southwestern part of the Philippines forms another generalized groupings

for similar cultures: the Tausug, Maranao, and Maguindanao. The peoples of

the central and eastern Mindanao are yet to exhibit another set pattern, like

the Manobo, Mandaya, and T’boli. Central Philippines and the other lowland

and coastal area all exhibit a leveling of culture such that homogeneity is

more the rule. An enigma in itself is the widely distributed groups of negrito

who in spite of isolation from one another, exhibit similar features in their

culture. In the hinterlands are small groups that subsist largely through food-

gathering activities. The similitude, however, is deceptive for each group is

very well defined and distinct differential in their resources and habitat and as

far ranging in variations as their Austronesian languages.

More than geographic and environmental circumscriptions are the

social boundaries that separate one group of people from another. From the

basic biological unit of parents and children, the more sociologically operable

unit composed of the household extends the concept of family; an s the

former forms the basic economic, social and ritual unit- the household. The

composition of this unit is defined by each society and it may range from a

single individual to more complex families composed of a number of nuclear

members. In some societies, a household of only one member is considered

an effective and operable unit so long as this single member fulfills all the

obligations to the society of a family member, that is, it performs all the

functions- subsistence, social, ritual, and others- usually attributed to a full-

fledged family.

Usually, households are bound together into a more or less cohesive

aggrupation based on kin relationships of some kind in varying degrees of

distances in consanguinity or affinity, gravitating around the household of a

senior member e.g. households of children establishing post marital residences

about a parent of either side. Groupings like these are further increased in

scale by the gathering of kindred, which greatly enhances the spread of

sociological benefits horizontally among peer groups, as in the polarization

of social groups in confrontational situations. The relationships between such

groups, however, can rebound into one of a more cohesive nature as alliances

develop where the canalization of behavior becomes more of a pattern than

a divergence. In such instances the emergence of a strong personality would

weld such alliances into a political structure some initially based on reciprocity

and redistribution of benefits.


Ethnic groups become marked also by means of which inheritances

are distributed among the members. While the general rule of kinship is

an equal reckoning of affiliation ob both parents, there are differences in

the manner by which property is treated upon the death of parents. In the

Cordilleras, for instance, it is the oldest child that inherits the property, but he

is also under social sanctions to support his siblings. In much of the lowland

areas the inheritance is more equally distributed among the offspring. This

is so because in the highlands, arable land in the rugged environment is a

premium commodity that cannot be continually subdivided and reduced

down the line of descent, whereas in the lowlands this is not usually the case

since agricultural land here is more expansive.

Since social proximities and distances lead group to invert into

themselves to the exclusion of others, the environment in which they find

themselves tends to be homogenous for all the members. The manner by

which the members adapt to the parameters of the environments in terms of

subsistence technology is usually common to all. Thus, along the shoreline

communities tend to be fisher folk, and in the uplands the subsistence pattern

develops along the lines of slash-and-burn cultivation, and so on. The domestic

kind of economy practiced would be one where each household is both the

producing and the consuming unit, without the generation of a surplus in the

production, there is little need for a market, if there is one at all, where the

existence of specializations in the production of goods would lead to the need

to trade for things one household does not produce.

Religion too is a powerful organizing principle that defines the edges

of an ethnic group. The communities may be organized based on any number

of parameters. One of this would be based on the circle of members that

constitute a “parish”. The parishes of ritual specialists are sharply confined

to specific groupings of individual households. The linkages may be based

on kinship network or more intimate personal associations, or simply the

structure of the religion itself limits the memberships. In some areas in the

Cordillera, for instance, the ritual specialist will only celebrate the rituals of a

particular grouping of household whether or not these belong to a contiguous

group. The membership is traced to the extent of the meat-sharing system that

is part of the ritual feast that highlights a celebration. Outside the network

of households and individuals that shared the meat of animals scarified,

membership to the community stops. There are overlaps in particular meat-

sharing networks. Those that do not belong to any of these networks will not

be part of the ethnic group.

4 PERALTA

Persistence of Tradition

Although change is part of social existence, and societies fluctuate

in number and character, there is always a functional resistance of change

due to homeostasy of adaptation. Thus, there has been through Philippine

prehistory, and even up to more recent time, the maintenance of levels of

subsistence technologies and the corresponding cultural traits. Group like the

Tasaday, Tau M’loy, and Uka of southern Cotabato subsist through the same

food. Gathering level, but exploiting different features of the environment,

maintaining a balance with their ecosystem, the population reached no take

off point to another level of technology other that incipient hunting. Thus,

their societies are organized into separate nuclear units loosely structured into

bands widely distributed in respective territories of exploitation in the rain

forests of Mindanao.

Principal among the organizing principles is kinship, both sangunial

and affinal. Relationship with parents and parental relatives is equal in terms

of how these relationships are named. The difference is only in the way one

behaves with a particular relative. Often it is the frequency and intimacy of

interaction that define the difference.

The structure of leadership is hardly defined and may only be specific

to occasions. The most incipient form is probably one where the difference in

role is only one based on prestige or economic levels. In larger communities,

an individual is recognized because or personal prowess, but in most other

cases even this tempered by a council composed of the elders.

Religion is amorphous and phenomenon-bound. References are

often made to an overall “owner” of natural resources that the people exploit

and to whom some returns are periodically made. Or there might be a super-

entity who is beyond all mundane things. There are spirits and pseudo-

supernatural forces in the world about them that affect their lives unless these

are propitiated.

Broad spectrum dry cultivation supplements gathering and hunting

among other groups that occupy the Philippine highlands like the Subanon,

Mandaya, Mansaka, Manubo, T’boli and others in Mindanao, the Pala’wan

and Tagbanua of Palawan, the various Mangyan groups of Mindoro, and many

others. Such cultivation has repercussions on the sociology of these groups.

The cropping of cultigens has further effects on sedentism and the increase

in interpersonal relations since communities tended more and more to be

nucleated under these conditions. In this stage environmental degeneration

results in the imbalance between man and land ratio. A homeostatic condition


no longer exists to balance natural regeneration and man’s exploitive intrusions

into his ecosystem such that agricultural production has to supplement

the minimum subsistence requirements of populations. Cultivation trends

gradually shifted to focus more on mono cropping, and as opposed to broad

spectrum cultivation, seasonality of cultivation activities also has implications

on the social behavior of groups. Mono cropping and seasonality make crops

more vulnerable to pests and disease, thus posing the threat of seasonal

shortage of food supplies. The cultivation, too, in ever increasing areas of land

affords less protection than the checkerboard techniques of earlier periods.

However, since the techniques of swidden cultivation is energy-

efficient in terms of the ratio of production output to labor inputs per unit

area, more than the production technique to persist through time up to the

present. The persistence of their subsistence technology brings with it the

maintenance of associated cultural milieus, thus the preservation of cultural

traditions and their resistance to change. Not until there was another

technological breakthrough did dramatic change in culture take place among

the peoples of the Philippines. And this came with the introduction of intensive

wet rice cultivation and the associated complex that goes with it. But since

the technology is adaptable only to specific geographic situations, it flourished

only in the lowlands except in certain mountain regions where water could be

channeled to terraces on the slopes as among the Bontoc, Ifugao, and Kalinga.

Vast mountain region are to remain under slash-and-burn cultivation in spite

of the technological breakthrough.

The persistence of cultures is due to the capacity of groups to maintain

a systematic organization where each of the functional segments of the society

makes adjustments to changes so as to preserve the social structure. As a result,

societies are organized as almost closed systems in a domestic type economy.

The structure of the societies is based on social functions that cofunctions and

covary, thus kinship, religion, social organization, subsistence technology,

leadership, and so on are integrated in an interlocking network. An example

of this is the I’wak of the southern Cordilleras. Among the I’wak the basic

social units is the household defined by its capability to be economically self-

sustaining and its ability to function ritually in the community. A number of

households are organized into a kin-related group that operates also as a ritual

congregation with the head, also a ritual practitioner. This ritual congregation

cofunctions with at least one other ritual congregation in order to be able to

conduct a community ritual. Animal sacrificed during rituals are utilized in the

6 PERALTA

meat distribution within the community since this is shared equally among

the members. Thus, the principal ritual animal, the pig, is a basic requirement

for a unit to be considered a social member of the community. The taro, which

is the principal crop, is also the ritual cultigens and it systematically binds

the various households together in terms of cultivation. Taro is propagated

through cuttings. But since taro is harvested daily to fill the daily consumption

only not enough cuttings can be gathered to plant a field sufficiently. Other

members of the community contribute cuttings so that a taro field may be

planted, thus sharing in the capital outlay. The elders of the community who

are active in ritual practice also operate as the group from which community

decisions and leadership emanate.

Each of the social function, however, serves as a linchpin that holds

the rest of the society together. Social change is effected when a link in the

structural chain is changed. Among the I’wak, changes took place when

advanced soil degradation necessitated the shift of cultivation from taro to

sweet potato. Cooperation between households no longer became necessary,

for instance, to get slips for planting a field. Sweet potato did not have a

function in rituals, thus with cohesion gone, the society began to disintegrate

even in its religious structure. The effects are seen in household migration and

the movement from a purely domestic economy to integration with the market

economy and labor market. But even without changes that come from within,

social change comes inevitably with the integration of the various ethnic

groups with the market system that intermeshes the rest of the country hand

the continuing imbalance between population and the rest land they inhabit.

Thus, social practices change with the changing times. However, vestiges of

aspects of particular cultures persist, even when modified and become bases

for tradition to becomes what is recognized as the “adat” of the southern

Philippines, or the “kadawyan” of the north: things of the past, yet creations of

the contemporary factors the continually change them.

Intergroup Relationship

It is the amount of interaction between social units that affects the

character of a community or a society. Beyond this network of interchange

are zones of diminishing exchanges between peoples. There are interchanges

even across ethnic boundaries, however and the character of these social

exchanges defines the limit. Thus, even if there are factors that divided that

various peoples of the Philippines into distinct ethnic group, there still exist

social exchanges between them, if not in terms of exchanges for marriage,


then exchanges fpr goods or for social services. Trade is one of the strongest

bases for reciprocity among groups and the sociologically acceptable means of

penetrating social boundaries. For instance, Maranao merchant range far into

central Mindanao and Central Philippines in their trading forays. The Ifugao

go from the lowlands, on the other hand, depend on the highlanders for forest

products.

Ethnic boundaries, however, are continually maintained although

transactions take place through them. Interchanges among the different

Philippine ethnic groups are not entirely harmonious as frictions develop

even among the best of kin. When kin group are involved, friction escalates

in accordance with the number of participants and intergroup conflicts taking

place. More often than not blood flows which must be balanced by each

contending side, head taking thud developed as a social mechanism among

the Ilongot, for instance, for minimizing conflicts and retributions. And peace

pacts are forged between conflicting groups as among the Kalinga to ensure

peace, further enforced by the establishment of ritual kinship and blood

brotherhood, as in the case of the Tagbanua of Palawan. Slowly, however, the

civil government structures radiate even to the hinterlands to slowly redefine

traditional social controls that integrate the different ethnic societies.

Beyond Technology

In spite of the agricultural base which has reduced ethnic economy

to a primarily domestic one, cultures of the various peoples flourished in

surprising ways. Among peoples that did not develop writing, oral literary

traditions that combine poetry and song grew with amazing proportions with

various kinds of epic poetry like the Hudhud and Alim of the ifugao, labaw

Dunggon of the Sulod, Darangan of the Islamic groups to name a few that

compare with the lliad and the odyssey. Those that developed writing like

the Hanunoo Mangyan have created poetry forms like the highly sophisticated

ambahan. Decorative art flourished in well-established communities that are

marked with functional specialization. Among the most sophisticated of this

art is the okil of the Maranao, exemplified in the painted wood carvings in floral

motifs that decorate the torogan, or royal house. The Ifugao, well known for

the complexity of their religious structure, combine the art of sculpturing with

their belief systems, exemplified by their consecrated images like the bullol

and the kinabbigat. The expression of music-both vocal and instrumental, solo

and in ensemble- became as distinctive as the development of the languages.

Flute music among the Pala’wan, for instance, is used as a language with

8 PERALTA

the various notes becoming ideational apart from being tonal. Music of an

ensemble is often inseparable from the dance of which there are innumerable

varieties from the purely imitative to the prodigiously societal like the lunsay

of the southern Philippines.

Kinship

The pattern of kinship among the various groups varies in accordance with

accepted behavior which is to some extent expressed in kinship terminologies.

An individual is reckoned to be equally related structurally to his parentage

from both sides although behaviorally his interactions with such individuals

may vary in accordance with the social distance built between them. Thus,

he may relate himself more to either side depending on this interaction bias

in terms of social organization. Behavior-wise, kinship is cognatic as has

been noted in the northern mountain groups. In southern Philippines, where

Islamic religion has been entrenched, a lineal-like organization is resurgent

that is somewhat segmentary in nature.

Leadership

Leadership among the traditional peoples of the Philippines is

amorphous and defined by the moment. Among the Tau’t bato an incipient

form that is distributive in nature is exhibited. This is more like a type of

social exchange is the redistributive kind where the leader gathers from

the production of his groups and distributes among others to gain a larger

following: often there are a number of leader within a group depending on the

nature of the function-religious, political, etc. at times, a group of prestigious

men, often the elders, makes the necessary communal decisions. A mark of

distinction, however, is that beyond the functions of politics, a man labors in

his own fields and in all domestic functions acts in a community of peers.

Religion

The earliest indications of religious activities are probably the

existence of petrographs, petroglyphs, and the like, suggesting man’s attempt

to influence the elements of nature to his advantage. Examples of these have

been found in the provinces of Rizal, Bohol, Mountain Province, and Palawan.

The way man relates himself to the spiritual worlds Province, and Palawan.

The way man relates himself to the spiritual worlds varies in accordance with


the factors he has to deal with since his culture dictates this. In a general sense,

the deities he recognizes belong to different pantheons, with each deity limited

to a particular domain and other with a broader scope of powers. Some are

mere anthropomorphization of natural phenomena such as the makakameng

or “owner” of the I’wak; other are abstractions of social values, e.g., the

kabbigat or the lawgiver of the Ifugao. Religious cosmologies, too, differ

from the layered one that exemplified the underworlds and upper worlds, to

an inversion of the real world as among the Pala’wan. To the south, Islam as

adapted by local cultures flourished among the Maguindanao, Maranao, and

Tausug with the religious structures impeding into the political structures.

But everywhere in the Philippines, the pattern is the same where the various

functional structures overlap in a number of ways such that it is difficult for

instance to separate the political from the religious leadership. And like his

political counterpart, the religious leader holds no special privilege in the

community that exempts him from his own domestic obligations. Thus, he

cuts his own forest and tends his own fields.

The Anomaly of Persisting Cultures

Change is as inevitable as time, and this is true of what has been

accepted as traditional cultures. Traditions change as new values are

developed, adopted and integrated by a society. The kalinga of today are

different from the Kalinga some fifty years ago because people change as they

alter their physical and social environments since the perturbations impose

upon them some feedback groups that are now living in the fringes of urban

areas of the Philippines are representative of prehistoric cultures of the land.

Ethnic cultures have moved as far forward in time as the social developments

in the metropolitan areas.

The distinction of development, however, has diverged due to parameters of

other kinds. The existence of items of material culture identified with earlier

periods are of no help at all for such survivals as often are likely to have lost

their original function and context in a society. An example of this is the

polished stone adze which before was a utilitarian cutting tool but now assumes

a purely ritual function. It is now used as a talisman among the Ifugao to make

the warrior bulletproof, and as a cock fighting charm among lowlanders.

So many changes have taken place that the question has been raised as

to whether there is still some validity to the existence of some ethnic groups as

they have been known heretofore. Some of these groups, especially those that

live near urbanized areas or are within reach of the sphere of government, the

10 PERALTA

market and educational systems, no longer look nor behave the way they used

to. The reason is that the state coordinates that are factors in the development

of specific ethnic groups before the coming of the colonizing western powers

no longer exist or at the mot are mere vestiges of what these were.

Apart from the internal changes that take place within each community

as a natural course of things, more drastic are the pressures from outside that

alter the character of ethnic groups. Even, internally, societies change without

influences from outside. Culture traits change depending on the individual

actors in the society- a powerful leader may pass away and with a new kind of

leadership, the direction of the community might veer in some other ways. A

shift in the environment of subsistence, the rise of another powerful person-

all these cause alterations in the way the people are organized.

Pressures from outside the society are even more compelling and

effecting changes in shorter time frames. Colonized peoples are even more

subjected to change that drastically alter aspects of their cultures. The way a

group of people organize their subsistence strategy largely defines how they

organize their society. While the domestic type of economy that defines the

traits of cultural communities’ changes little through time, the introduction of

the network of sources has affected micro economies. Self-sustaining domestic

economies have begun to cease from being merely producing-consuming

entities and have now interlinked with the marketing network. Cash cropping,

for instance, has become the byword of agricultural production, and with it

the recourse to mono cropping characteristic of ethnic agriculture is no longer

viable since now there is a need for the production of surplus in the trade-off

with the markets. Thus, households have become dependent on the market

system as whole communities are dependent on the production of others in

satiating their own consumption needs. New needs are created neither for

consumer goods of which there were nor before. The use of money has become

a necessity for survival in market relationships.

Even more drastic is the superimposition of an alien political structure

upon the local leadership organization. The national political structure has

now encompassed heretofore isolated communities with a kind of leadership

organization that infringes on traditional leadership forms like the community

council of elders, and relegating the latter to secondary functions. Often

those that occupy the positions of government in the civil structure are those

members of ethnic communities that are young and relatively more educated

since these are the ones that can relate better to the national institutions. The

elderly and less educated elders who ordinarily occupy positions of authority

in the communities are now subordinated to this younger generation, resulting


in internal cultural conflicts. Different social intuitions, too, contribute to the

degradation of local leadership since issues are now elevated from the sitio

to the barangay and higher, to the municipal, provincial and national levels

in either degradation of traditional authority or the restricting of internal

relationships within the group.

The most leveling factor of all is the public education system introduced

from the West. The reduction of learning of generation into standardized

gradation among age groups has pervaded the cultures of ethnic groups,

changing entire systems of ethnic knowledge, values, loyalties, perspectives,

internalizations, needs, and whole set of cultural traits, Education within an

ethnic group is culture specific while nationalized education establishes as

generalized standard that develops people in a larger scale that transcends

ethnic boundaries.

This is further aggravated by the official emphasis on the development

of a national language through the medium of public education. Language

has been said to be the bearer of culture. There is nothing in the culture of a

society that is not reflected in the vocabulary of the group. The degradation

of an ethnic language can only mean the erosion of traits in that culture. The

introduction of a new language necessarily induces changes in the parameters

of that particular culture, including its original language. The internalization

of concepts through the medium of language and the externalization of these

is altered since the culture of the introduced language is internalized by the

receiving culture.

What public education has not reached in terms of influence, mass

media, especially in form of the transistor radio, have made incursions into

in order to affect changes in erstwhile isolated communities that before this

tended toward conservatism. New tastes and needs ranging from consumer

goods, personalities, leadership, opinions, and points of views are continually

developed and then altered by relentless bombardment through the airwaves,

further contributing to the destruction of traditional value systems.

Indigenous religions which differentiated peoples were the first to

go among major ethnic groups, the great religions introduced by the Western

powers were an efficient leveling device that destroyed entire systems of beliefs

and with these indigenous values that bind together members of a community.

Exchanging these with new ones which are alien if not outright contradictory

to the traditional forms.

The end result is the gradual eradication of ethnic boundaries

especially in areas of greatest contact between groups. Where one can move

through the islands before and see differences among people through their

12 PERALTA

manners of dress, types of architecture, modes of subsistence, and organization

of communities, now there is a visual continuum where cultural breaks are no

longer perceived. One will be hard put to recognize the ethnicity of a person

unless that person states this or speaks his native tongue. The Filipino nations

is emerging without doubt, at the cost of the disappearance of individual

ethnic groups no longer exists, and have been replaced by new social factors.

There are survivals of ethnic cultures in areas still distant and isolated

enough to remain relatively untouched by external influences. But these are

more the exceptions that the rule. Even these communities have developed

needs attuned to the market system which have made them dependent on

external providence. It is only a matter of time when the onslaught will reach

them. Communities by now, in different degrees, have become mere terminal

points in the development of the peasant-urban continuum. They are no

longer discrete and independent cultural entities.

There are divergences, convergences, and parallel developments in

societal change. The cultures of the Filipino people are much too complex

and compounded to be reduced to generalized statements that are not just

sociological principles. The beauty of ethnicity is in the particular aspect. It

is the shell-inlaid wooden earplug of a wizened Abiyan Negrito woman, the

friction decorated blowgun of the Pala’wan, the chanting of the Alim by an

Ifugao membunung or again, the I’wak ritual practitioner reciting the bilang,

enumerating the deities with which they have accord and the names of the

ancestors with whom they maintain kin relationship.

Yet even these particular aspects of culture change through stimuli

both from within the structure of the society and from pressures impressed

by an external factors. The “traditions” develop in time where these were not

present before, as the ati-atihan of Aklan and the moriones of Marinduque.

Thus in time, too, even these changes, for the interpretation of cultural values

between groups is a constant where there is social contact. What maintains

the ethnic boundaries, however, is still the particular culture that defines what

changes is sociologically relevant to a population and how this can operate

within the limitations of the ecological niche. Thus we witness the paradox of

persisting cultures that are in reality altered to respond to the perturbations

in the social and physical environments. This is because ethnicity is not of the

static past, but of living peoples. But like all things, even ethnic peoples change

at the birthing of a nation.


Ethnic Group Brief

Luzon

1. Ivatan/Itbayat

The Ivatan/Itbayat are the groups inhabiting the two island groups in

extreme northern Luzon which lie in the typhoon belt: the Batanes-

Babuyan groups. Only the larger islands are habitable and even the

larger ones with an estimated area of 21,000 hectares are largely rugged

terrain. The relative isolation of the area has led to development of distinct

indigeneous cultures that have traits of the Cordillera societies and of the

peoples of Formosa. There is a strong regional self-sufficiency. The total

national population is about 20,350 (NM 1994) with some 1,601 in Bukidnon

and 1,044 in Cagayan.

Itbayat is the largest of the islands, with a population of some 3,551

(NSO 1990). Batan Island lies 20 kilometers is approximately 6,000 with the

communities largely distributed along the coastline due to the ruggedness of

the interior of the island. The people themselves distinguish between Itvayat

and Ivatan as languages and the speakers as having distinct ethnic characters.

The lifestyles, the architecture, including those of boats, agricultural

techniques, and crops are conditioned by the strong winds that buffet the

islands. Houses are built with thick walls of stone and mortar and traditionally

with roofs of layers and layers of thatching. The common dug-out banca of the

rest of the Philippines is alien to the place where the fisherfolk use sturdier

crafts which are rowed rather than paddled. Agricultural fields are often

broken up into areas by trees that function as windbreakers. The overall feel

of the cultures in the islands is traditional megalithic, where self-sufficiency is

the norm. thus there is no felt need for a marketplace in the communities.

Agriculture is the base of livelihood, although production is low. Root

crops are extensively cultivated, especially sweet potato, with some production

surplus. Taro, yams, banana, and citrus fruits are also produced. Fishing is

very limited about the Batan Islands, although there are better fishing grounds

in the Babuyan Channel.

The Ivatan are known for their oral traditions which include lyric folk

songs (lagi), working songs (kalusan), and legends (kabbata).

14 PERALTA

2. Ilocano

The northwestern coast of Luzon is exposed to the southwest monsoon

and is shielded by the Cordillera mountain ranges from the northern and

northeastern air currents. The result is a well-marked wet and dry season that

brings in excessive rains and extreme droughts. The narrow coastal plain with

highly eroded soil and dense population has made for the development of a

very hardy group of people. The Ilocano are in the provinces of Ilocos Norte,

Ilocos Sur, La Union, Abra, and Cagayan. They are highly concentrated in

areas in the mouths of the Laoag and the Abra Rivers. While the population

is generally homogenous, a northern and a southern dichotomy may be

postulated in terms of dialect differentiation. If not a sociological one as when

northern Ilocano would refer to those in the south as “those across the river”.

As late as the nineteenth century, there were eight to ten dialects known.

The total national population is 5,915,557, with concentration in the

Ilocos region distributed in Ilocos (460,684), Ilocos Sur (519,273), and the La

Union and in Isabela, 744,915 (NSO 1990). Ilocanos are found in all provinces

of the country.

The people are essentially rice producers who also indulge in extensive

agriculture with cash crops like tobacco and garlic. There has been a continual

migration of labor to different parts of the country to the southernmost reaches,

and even to other places like Hawaii, and California. Outmigration was caused

by dense population pressures in a land with limited agricultural potentials. It

is one of the most densely populated regions in the country. The agricultural

production is not sufficient to meet and interregional trade. Tobacco is the

leading cash crop. The textile industry in the area has a long tradition. Fishing

is second only to agricultural production.

Among the more dominant of the ethnic groups, they have figured

prominently in the political, educational, economic, religious, and other

sectors of society. Intensely regionalistic like most of the other major groups,

the Ilocano take pride in their roots and language.

3. Tinggian

Otherwise known as Itneg or literally, Itneg, which means people

living near the Tineg river (Tinguian, Tinguianes, Itinek, Mandaya, Tingian),

the group has been classified into several subgroupings: adassen, BInongan,

Inlaod, Masadiit, Aplai, Gubang, Maeng, Luba, and Balatok, although the latter

might be a Kalinga group. The population range is 51,422 with concentrations

in the towns of Tubo (4,535), Manabo (3,250), Sallapadan (3,525), San Quitin


(3,270), Luba (4,746), and Boliney (3,694) in the province of ABra (NSO

1990). Outside Abra, they number most in Ilocos groups with whom they have

a continual relationship.

There are two general groupings: the valley Tingian which are an

homogenous and concentrated population found in the lower reaches of the

province of Abra that thrive on wet rice cultivation; the mountain Tinggian

Traditionally, the Tinggian live in fortified villages adjacent to the swidden

fields they differ from other Philippine ethnic groups in that their dress is arm

ornaments. The village is the political unit with a lakay as the head, assited

by a council of elders. The indigenous religion recognizes Kadaklan as the

supreme deity, often identified also with Kabunyian, and other animistic

deities. The ritual specialists and healers are usually women. Prestige feasts by

men, saying, are common among the Cordillera groups and usually aspired for

by most people with sufficient kin support.

4. Apayao

The Apayao (Isneg, isnag, Mandaya, Ibulus, Imandaya, Imallod,

Itne’g, Kalina’, Apayaw, Iapayaw, Imandaya, Imallod, Idamma’n Abulog)

inhabit the northern end of the Cordillera mountain ranges in the northern

portions of the Kalinga and Apayao provinces. The country is mountainous.

The lowlands are mostly level swamps of lesser areas that alternate with hills.

This is the only part of the Cordilleras that can be traveled by water by the

use of boats and rafts. The territory, however, is not exclusively inhabited

by the Apayao alone. Other ethnic groups like the Kalinga and Itawit also

occupy pockets. Groups of NEgrito are also found, as well as Ilocano farmers,

especially in the flat lands.

There are at least three generalized groupings: (1) Kabugao Mandaya

Tawit; (2) Karawagan, and (3) Talifugu. The areas of concentration of

the people are in the municipalities of Pudtol (21,075). Kabugao (10,651),

kalanasan (8,367), and Conner (3,086) (NSO 1990). In the province they

number to about 24,844 with a total national population of some 27,627 (NSO

1980).

The groups are riverine-oriented and practice a slash-and burn type of

cultivation, and presently an intensive type of wet rice agriculture in the lower

reached of the drainage systems and the floodplains. Most are traditionally

oriented along the banks of the Abulug (Apayao) and Matalag rivers, and the

tributaries. Rice is a prestige crop with yams, taro, corn, and sweet potato

supplementing the diet.

16 PERALTA

Settlement areas are usually small permanent hamlets within hailing

distance and composed of kin-related households. Multifamily houses are

among the most sturdily built in the Cordilleras with nuclear compartment.

The political structure is usually headed by individuals of economic

and leadership distinction, mengal, with a large kin following: the position is

not inherited. The prestige validating feat, sayam, is also indulged in by highly

placed males to celebrate propitious events. Ritual celebrations are attended

to buy female ritual specialties that are generally mediums. Ritual feast are

usually accompanied by “boasting” by mengal around a ritual stone.

5. Kalinga

Historically, thi is a mixed group (Calinga, Kalinga, Kalina’) but

now considered as a more or less homogeneous group with an estimated

population are in the drainage areas of the Chico River and its tributaries in

northern Cordillera. One of the ways the culture has been grouped is as follows:

Balbalan (northern), Lubuagan (southern), and Maducayan (eastern). Another

postulated subgrouping is (1) Giad’an Balbalasang, (2) Sumadel, (3) Lubuagan,

(4) Nabayugan, (5) AbligSaligsig, (6) Kalagua, and (7) MangaliLubo. There is a

little-known highly mobile group in the Kalakad-Tupac area in east Tanudan.

The population is a mixed group thought to be descendants of migrants

into the area from the Cagayan valley to the east and the province of Abra

to the west. The population concentrations are in Pinukpok (13,469), Tabuk

(19,835), Balbalan (9,745), Tinanglayan (12,306), and Tanudan (9,242).

The national population is 91,128 (NSO 1990). There is a marked difference

between the northern and the southern populations due to the introduction

of wet rice terracing in the south from Bontoc. An eastern grouping caused by

geographic circumscription is also recognized. The society is organized into

endogamous groups stemming from budong alliance. Because of their dress

and personal ornamentations, the Kalinga have been dubbed the “Peacocks of

the North”. Their octagonal house in southern Kalinga is distinctive, as well as

the peace pacts that they enter into to preserve relationships with neighboring

groups. Settlement area are more dense in the south.

Agriculture is also carried on in terraces, though less grandiose than

those of the Ifugao and Bontoc, and field preparation is done with the use of

draft animals. Rice is the principal crop. Swidden crops include beans, sweet

potato, corn, sugarcane, and taro. Coffee is a popular cash crop. Distinctive

pottery basketry and metal craft are known.


6. Balamgao

The Balangao (Balangaw, Balangad, Bontoc, Baliwen) are found in

the navel of the Mountain Province in the central Cordillera mountain ranges

in the municipality of Natonim. The estimated population is 7,000. Although

related to the general Cordillera languags, Balangao appers to be a language

branch that developed independently from the central BOntoc, Kalinga, and

Ifugao groups. Both physical and social circumscription contributed to the

differentiation from the neighboring groups.

The subsistence mode is wet terrace rice farming although the terrace

systems are not as those of the Ifugao. The biannual rice crop production is

supplemented by some swidden cultivation of roots crops including yam, taro,

and sweet potato, and food gathering. Although the basic culture belongs

to the generalized Cordillera culture, it is closer to the Kalinga with whom

they are in contact. For instance their architecture is similar. Howeverm

Christianity has already penetrated the area; likewise in place are the civil

structure of government as well as its educational system. Otherwise much of

the indigenous customs still prevail as in marriage and lifestyle as well as in

the use of dormitories women.

7. Kankanay

The kankanay (Northern Kankanai, Lepanto Igorot, Katangan,

Sagada Igorot, Kataugnan) are found on the western flank of the Cordillera in

the Mountain Province just east of Ilocos Sur. They are in the municipalities of

Tadian, Besao, Sabangan, and Sagada. Cervantes in Ilocos Sur also has a fairly

large Lepanto Kankanai concentration. The population is estimated at some

59,987 (NSO 1990) in the area about Lepanto and Tiagan to the headwater

streams of the Chico and Abra rivers where they practice wet terracing. This

type of cultivation, however, was preceded by dry cultivation of tubers, a

practice widespread among the peoples of the Cordilleras.

The northern Kankanay are more related in terms of culture to the

Bontoc peoples tot eh north and northeast on the Chico River system. The

language (Kataugnan), however, has been classified with the Kankanaey to the

south of them in the Amburayan area. There are differences in dialect from

district to district.

They have large nucleated communities associated with the terraces

especially about the Kayan, Bauko, Besao area. The social organization parallels

that of the Bontoc. The ward system of structuring groups is practiced with

18 PERALTA

the institution of the dapay, which is similar to the Bontoc ato. Male meeting

houses cum dormitories are separate from those of women.

Mining for gold and copper is extensive in Suyoc and Mankayan, they worked

extensively during historical times. Rice, sweet potatoes, and taro are the

principal crops. The terracing is similar to those of the Bontoc.

8. Kankanaey

The southern Kankanaey are linguistically linked with their northern

neighbors, the northern kankanay. In cultural terms, they comprise a very

distinct group. They occupy the area drained by the Amburayan Rivers. They

are more similar to the Ibaloi to the south, and like them, the Kankanaey are

in the province of Benguet in the northwest and the rest in the old Amburayan

are in the highlands above northern La Union, southern Ilocos Sur, and the

southern sections of Mountain Province. Although many cultural traits are

shared with the Ibaloy, the languages of the two are not related since the

affinity of Inbaloi is with Pangasinan. The terrain they occupy is rugged and

steep. There is an estimated population of about 158,313 nationwide (NSO

1990).

They have been described in the early 1900 as like the Ibaloy but they

celebrate their festivals”more splendidly. There is marked difference between

their language and that of the Ibaloi. But like the latter, their settlements are

dispersed. Their terraces have mud walls like those of their southern neighbors,

with the same kind of cropping. During modern times, their agricultural

thrusts turned more toward the production of mid-latitude vegetables which

are marketed even to the lowlands and cities of central Luzon.

9. Bago

The Bago (Bago Igorot) were identified first in the municipality of

Pugo in the southern side of La Union. This is a highly acculturated group

whose villages are along major transportation routes between the lowlands

and the Abatan, Benguet markets in the highland. The major ritual practices

and beliefs are somewhat related to the northern kankanay, thus the idea that

the people were migrants because of trade from western Mountain Province.

The Kankanay regard them as such and not as a specific ethnic group. The

language is a mixture of northern kankanay with an infusion of lowlands

diealects. Most of the individuals are bilingual with Ilocano as the trade

language.


Their agricultural activities revolve around a mixture of highland root

crops like sweet potatoes, yams, and taro, and lowland vegetables and fruits.

10. Bontoc

With a total population of about 65,000 (NSO1980) the Bontoc

(Bontok, Bontoc Igorot, Igorot, Guianes) are found in the Mountain Province

of the Cordillera mountain ranges in the upper Chico river region. The group is

more densely located in the municipalities of Bontoc (18,080), Sadanga(7,245),

and Barlig (5,640). Five sub groupings are usually recognized by social

scientists: (1) Central (2) talubin, (3) Barlig, (4) Lias, and (5) Kadaklan, based

on dialectal differences.

The culture is distinguished by the stonewalled rice terracing

technology with the use of organic fertilizers- unique among ethnic groups in

the country. Fields are irrigated through intricate canals channeling mountain

streams, or through the use of raised wooden troughs, or even moved by hand.

Rice, the Principal crop, is rotated with sweet potato, corn, millet, and beans.

The material culture is a generalized Cordillera stream distinguished

by the use of pocket hats among the males, and the preference for the ax instead

of the bolo as tool. The communities are organized about the village ward-

ato- small political units or male council houses/dormitory/gathering places.

Introduced to male adult roles in the community. There are girl dormitories

(olag) too under the care of elder women. Houses are usually built on the

ground with stone and boards, topped by a steep pyramidal roof. Stonewalled

pig pens are common.

11. Ifugao

The Ifugao (Ifugaw, Ipugao, Ypugao, Hilipan, Quiangan) are world

famous for their spectacular rice terraces especially in Mayaoyao and Banaue

where entire mountainsides are sculpted like giant steps. The national

population is over 167,369 (NSO 1990). Concentration in the province of

Ifugao are in the municiopalities of Banaue (25,400), Lagawe (15,615),

Kiangan (21,3298 NSO 1990), and Mayaoyao (23,330,NSO 19980)/ the

language has been grouped in a number of ways; one of which is: (1) Kiangan-

Hapao, (2) Banaue-Burnay, (3) Ayangan-Mayaoyao, (4) Hanglulu, (5) Tuwali,

and (6) Keleyi (related to the Ikalahan). In the whole province, they numbr

some 117,281 (1990 provincial estimates).

The basic subsistence technology is wet rice cultivation in massive

rice terraces covering entire mountainsides, and dry cultivation of other crops

like sweet potato. During off seasons, the terraces are planted with vegetables.

20 PERALTA

Some amount of food gathering is still practices, along with minimal hunting

in the remaining forested areas. The group is noted for its wood carving-

usually associated with ritual-and weaving.

The group is famous for its very complex indigenous religion marked

by a cosmology that includes hundreds of deities. There are elaborate rituals

that accompany personal and social events, participated in by choirs of ritual

practitioners. Among the many celebrations is that of the elevation of a couple

to the rank of kadangyan- the most prestigious rank in the society which

involves the carving of a prestige bench- the hagabi. The Ifugao are famous

too, for their prodigious oral epic literature like the hudhod and the alim.

12. Ibaloi

The ibaloy(Ibaloi, Ibadoy, Igodor, Benguet Igorot, Nabaloi, Benguet,

Iniballuy) constitute a large ethnic group that number approximately

112,447 (NSO 1990) and are found in the Benguet province, principally in

the municipalities of Itogon (12,353), Tuba (11,063), La Trinidad (12,136),

Bokod (8,911), Baguio (68,550), and Atok)9,063) (NSO 1980,1990). The

population has spread to the neighboring provinces of Pangasinan, La Union,

NuevaVizcaya, and Nueva Ecija. Kabayan is recognized as the center of Ibaloy

culture Sablan, and kabayan. A wide range of dialectical differences are known

but not clearly studied. Thus far (1) Ibaloy Proper and (2) Karao are the sub

groups cited.

To some extent, rice terracing is practiced in the lower reaches of the

drainage systems. Sweet potato and taro are planted dry in areas that cannot

be irrigated. The terracing technology is at present applied to middle latitude

vegetable growing. Rice is the principal and ritual food. Animal husbandry is

practiced, although meat is traditionally limited to ritual consumption. The

group has a long history of gold and copper mining.

The Ibaloy lack the ward system of the Bontoc although in the past

there were communal dormitories. A traditional community would have a

council of elders (tongtong)whose opinions hold sway over a two-tiered social

system: the rich (baknang) and the poor (abitug). Deities collectively called

“Kabunian” include the major entitiy “Kabigat”. Souls of departed relatives

(kaamaran) are revered. Ritual celebrations, reportedly numbering more than

40 classes are conducted by mambunung. These include the prestige feast

pashit and curing séances that feature animal sacrifice, feasting, and use of

fermented rice beer. The rich in Kabayan used to be interred in coffins after

mummification in artificially made caves.


13. Ikalahan/Kalanguya

This group (Kallahan, Kalanguya, Kadasan, Ikalasan, Kalasan) may

be found in Imugan and kayapa in the provinces of Nueva Vizacaya and

Benguet living in mid-mountain forests of tropical oak, hence their ascribed

name. Segments of this population may be found in the province of Ifugao

where they are known as Kalanguya, speaking dialects like Keleyi. This group

is concentrated in the southwestern corner of Ifugao. The national population

is some 34,000 (Rice 1974).

Like the Ifugao, the preferred food is taro even if the sweet potato

is the staple, and rices the prestige food. Planting is done in low terraced

fields along mountain drainage systems and valley flood plains. Pig raising

is one of the more important occupations. In the town of Imugan and the

sorrunding villages about Sta. Fe, Nueva Vizacaya, the population is noted for

the production of basketry and brooms.

Ikalahan culture is characteristically that of the Cordillera with

involved rituals and animal sacrifices and prestige feasts (padit0 of men which

are held for days accompanied by the sacrifice of prescribed sets of animals.

Like the I’wak, meat is consumed principally during rituals and is meticulously

shared.

14. I’wak

This small ethnic group (Oak, Iguat, Iwaak, etc.) has populationof

approximately 3,000 (NM 1972) dispersed in small fenced-in villages which

are usually enclaves in communities of surrounding major ethnic groups like

the Ibaloy and Ikalahan (1970 estimates). The characteristic village enclosing

fences are sometimes composed in part of the houses with the front entry

facing inward. Pig sties are part of the houses with the front entry facing

inward. Pig sties are part of the residential architecture. The I’wak is found

primcipally in the municipalities of Boyasyas and Kayapa, province of Nueva

Vizcaya. The sub groups are: (1) Lallang ni I’wak, (2) Ibomanggi, (3) italiti, (4)

Alagot, (5) Itangdalan, (6) Iasas (7) lliaban (8) Yumanggi, (9) Ayahas, and (10)

Idangatan.

Subsistence is based on dry cultivation of taro which is associated with

complex rituals using the pig as the principal ritual animal. Focus in cropping

is shifted to the cultivation of sweet potato as the staple. Some wet rice is

cultivated in the flood plains of mountain streams in the lower elevations. The

social organization is systematic and is based on indigenous religion marked

with the use of a ritual house about which a kin-based parish is organized.

Associated with the social organization and religion, membership is defined in

22 PERALTA

a meat-sharing system.

Like othet groups in the Cordillera, it is obligatory for an adult male

to celebrate a personal prestige feast (padit) at least once in his life time. He

would raise and gather a large herd of pigs for the highly complex rituals that

may take several days to conclude. Pigs like other animals are only eaten

within the context of rituals, and the meat is judiciously shared with all the

members of the community.

15. Isinay

The Isinay (Isinai, Inmeras) are a small group found principally in

the municipality of Bambang (1,225), Nueva Vizcaya and Dupax Sur (265) in

Quirino province. The total population is set about 6,000 (NSO 1980). The

language belongs to the northern Philippine, central Cordilleran group.

The subsistence technology is principally wet rice cultivation.

There is some swidden cultivation in the higher elevations. Subsistence is

supplemented by animal husbandry. Since the area is linked with the major

transportation arteries that connect southern and northern Luzon, and thus

exposed to intensive trade culture change us highly advanced and much of

the traditional culture is gone. The population has merged with mainstream

society due to the change wrought by the national power structure, educational

system, market economy, and the great religions. Except for the language, the

ethnic character is no longer distinguishable.

Population movement theories point to the Isinay country as of the

possible staging areas for the migration of people to the Ifugao highlands.

16. Pangasinan

The Pangasinan (Pangagalatok, Pangasinense) live in the peninsula

projecting west into the South China Sea just north of the Zambales mountain

ranges. The densest areas are in San Carlos City (117,850), Dagupan City

(101,131), and Malassique (79,808). The national population is some 1,159,176

(NSO 1990).

Made fertile by the Agno River and its tributaries streaming down

from the southern end of the Cordillera mountain ranges, the area is lush with

vegetation and agricultural production. To the west, at the tip of the peninsula

are the Bolinao, a Sambal-related people; to the south are the Sambals.

Pressing from inland to the east are the Tagalog of Nueva Ecija, and from the

north are the has maintained a distinct language in spite of the onslaught of

the complex institutions of contemporary metropolitan cultures.


Agriculture, with the production of rice, is the leading industry, with

fishing about the waters of the Lingayen Gulf, along the fringers of which are

areas used for the cultivation of fish and crustaceans. The Pangasinan also

produce some of the best “buri” mats and are well known for domestic metal

craft, especially the production of bolos.

17. Ga’dang

The area in the middle Cagayan Vallley where tributaries of the

Cagayan River merge with the eastern sides of the Cordillera Mountains

is occupied by the people called Ga’dang. Some of the more conservative

groups may be found in highlands of southeastern kalinga-Apayao, eastern

Bontoc and Isabela. From here, they extend into the valley and have become

interspersed with the Christian Ilocano and Ibanag,specially in the Magat

River valley in northwestern Nueva Vizacaya. In the lowlands they are almost

indistinguishable from other groups. Five sub groups are recognized: (1)

Gaddang proper, (2)Yogad, (3) maddukayang, (40 Katalangan, and (5) iraya.

The area of Isabela (50,000 NSO 1980), with a total national population of

about 20,850 (NSO 1980).

Traditionally, subsistence is based on swidden cultivation of rice

and sweet potatoes, supplemented by cash cropping of tobacco and corn, in

the lowlands, intensive wet cultivation is practiced. Settlements are located

near streams and their cultivated fields. Leadership in a community is based

on bravery, skills, knowledge of custom law, and economic wealth usually

associated with the status of mingal. A peace pact (pudon) is practiced. Religion

is based on a dichotomy of the earth world and an afterworld, although the

former is the major concern. Ritual practitioners are both male and female.

Individual prestige feasts is practiced by males at least once in a lifetime. For

this, they accumulate wealth to finance the required seven elaborate rituals.

Ga’dang dress, especially that of the upland groups, is very colorful, notable

for the use of numerous types of beads of semiprecious stones.

18. Ibanag

The Ibanag (Ibannag) are concentrated about the towns of

Tuguegarao (43004), Solano (18,172), Cabagan (30,883), and Iligan (27,170)

in the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela. The total population is in the range

of 311,187(NSO 1990). The dialect groups are: (1) north Ibanag and (2)

south Ibanag. They are related to the neighboring but less dominant Itawit

and Malaweg. The Ibanag originally inhabited the areas aout the mouth of

24 PERALTA

the Cagayan River. In historic times (1850-1900) they moved up river and

gradually influenced the cultures of older ethnic elements in the south like

the Itawit, Isinay, and Ga’dang. The language became the lingua franca for

commerce. Later, Ilocano cultural influences (185-01897) were incorporated

as tobacco growers also affected the cultures of these groups.

The culture is basically lowland technology with the cultivation of rice

and corn with tobacco and cotton as cash crops. Some upland farming of rice

is practiced. The culture is heavily influenced by the migration of Ilocano into

the Cagayan Valley.

19. Itawit

Otherwise referred to as Itauit, Tawit, Ibannag-Itawit, the group is

concentrated in the municipalities of Tuguegarao (23,916), Enrile (20,378),

Peñablanca (17,087), Amulong (4,336), and Tuao (19,066) in the southern

half of the province of Cagayan in the area drained by the Chico and Matalag

rivers. The national population is about 119,522 (NSO 1990). The culture is

intimately interlinked with that of the Ibanag which is more dominant. During

historic periods, Itawit populations gradually moved east of the Cagayan

River near the foothills of the Sierra Madre where the people practice that

slash-and- burn- type of cultivation, and further south to the middle of the

Cagayan Valley on the western side.

The settlements while nucleated are smaller than those of the Ibanag

usually removed from urban centers. Ion the flood plains of the Pinacanauan

river, agriculture is principally wet rice in paddy fields, corn, and cotton.

Tobacco, the principal cash crop, is planted during the dry months in between

rice and corn crops.

20. Malaweg

This group (Malaueg, Malweg, and Malagueg) is concentrated

about the municipality of Rizal, the general area formely known as Malaueg

before the twentieth century in the province of Cagayan, and west about

Conner is Kalinga-Apayao. The total population is some 14,591 (NSO 1990).

Except for the dialectal variation which is close to Itawit, the group is hardly

distinguishable from the Ibanag/Itawit groups that live in nearby Cagayan

Valley.

The Malaweg are located on a foothill west of Piat on the Matalag

river near the southeast border of Kalinga-Apayao province. Tobacco was

raised here on a commercial scale by the people which drew Ibanags to the

area from the east.


21. Yogad

Concentrated in the town of Echague (12,920) in Isabela , the Yogad

speak one of the five recognized dialects of Ga’dang(Gaddang proper, Yogad

Maddukayang, Katalanggan, and Iraya), the people are almost entirely

merged with the Christian Ilocano-Ibanag groups in the Cagayan Valley

lowlands. The people practice intensive rice cultivation supplemented by corn

and tobacco as cash crops, except of the language, they are indistinguishable

from the surrounding Cagayano. The national population is estimated to be

about 16,718 (NSO 1990).

22. Ilongot

Traditionally located at the junction of the Sierra Madre and the

Caraballo mountains in the headwaters of the Cagayan, Tabayon, and Conwap

rivers in Luzon are three groups of people: (1) Italon, found in the headwaters

of the Cagayan River, (2) Engotngot (Ipagi), found in northwest of the coast of

Baler, and (3) Abaka (Ibilao), living in southwestern Nueva Vizcaya. All three

are known collectively as the Ilongot. The other names by which the decimated

groups are known in literature are Ilonggot, Ibilao, Ibilaw, Ilungot, Ligones<

bugkalot, Quirungut, Iyonout, Egonut, Ipagi, Engongot, Italon, Abaka, and

Ibilao. They are densest in the municipality of A. Castaneda (695) and Dupax

Sur (685). In the whole of Nueva VIzcaya, they number some 2,085, and

in Quirino some 2,173 (NSO1980). There is a total national population of

50,017 (NSO 1990). The whole population is subdivided into some thirteen

localized dialect groups: Abaka, Ayumuyu, Belansi, Beqnad, Benabe, Dekran,

Kebinanan, Payupay, Pugu, Rumyad, Sinebran, Taan, and tamsi.

Of all the ethnic groups of the country, the Ilongot appears to have

been the only one devastated by its own harsh culture dispersing the population

from the traditional areas of habitation to toher province: Bulacan (4,969),

Cavite(4,781), Zamboanga del Sur (3,735), Palawan (2,745), and others where

the Ilongot populations are larger tahtn in the original homeland.

The people tend to live near tributaries and practice slash-and-burn

cultivation. The pattern of housing is dispersed and fortified, for the Ilongot

are externally aggressive, traditionally conservative, and resistant to external

cultural pressures. Socially, the families in a locality are loosely grouped into

bands called alipan. Like all other Philippine groups, kinship is bilateral and

there are no descent groups.

Formerly, the group subsisted on slash-and-burn cultivation, even in

the watersheds of the Pampanga river, but have been pushed slowly to the

north and east. Planting is mutlicropped although there is now a trend towards

26 PERALTA

rice as the dominant cultigens. Cultivation is based primarily on roots crops,

and subsistence is supplemented by hunting, fishing, and food gathering.

The society is traditionally egalitarian with no leadership structure.

Leadership resides in sets of skilled male siblings with powers of persuasion,

especially in the art of oratory or puron.

23. Kapampangan

The Kapampangan (Pampanggo, Pampango, Capampangan,

Pampangueño, and Pampangan) are one of the largest ethnic groups of the

country, genrally occupying the land about the flood plains and marshes

of the Pampanga River of Central Luzon. Hemmed in by the Zambal to the

to the east, the pangasinan to the north, and the tagalong to the south and

northeast in land that is not segmented language that has some affinity with

Sambal. It may be noted that Sambal, on the other hand, is generally related

with the Sinaunang tagalong of Tanay, Rizal. The populations are dense in

the urbanized centers of Angeles City(174,962), San Fernando (139,342),

Lubao (92,123), Mabalacat(92,778), and many other areas, with an estimated

aggregate of some 2,864,949(NSO 1990).

Their agriculture is based on intensive wet rice cultivation; their land

being situated in the rice bowl of Central Luzon, with extensive flood plains

watered by the Pampanga is noted for its fishing industry. The vast flatlands

are planted to rice and sugar cane. Woodcraft is highly developed especially in

Betis where the most skillful of wood carvers could be found; other areas are

known for mat-making, pastries, and various preserved meats.

The people are known for their culinary talents.deeply mainstream,

the kapampangan are foremost entrepreneurs and national leaders.

24. Palanan

Also called the Paranan, the group is largely concentrated on the

Pacific side of the province of Isabela about Palanan Bay. The population areas

are in Palanan (9,933) with a total population of some 10,925(NSO 1980).

This is probably the northeastern most extension of the Tagalog language.

There is, however, a considerable mixture with the culture of the Negrito.

The coastal area is narrow with the Sierra Madre looming precipitously

and hemming the land in on the west with the Pacific Ocean on the east. The

subsistence technology is oriented to the ocean close by with patchwork

swidden cultivation of rice on the slopes.


25. Tagalog

Considered to be the largest of the Philippine Ethnic groups, the

Tagalog are concentrated about the metropolitan area of Manila and spread out

as the major population of provinces like Rizal (812,713), Laguna (1,290,278),

Cavite (1,026,657), Batangas (1,445,509), Bulacan (1,384,270), and Nueva

Ecija (986,248). The population now stands at some 16,054,430 (NSO 1990).

The national language is actually being built around tagalong which

is now practically understood and spoken in other parts of the country. The

people are identified with all kinds of agricultural production, silviculture,

animal husbandry, and industrial production. They are also engaged in

international marketing, politics, and foreign relations.

The kinship structure is essentially bilateral with offspring related

equally to both parents, with inheritance following the same pattern although

in practice, it is more cognatic in nature. In the urban areas and where large

properties are concerned there is a tendency for the lineal distribution of

wealth in all sectors of government practice and in private institutions that

are national and international in scope. Being in the midst of the government

structure, the people are the most immediate beneficiaries of the benefits of

service. Such an advantage is mirrored in the development of the Tagalog in

contrast to the experience of other ethnic groups.

26. Bicol

The Bicol peninsula comprises the southeastern most extension of the

island of Luzon. Generically, the people are referred to as Bicolano although in

terms of language the population is highly differentiated not so much because

of physical circumscription but socially. Total population is 4,469,082(NSO

1990). The Bicol speakers include those in the provinces of Albay, Sorsogon,

Catanduanes, Camarines Norte, and Camarines Sur. The Bicolano also inhabit

principally the islands of Catanduanes, Masbate, Ticao, and Buras. Bicol Naga

is the lingua franca in the general area.

The most densely populated is the Bicol plains specially the Legaspi-

Albay agricultural areas which support nearly half of the population. Naga and

Legaspi are the primary urban centers. The economy is basically susbsitstence

and commercial agriculture. Rice is the dominant crop with small surplus

production due to irrigation. Upland rice is also produced. Corn is second

only to rice. Coconut and abaca are the leading cash crops. The mining of

gold, copper, iron, chromites, manganese, and others is a developed industry

Fishing and forest industries are flourishing.

28 PERALTA

27.Negrito

Like the Manobo, the Negrito groups of the Philippines constitute one

of the most complex populations in terms of dispersal. There are two major

branches which made their appearance in the Philippine archiepelago between

30,000 to 20,000 years ago; one moving on the moving on the eastern flank

of the Philippines going up to the north to the Pacific side of Sierra Madre

Mountains constituting the Alta, Arta, and Agta groups; the second branch

moved along the western side, similarity going up northern Luzon which now

include the Pinatubo, Negrito, other corresponding major sub groupings are

the Dumagat, Ata, Ati, Atta, Sinauna, and Batak. The people are characterized

by shortness of stature, darkness of pigmentation, and kinky hair. All of

the NEgrito groups speak languages that are dialects of the major adjacent

peoples.

They are now widely distributed and found in highland areas or

places that are difficult to access: the Pacific side of northern Luzon to the

Bicol peninsula, the northern tip of the Cordillera Mountains, the Zambales

ranges and the Bataan peninsula, Bondoc peninsula, and the island of Negros,

Panay and Palawan. There are at least 25 groupings, with a highly tentative

national population count of 766 (NM 1994).

Although basically hunters and gatherers, being the most proficient

in the use of the bow and arrow, they also practice minimal horticulture in

small patches. They are known to have developed patron-client relationships

with adjacent groups for trade and food procurement. The social groupings

are small bands that have fluid membership based on bilateral kinship.

28. Sambal

The Sambal occupies the northwestern flank of the Zambales

Mountain ranges and the western tip of Pangasinan. The recognized dialect

groups are: (1) Botolan, (2) Tina, and (3) Bolinao. The Sambal population in

Pangasinan numbers some 29,795 while in Zambales there are some 89,010

(NSO 1980). Nationally, there are 118,805 (NSO 1980).

From linguistic studies, it appears that the Sambal language is closest

to a variety of Tagalog known as “Sinaunang Tagalog” which is spoken in

Tanay, Rizal. This has been interpreted to mean that the Sambal-speaking

peoples were originally living about the Tanay, Rizal area and started moving

northward as the Austronesian Tagalog from Masbate and Mindoro started

moving about 6,000 B.C pushing earlier groups to the Zambales area.


Visayas

1. Masbateño

The island of Masbate lies just west of the province of Sorsogon

in the Bicol Peninsula. The population centers are in the municipalities of

Masbate (55,996), Aroroy (45,306), San Jacinto (34,185, NSO 1980), and

Uson (24,817), with the national population placed at 602,257 (NSO 1990).

The island is marked by relatively low-lying and discontinuous highland

ranges with narrow strips of coastal lowlands. This had led to the dispersal of

population all over the country especially in Palawan. The subsistence is based

on agriculture and fishing with mining in the south of Aroroy in the Conical

Peak area.

2. Abaknon

The Abaknon (Capul Samal, Capuleno) live on the island of Capul on

the northern tip of Samar in the San Bernardino Straits, south of the province

of Sorsogon. Although set across Central Philippines from the Sulu and Tawi-

Tawi archipelagoes where the Sama groups live, the Abaknon speak a language

that is related to the Sama, and not to the languages of the peoples about them

like the Bicol and Waray. The largest concentrations of this population are in

northern Samar (8,840) and in Capul (8,735) with a total population of some

9,870 (NSO 1980).

The orientation of the people is marine with the basic industry focused

on fishing, with set rice farming toward the interior. The communities are

highly acculturated and practically indistinguishable from the surrounding

communities of mainstream ethnic groups.

3. Rombloanon

The population is distributed in the island group of Romblon just

south of Luzon with concentrations in Romblon (20,510), San Agustin

(19,660), Cajiodioangan (13,800), and Look (13,420). The total population

ranges to about 147,000 (NSO 1980).

The island is well-known for mountainous topography; most of the

populations are concentrated along the peripheries of the island, with the

mountainous interiors practically devoid of inhabitants. There is a general

absence of large productive agriculture, and urban centers, Romblon is the port

of call and collection point of copra which is the only significant production

of the people. There is a modest production of marble which is the richest

mineral resource of the island. There are some livestock which are supplied to

Manila. Domestic fishing is prevalent.

30 PERALTA

4. Bantoanon

The Bantoanon occupy the Banton island group which is part of

the Romblom group of islands south of Marinduque. The areas of greatest

concentration are in Odiongan (24,870), Corcuera (8,470), Banton (6,850),

and Concepcion (4,455). The national population is placed at 52,745 (NSO

1980).

5. Aklanon

Aklanon refer to the majority population of the province of Aklan in

the island of Panay in central Philippines. The areas of highest densities are

in the municipalities of Kalibo(46,598), Ibalay (33,929), and Banga (27,342)

(NSO 1990). The estimated national population is 411,123 (NSO 1980).

6. Kiniray-a/Hamtikanon

Known also as Antiqueño, Hantik, and Hantikanon, they are

concentrated in the municipalities of San Jose (36,902). T.Fornier (24,254),

Culasi (27,915), and Bugasong (23,767). In the province of Antique, they

number some 369,872. The total national population is about 529,285 (NSO

1990).

7. Hiligaynon

The Hiligaynon (Ilongo, Illongo, Ilonggo, Panayano) occupy the

province of Iloilo principally with a total population of some, 1,608,083. The

largest concentrations are in Ajuy (37,763), Calinog (40,578), Buenavista

(40,862), and Barotac Nuevo (39,157). The national population is some

5,648,595 (NSO 1990).

8. Sulod

The sulod in the island of Panay (Bukid, Bukidnon, Mundo, Putian,

Monteses, Buki) can be found in the province of Capiz, Antique and Iloilo in

the municipalities of Tapaz, Valderrama, and Lambunano, respectively. The

language belongs to the central Philippine group. Kthe population is within

the range of 14,000. The dialects are related to Hiniraya, the lowland Kiniray-a

the adaptation is highland culture and Visayan in features with the subsistence

based founded on slash-and burn cultivation. The principal crops are upland,

rice, corn, rootcrops, supplemented by trapping and food-foraging. The

cultivators are highly mobile; fields are shifted every two years and allowed to

lie fallow for the next five years or so before being utilized again.


Clusters of few houses compose a settlement. It is usually headed by

the oldest man called parakuton, assisted by a younger man called timbang in

community activities and conflicts. The roles are not hereditary. Traditional

religious rites are numerous including 16 major ones celebrated by a baylan.

The group is known for their epics, like the epic of Labaw Dunggon,

which are among the most extensive in the country. And like those of the

Ifugao, these are committed only to memory.

9. Bukidnon

The Bukidnon (Magahat, Karolano, Mangahat, and Buquitnon)

of negros Oriental are different from the group of a similar name found in

Mindanao which is of Manobo affinity. There are two apparent subgroupings

of the NegrosBukidnon: the(1) Magahat who live along the tributaries of upper

Tayaban, in the municipalities of Tanjay, Santa Catalina, Bayawan (Tolong),

and Siatoni; and the 92) Karol-ano in the municipality, principally in Kamansi,

Oringao, Kabagayan, Manapla, Lumbangan, Mabuhay, and Tayasan.

The Bukidnon are shifting cultivators of the uplands in the interior

of the island. Their subsistence is mixed with food gathering. There is little

substantial ethnography on this group. They are not sedentary but they

maintain trade relationships with the lowland communities. The group was

first mentioned in 1894 in a report pointing out the existence of some 8,000

infields in the interior; and then again later in an account of the massacre of

an upland community in the implementation of the policy of reduccion. The

Bukidnon since then they have undergone acculturation while maintaining an

upland adaptation.

The culture is generalized Visayan adapted to dry agricultural

regimes up to elevations of 3,000 feet, planted to a wide range of cultigens

with emphasis on rice. There is similarity in culture with the Sulod of Panay.

The language is related to both Sugbuhanon and Hiligaynon.

10 Boholano

One of the major mainstream groups, the Boholano speaks a

variation of Cebuano with very minor changes in pronunciation. The areas of

densest concentration are in the municipalities of Talibon (40,770 NSO 1980),

Tagbilaran (54,734 NSO 1990), Ubauy (48,134 NSO 1990), and Loon (30,034

NSO 1990). The population in the island of Bohol alone is some 845,751 (NSO

1980). Whatever remains of their traditional culture has long been gone.

The general culture is lowland and coastal Visayan with intensive

wet rice agriculture instead of the propensity for the production of corn as in

32 PERALTA

central Visayas. The other crops are camote, cassava, taro, beans, bananas,

and mango; with the latter two in substantial quantities. Copra is ubiquitous

but abaca is not as much. Fishing is common in the coastal areas. Southern

Bohol is known for the unique hunting specializations for whales, dolphins,

sharks and mantas which have influenced other areas in northern Mindanao.

11. Cebuano

These people, formerly the largest ethnic group in the country, are

now next only to the Tagalog, with a national population of 15,151,489 (NSO

1990). In the island of Cebu alone, they number about 15,008,593 (NSO 1990).

Centrally located in the heart of the archipelago, they control commerce south

of Manila; they constitute the major ethnic population and cultural influence

in southern Philippines even among the peoples of Mindanao such that

Cebuano is the Lingua franca in the south.

12. Waray

The island of Samar and northern Leyte are inhabited by the Waray

(Waray-Waray), a hardy people who have attuned their lives to the fact that

their homes lie in the paths of Pacific typhoons. The core areas are Leyte

(700,634) and Samar (829,249 NSO 1990), with a total national population of

about 2,423,761 (NSO 1990).

The land is rugged with narrow coastal areas and a mature karst

spine. Wet rice intensive cultivation, production of copra, and domestic

fishing economy sustain the basic population. Fishing industry is particularly

intensive in the southern part of the island. The culture is basically Visayan.

The Waray weave beautiful mats from palm fronds in the vicinities of Basey in

the southern tip of Samar.

Mindoro

1. Mangyan

The Mangyan (Iraya, Alangan, Batangan, Tadyawan, Buhid, tao Buid,

Hanunoo, Ratagnon; alson known in literature as Mangaianes, Manghianes,

Manguianes, Tiron, Lactan, Buquit, Barangan, tagaydan, Pula, nauhan, and

BUid) is a generic term that refer to the indigenous peoples of the island of

Mindoro.

Several groupings have been noted by different authorities. These

include: (1) hHanunoo, southern part of Oriental Mindoro, (2) Buhid, just

north of the Hanunoo, (3) Batangan, in the interior forests north of the Buhid,


(4)Ratagnon, in the southern tip of the island, (5)Iraya, on the northern tip of

Mindoro, (6) tadyawan, on the east and northeastern side, and (7) Alangan,

on the vicinity Mount Halcon. The range of the other names by which they are

known is also very wide, especially with reference to exonym. The estimated

population is 30,000 (NSO 1980) with core areas located in the towns of

Sablayan (4,140 NSO 1980), BUlalacao (5,316 NSO 1990), and Mansalay

(4,090 NSO 1980).

Settlements are usually composed of five to twelve houses with

single families, on slopes near mountain streams. Each settlement is usually

identified by the name of the oldest member. An aggregation of settlements

may be geographically identified. The basic subsistence is shifting cultivation

with corn and rice as crops, intercropped with beans and sugar cane, later

planted to sweet potato, yam, and taro.

The single most impressive distinction of the Mangyan is their

continued use of a native Indic-based script or syllabary for writing their

ambahan or urukay, a form of poetry and songs. There are written by stylus or

knives on slivers of bamboo. These are sang or chanted accompanied by guitars,

fiddles, flutes or jew’s harps. Only the hanunoo of southeastern Mindoro and

the Buhid on the south of Bongabon Ruver actually use the script, although

there is a second type of script unknown to these two groups. This scripts is

used by the Buhid along the Tangon River.

Palawan

1. Palawan

The Tagbanwa (Tagbanuwa, Apurhuano, Tagbanua, Kalamian,

Calamiano, Kalamianon, Kalamianen, Tangula’nen, Silanga’nen, tagbanoua)

are the more dominant of the ethnic groups of Palwan. Mainly associated with

dry regimes of cultivation, they are found in central Palawan and northward

of the island. The area of concentrations are in Coron (4,366 NSO 1990),

Aborlan (3,115 NSO 1980), and Puerto Princesa (1,415 NSo 1980). The known

sub groups in the mainland are (1) Apurahuan, (2) Inagauan, (3) Tandala’nen,

and (4) Silanga’nen, while (5) the Kalamianen of the Calamian island group

constitute more variable groups that are marine-oriented. The estimated total

population is 13,643 (NSO 1990).

The group is known for their highly involved ritual, the pagdidiwata,

which is held in celebration of different occasions: a bountiful harvest,

weddings, and others. The ritual includes the drinking of rice wine using

bamboo straws from stoneware jars traded in from China. The group too is

34 PERALTA

one of the few remaining ethnic groups that still utilize their own syllabic

writing. Slash-and-burn cultivation is the primary subsistence source.

The main crop is swiddens is rice, although cassava is a preferred

staple. Rice is a ritual food and considered a divine gift from which ritual wine

is fermented. Corn is intercropped with rice and others like taro, cassava,

and sweet potato. Fishing is an important subsistence source, together with

hunting. Income is also partially obtained from forest resources. Like copal,

rattan, and wax. Metal craft is done with the double-bellows forge. The

Tagbanwa are one of the few peoples who still use the blowgun.

While kinship is reckoned bilaterally, there is a bias towards the

matrilineal side in terms of residence after marriage. Relationships with

affines are tenuous such that “in-law avoidance” is practiced.

2. Agutayanen

The Agutayanen (Agutayanen, Agutayano) are found originally in

the island of Agutaya in the Cuyo group of islands in northern Palawan. The

core area of the culture is in Agutaya which has a population of about 5,269

(NSO 1980), although there is a larger group in mainland Palawan estimated

at some 7,225 with a total national population of about 25,475 (1980). The

language is closely related to the Calamian Tagbanua.

The culture is basically lowland island culture with a marine orientation and

some agriculture.

3. Kuyonen

These ethnic groups (Cuyonon, Cuyuno, Cuyo, Kuyunon, and

Kuyunin) are found principally in the island of Cuyo (12,470) in northern

Palawan, Puerto Princesa (20,940), Roxas (13,405) in the Palawan mainland,

and the island of Dumaran (6,690). The total population is about 97,000, with

about 89,000 (NSO 1980) of this found in Palawan. The Kuyonen comprise

the ethnic elite in Palawab, the place having been historically the Spanish

capital of Palawan prior to Puerto Princesa. It has been contended that the

Ratagnon, a sub group of the Mangyan of Mindoro, are probably Kuyonen that

migrated to Mindoro.

The basic subsistence activities are central Philippine in character

combining both marine and terrestrial strategies, with the latter employing

both intensive wet cultivation and dry regimes.


4. Pala’wan

The Pal’wan belongs to the large Manobo-based language of

southern Philippine, with two generalized sub groupings. The population

number approximately 40,630 and is found in the southern half of the island

of Palawan. The Tau’t Batu of Singnapan Valley of Ransang is one of the

subgroups occupying a specialized environmental niche. The areas of highest

concentrations are in Brooke’s Point (17,875) and Quezon (11,610 NSO 1980).

The people, depending on the annual seasonal cycle, move their residences

from caves to the open field. One of the unique protein captures are from birds

and bats that live in the habitation caves, a subsistence strategy which appears

to have been present in the prehistoric Tabon Cave of Quezon.

The Pala’wan are swidden cultivators. The emphasis is on rice,

although this is intercropped with many other cultigens including corn,

yams, and sweet potato. Cassava is a preferred staple. The architecture is

distinctive, composed of multi levels that correspond to specific functions.

Very characteristic of the Palawan swidden cultivator is the use of bamboo,

saplings, and other longitudinal material in the creation of grids over the field

to aid in the control of the distribution of crops.

5. Molbog

The Molbog (also called Melebuganon) are found in the Balabac

island groups in southern Palawan where they are estimated to number 5,292

(1990). The national population is 6,795 (1980).

The Molbog are Islamic in religion. The agricultural base of the people

is rather poor and the population density is very low. Cropping is combined

with fishing for subsistence. Coconut is the only commercial crop. The fish

resource base is rich but exploited by large-scale commercial ventures that

supply Manila.

6. Batak

The Batak (Batac, Tinitianes) are one of the sub groups of the

Philippine Negrito who are genetically associated with the NEgrito of west

central Luzon, i.e., the Pinatubo Ayta. Like the classic Negrito, the Batak are

food gatherers, hunters, and quasi-swidden cultivators. They are distributed

in the northeastern mountains of Palawan from the Babuyan River in the

south, to Malcampo in the north. Thuey speak both Tagbanwa and Pala’wan.

Originally dispered, they have been in recent times (1880) congregated in the

area about tanabag, their first nucleated settlement. This was made possible

36 PERALTA

with the introduction of dry rice cultivation and civil government structure in

the area. The estimated population is 1,780(NSO 1990).

The Batak were formerly proficient in the use of the bow and arrow

as well as the blowgun. They now practice minimal shifting cultivation of dry

rice with occasional gardens planted to cassava, tubers, and vegetables. There

is food gathering to supplement their needs.

The social organization is based on bilateral kinship, the discrete

band, and rather loosely, the community. The civil structure at present follows

the barangay with a kapitan over an aggregate of bands. Loosely, too, like

the Tagbanwa, there is the masikampo who heads the surigiden or council of

elders.

The belief system parallels that of the surrounding tagbanwa. It

includes belief in five souls: one in the head, and four each in the arms and

legs. Whatever happens to the souls determines the health, or life and death of

the individual.

7. Tau’t Batu

The western flank of Mount Mantalinganjan in southern Palawan is

marked with a karst formation with one of the largest sinkholes in the world,

forming a basin-like valley drained by the Sumurum River. In this relatively

isolated valley live the Tau’t Batu, a small sub group (87 NM 1983) of the

Pala’wan that speak a dialect of this language.

Following a seasonal fluctuation in the weather, the people follow a

transhuman way of life- a patterned movement within the valley following

the annual cycles of seasons to which they adapt their way of subsistence

and adaptation. During the beginning of the dry season, starting about the

beginning of the year to the end of the dry season in June, they in live in field

rainy weather they move into the caves that pockmark the limestone cliffs

after the rice harvest, sheltered from brunt of the rain and flooding river. in

the caves are sources of protein from bats and birds. These are caught with

the use of huge shatters woven from palm leaves and long poles with strands

of rattan thorns that can entangle bat wings readily.

Even in caves, the Tau’Batu construct habitation structures that are based on

a modular sleeping platform (datag) incorporated with a fireplace. The houses

in the open hillsides are more elaborate. The granaries are better constructed

and utilize ratguards on the posts.

The Tau’t Batu, like all Pala’wan use the blowgun for hunting small

prey Principal among their musical instruments is the huge two-stringed

guitar- the kudlong.


Sulu/Tawi-Tawi

1. Yakan

The island of Basilan just off the southern tip of the Zamboanga

peninsula of western Mindanao, and the islands of Sakol, Malanipa, and

Tumalutab east of Zamboanga are inhabited by the Yakan. There is an

estimated population of about 86,926 in the island of Basilan alone; largely

concentrated in the municipalities of tipo-Tipo (25,368), Lamitan (14,003),

Sumisip (18,777), and Tuburan (19,349 NSO 1990). The dispersal in other

parts of the country brings an estimated total population of 119,865 (NM

1990).

The language is closely related to the Sama, but the culture of the

people is adapted to land orientation rather than the sea for those living

inland. Agriculture is largely upland rice, although copra is also widespread.

The religion is Islamic with syncretic elements from traditional and indigenous

beliefs.

The Yaken are well known for their elaborate dress, items of which

are almost similar for both male and female. Noteworthy of these articles of

dress is the 15-meter long red sash0 the kandit. Textile weaving done on the

back strap loom is much sought after, especially because of the intricate and

beautiful motifs.

2. Sama

The Sama (AA Sama, Jama Mapun, Samal, Balangini, Balangingi,

Bangingi, Pangutaran) are a highly variable group with the population

concentrated in Sulu and Tawi-Tawi (118,572) provinces. The core areas

are in Siasi (15,248). Tandubas (16,706), and Sitangkai (30,328), and

Pangutaran (14,382) (NSO 1990). The national population is about 319,809

(NM 1994). There are three generalized linguistic groupings: western,eastern

(Pangutaran), and central. The people group themselves consistent with the

dialects they speak and are identified by their home islands. With these as

bases, they distinguish at least 20 sub groupings among themselves, including

one Sagaa, whose language is spoken in north Borneo, the group is Islamic in

religion. Some are nominally Muslim. Still others are referred to as totally non-

Islamic. In terms of adaptation they group themselves into two: Sama Dilaut

(mistakenly called Badjao) and the Sama Diliya. The former is commonly

associated with marine orientation and still retain much of the indigenous

religion: the latter is usually landed and highly influenced by Islam.

38 PERALTA

The culture is basically lowland Southeast Asian with features both of

marine orientation and rice and cassava cultivation. Cassava is the preferred

staple. Copra is also produced. There are affinities with the coastal groups of

north Borneo. Trade is an important feature of the culture and in certain areas

ship buildings is a well-developed industry especially in the island of Sibutu.

Houses are usually built on high stilts over shallow waters in sheltered

areas, with the ubiquitous boats of many kinds usually moored alongside. The

dead are interred in cemeteries on land identified by ornately carved wooden

markers. (Abstract representing the dead on top of vehicles like the duyong or

sea cow).

3. Sama Dialut

The Sama Dilaut are a small ethnic Sama groups (Bajao, Bajaw,

Samal Laut, Pal’au, Orang Laut Badjau, Lutao, Sama Dilaut, Sama Jengngeng)

commonly known as “sea gypsies” among the Westerm peoples, but as

Sama Dilaut in the localities. The places of population concentrations are in

Sitangkai, Tawi-tawi (1,075), and places of population concentrations are in

Sitangkai, Tawi-tawi (1,075), and Bongao (660). In the province they number

about 1,735 (NSO 1980) and the national count is about 29,754 (NM 1994).

It is difficult to get an accurate census since the groups are highly mobile and

spread out in a wide area that extends even to the northern tip of Luzon.

There is question in the use of the name “Badjao”, for the true Badjao

are found in northern Borneo. The Sama Dilaut claim that whent they were

in Sabah they were called Badjao due to the similarity of their culture with

the boat peoples of Borneo. There is a considerable difference between the

languages of the Sama Dilaut from the eastern or western badjao of north

Borneo. The centers of population are in Sitangkai, Tando-owak, and Tungihat

in the province of Tawi-tawi.

The people live in house boats called lepa and their culture is closely

linked with the sea. Their houses are usually on stilts over shallow seas, linked

by bridges. House interiors are not partitioned and often feature a hanayan, an

ornate shelving. Culture traits are very similar to the mainstream of Southeast

Asia especially with similar groups with marine orientations. Subsistence is

largely associated with marine resources. Cassava is the staple. Traditionally

a non-aggressive people, they claim to have no weaponry. When confronted

with aggression, the reaction of the Sama is generally to take flight.

The Sama houseboat, lepa, is one of the most beautiful of traditional

boats, possessing an ancient type of boat architecture with a uniquely designed

sail featuring a “mouth” which enables the boat to go almost directly into the


eye of the wind.

4. Tausug

The Tausug (Taw Sug, Tau Suug, Sulu, Suluk, Moro, Joloano, Taw

Suluk) number about 701,367 (NM 1994) in the Philippines, spreading out

to Malaysia where there are more than an estimated 110,000. The core areas

in the Philippines are in Jolo (50,265), Indanan (40,791), Siasi (30,064), and

Patikul (29,326). In the province of Sulu, there are over 413,700 (NSO 1990).

The society appears to be very homogenous. The name is supposed to mean

“people of the current” although some say this interpretation came from the

terms “tau”, person, and Suug which is the old name of the island of Jolo. The

religion is Islam and the society is structured around a sultanate.

The Tausug appear to have moved in the eleventh century A.D, into

the southwestern Philippines, where they have now rooted, from northeastern

Mindanao in the area of Butuan City. The language of both the Butuanon and

Tausug are closely related. The Kamayo of Bislig in coastal eastern Mindanao

is likewise linguistically related to the Tausug. The Tausug are a dominant

ethnic group in the Sulu archipelago not only due to their numbers but also

because of their political and religious institutions.

Subsistence is based on agriculture, fishing, and the production of

coconuts and hemp. Corn, cassava, yams, millet, and sorghum are planted

apart from rice. Metalcraft and weaving are well-developed. Trade is one of

the more popular occupations. Their language in fact is the language of trade

in the southern archipelago. Bilateral ties are important, with the kindred

extending to the second cousin, with a bias towards the patrilateral side.

The traditional political structure is the sultanate. The sultan is the head of

all ranks within the sultanate; succession is by election by his staff although

patrilineal succession is the ideal. The datus who in theory are descendants of

the original sultan occupy ascribed status.

5. Jama Mapun

The Jama Mapun (Bajau, Cagayano, Orang Cagayan, Sama Cagayan,

Tao Cagayan, Sama) are a Sama-speaking people widely distributed in the area

about north Borneo and southwestern Philippines. The largest concentration is

in the island of Cagayan de Sulu in southern Palawan. Including the dispersed

segment of the population, the national count is estimated at 22,320(NSO

1990). Traditionally, the Jama Mapun subsistence technology is based on

agriculture and maritime trading, with the cultivation of coconuts for the

production of copra as a cash crop. Corn and cassava are alternative staples.

40 PERALTA

Unlike most other Sama groups, the Jama Mapun, are more oriented toward

land.

Settlements are nucleated along the coast but patterns tend to scatter

towards the interior. Much of the consumer goods are obtained through barter

of forest products and their own produce with the population centers in north

Borneo. Unlike in most Philippine groups, the kinship structure displays

both bilateral and unilineal features with patilineal bias with respect to the

inheritance of titles and an ancestors-focused relationship called a lungan.

The religion is basically islam with some syncretism, and the political

structure is related to the institution of the sultanate with its religious

overtones. The music and dance of the people are elaborate and are Southeast

Asian in context.

Mindanao

1. Manobo

The Manobo are probably the most numerous of the ethnic groups of

the Philippines in terms of the relationships and names of the various groups

that belongs the comprise the Manobo group. The total national population

including the sub groups is 749,042 (NM 1994); occupying core areas from

Sarangani island into the Mindanao mainland in the provinces of Agusan de

Sur, Davao provinces, Bukidnon, and North and South Cotabato. The groups

occupy such a wide area of distribution that localized groups have assumed the

character of distinctiveness as a separate ethnic grouping such as the Bagobo

or the Higaonon, and the Atta. Depending on specific linguistic points of view

the membership of a dialect with a super group shifts.

A tentative but more specific classification that needs attention

divides the Manobo into a number of major groups, some of which are: (1)

Ata Subgroup: Dugbatang, Talaungod, and tagauanum; (2) Bagobo subgroup:

Attaw (Jangan, Klata, Obo, Giangan, Guiangan), Eto (Ata), Kailawan

(Kaylawan, Langilan, Manuvu/Obo, Matigsalug, (Matigsaug, Matig Salug),

Tagaluro, and Tigdapaya; (30 Higaonon Subgroup: Agusan, Lanao, and

Misamis; (4) North Cotabato: Ilianen, Livunganen, and Pulenyan; (5) South

Cotabato: Cotabato (with subgroup Tasaday and Blit), Sarangani, Tagabawa;(6)

Western Bukidnon: Kiriyeteka, Ilentungen, and Pulanggiyen; (7) Agusan del

Sur; (8) Banwaon; (9) Bukidnon; and others. The various subgroups are not

sufficiency defined at present.

The Manobo occupy and have adapted to various ecological niches

ranging from the coastal tot eh rugged mountain highlands of the interiors


of Mindanao. The different subgroups are highly dispersed transecting the

entire island of Mindanao, there adapting to various environmental niches to

developed self-contained variations of a generalized culture. The orientation of

all the sub groups, however, is upland. Commonly, cultivation is multi cropped

and inter cropped, including rice, corn, legume, yams, and sweet potato,.

Agriculture production is supplemented by hunting and food gathering.

Settlements are generally kin—oriented nuclear groups near the

swidden fields located on the ridges. The communities are widely dispersed

and placed on high ridges above mountain drainage systems. In some areas,

there are long houses that accommodate a number of families, usually of an

extended kind. Leadership is placed on a highly skilled and socially powerful

individual who builds up his following through various modes of alliances

including marriage. In a grouping, usually of kindred traditional community,

they would recognize one datu as head. A number of datus would be united

under a more sovereign datu up through a political pyramid with a sultan and

a rajah muda holding sway in a larger territory. Although the kin relationship

is bilateral. There is a bias toward the male in terms of decision-making and

leadership. The woman holds a subordinated position in the society.

Nowadays, the structure of leadership is gradually changing with an

overlay of the contemporary civil structures radiating from the governor of

the province down to the level of the sitio councilman often assumed by the

better educated younger generation of the community. The groups are largely

Christianized and there are survivors of some belief systems the national

education system has also largely penetrated the more nucleated areas and

minimally the more inaccessible rural areas. The distinctive character of ethnic

dress has mostly given way to commercial clothing, with ethnic materials

findings their way to the antique trade.

2. Sangil/Sangir

The Sangil (Sangir, Sangihe, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, Talaoerezen)

are the people who live in the Sangihe and Talaud island group, and in

the southern coast of Mindanao about Sarangani Bay. The population is

concentrated in Balut and Sarangani islands (2,085) off Mindanao, and Jose

Abad Santos (685) in the province of Davao del Sur where there are a total of

4,322 (NSO 1980). The national population is some 10,344 (NM 1994). They

speak a language with Indonesian affinities. Islamic in influence, much of the

indigenous culture Kalagan group. The culture is associated with lowland and

coastal adaptations with a mixture of intensive cultivation and horticulture.

42 PERALTA

The traditional crops include rice in upland fields, sweet potato, corn, and

banana. The people also engage in boat-making and cash-cropping with

coconut.

Prior to 1900 the local village group was called a soa, composed of

kin groups organized as out-marrying matrilineages. Much later, bilateral

relationships developed. Although Christianity and Islam have affected the

belief system, much of the aspects of the indigenous religion remain, Ritual

specialists serve as intermediaries with the supernatural, particularly with

ancestral spirits.

Grown in upland farms are sweet potatoes, corn, bananas, and rice.

Coconut is an important cash crop. The making of boats, especially large

vessels, is well developed.

3. Maranao

The “People of the Lake” (Maranaw, Ranao, Lanon, Hiloona) are one

of the larger groups in the country professing Islam. They are settled about

Lake Lanao- the largest deep lake in the country. The land is some 2,200 feet

above sea level in the Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau.

The national population is about 863,659 (NM 1994) of which some

553,054 situated in Lanao del Sur. The core areas are Marawi City (86,038),

Lumba-a-bayabao (18,603), and Bayang (18,639) (NSO 1990). In Lanao del

Norte they constitute the minority population. The genealogies of the families

still trace their Islamic origins to Sharifs Kabunsuan who introduced Islam

among the Magindanao.

The people are basically inland agriculture, with some dry rice

cultivations in the hilly areas and intensive wet rice in the flood plains.

Communities usually cluster about a mosque and a torogan, a royal house

belonging to the leading household in the area, which also serves a political

function.

The Maranao are widely distributed all over the country and

economically are associated with market trade. Wet rice cultivation is the

basic mode of food, production, with some corn, sweet potato, coffee, cassava,

and peanuts. Dry rice is also cultivated. Fishing in the lake is also important

although this has declined.

The Maranao, however, are best known for the sophistication of

their weaving and wood and metal craft. They have produced probably the

most spectacular of Philippine vernacular architecture with their impressive

torogan. The design motifs which form the basis for their okil is one of the most

systematized in the country. Among the more noted of the most systematized


in the country. Among the more noted of the design motifs of their okil is

the sarimanok and naga, which are abstract animate forms of a cock and the

dragon or snake, respectively. The awang, the dugout boat they use in Lake

Lanao, is probably the most unique of dugouts in the country, if not the most

ornate.

Maranao textiles are also famous for their very ornate designs and

colors which reflect the status of the wearer. The tube skirt, malong, is a very

versatile article of clothing which serves many purposes.

4. Ilanun

The Ilanun (Iranun, Ilianon, Llanum, Hilanoones, Illanos) are a

group related to the Maranao and the Magindanao. They are found in the

province of Magindanao in the municipalities of Nulingi (15,175), Parang

(8,045), Matanog (5,595), and Barira (5,650) (NSO 1980)- the area about

Polloc harbor and Illana Bay east of Zamboanga and traditionally to the

foothills of the Tiruray highlands; with a population of over 149,683 (NM

1994). The major concentration of the people is now along the coastline.

There is a remnant group called Illanum of over 4,000 people on the western

coastal plain of North Borneo. The Ilanun differentiated from the Maranao

and Magindanao populations prior to the introduction of Islam into the

area, remaining distributed along the waterways and coasts with a major

development in the area between Balabagan and Malabang.

The people, who are marine-oriented, are historically known for their

sea exploits. Spanish pressures forced the Ilanun inland and forced them to

the sanctuary of the Lake Lanao area from which they shifted their operations.

The area became so important that the Spaniards tended to think that the

Illanun are from Lanao Del Sur. The withdrawal of the Spaniards led to the

lessening of contact between the Maranao and the Ilanun. At present, the

culture is generally similar to the Maranao of Lanao del Sur province with a

subsistence pattern based on intensive wet cultivation of rice, long distance

marine trade, and fishing.

5. Magindanao

The Magindanao (Magindanaw, Maguindanaw, Maguindanaon,

Magindanaoan, Mindanao) are one of the larger ethnic groups of the country

with a total population of over 1,649,882 (NM 1994), with about 469,216 of

this number found in the province of Maguindanao. The concentrations are in

the municipalities of Dinaig (35,851), Datu Piang (51,970), Maganoy (46,006),

and Buluan (52,242) (NSO 1990).

44 PERALTA

Constant contact by the Spaniards with this group led to the naming

of the entire island after the Magindanao during historical times. The

Magindanao practice Islam; their culture, social structure and organization

are influenced by this religion, without which the group would not have been

able to resist the incursion of the Spanish conquistadores. One of the three

Philippine sultanates is among the Magindanao. The Magindanao sultanate

at one period sociopolitical system and the hierarchical structure of social

positions are complex and similar to that of the Sulu sultanate. There are three

royal houses: Maguindanaon in Sultan Kudarat, Buayan in Datu Piang, and

Kabuntalan in earliest to, embodied in oral traditions and in accordance with

the Paluwaran code which contains provisions on every aspect of life.

The culture is characteristically lowland with a special adaptation

to marshland. Wet rice, the staple, is produced. Arts and crafts are well-

developed, exhibiting sophistication in weaving and metalworking, with very

characteristic design motifs that show affinity with the rest if Southeast Asia,

yet retaining a distinctive ethnic character.

6. Tiruray

The southwestern Mindanao highlands range to about 4, 000 feet

and face the Celebes Sea. The Tiruray, one of the ethnic groups that live in this

area, have retained much of their own religion in spite of their proximity to the

Magindanao of the Cotabato Valley. They live in the territory bounded by the

Tamontaca River to the north, and the Tran River to the south, the coast to the

west and the Cotabato Valley on the east.

There are three subgroups depending on their orientation-riverine,

coastal, and mountain-each with variations in dialect. The people also use

ceremonial and ritual languages. The houses are generally situated near the

upland field, grouped more or less in the vicinity of the house of the group

leader, forming a grouping called an inged. The traditional economy is based

on dry cultivation supplemented by food gathering, hunting and fishing. The

principal food is glutinous rice and corn. Other crops cultivated include corn,

sweet potatoes, sugar cane, cassava, taro, and tobacco. A lunar calendar and

another based on stars are used in determining agricultural seasons. There are

also institutionalized trading pacts with the Maguindanao. Their traditional

baskets with black trimmings are exceptionally beautiful.

This southern ethnic group (Tiruray, Teduray, Teguray, Tidulay)

may be found in the province of Magindanao, with concentrations in the

munipalities of Upi (13,535), South Upi(10,240), Dinaig (3,255), and

Ampatuan (1,300) (NSO 1980). The population ranges nationally to 76,883


(NM 1994), with about 30,000 in Magindanao alone. There are about 12,000

in Sultan Kudarat and 695 in North Cotabato. The Tiruray are in constant

interaction with the neighboring Magindanao.

As a people, the Tiruray are distinctive in terms of ethnic art and

craft. Their basketry are among the most intricately woven in the country,

often profusely covered with characteristic design motifs. Their horse-hair

ornaments-earings, pendants, neck pieces-are clearly representative of the

material culture.

7. Tasaday

This very small ethnic community is one of the many Manobo

subgroups, speaking a dialect closely related to the South Cotabato Manobo

or Manobo Blit. When first reported in 1971, the group was comprised of some

26 individuals. The population in 1986 was 61 (NM) and concentrated in the

vicinity of the Tasaday mountain due west of Lake Sebu in South Cotabato.

The group is a food foraging group recently being introduced to swidden

cultivation by their Manobo Blit wives, 17 of which have married into the

group. They previously had been frequenting caves as habitation, and when

initially found, were using stone tools minimally.

When reported first, the subsistence mode was food procurement,

with minimal hunting. The clothing used for both men and women were leaves

of the genus Coruligo or ground orchid. Later, Dafal, a Manobo Blit Introduced

to the Manobo Tasaday the metal blade and other food procurement

technologies.

8. T,boli

The T’boli (Tagabili, Tiboli) together with the B’laan to the east

and Tiruray to the north are in a single language group distinct from the

remaining language groups of Mindanao. The T’boli traditionally live in

scattered settlements in the highlands of southwestern Mindanao, in the

province of South Cotabato. The cultural hearted is around the complex of

highland lakes- Lake Sebu, Lake Selutan, and Lake Lahit. The settlements are

usually scattered but are composed of family clusters of fifteen households or

more. Clusters, however are within shouting distance at elevations averaging

3000 feet above sea level. More recently these settlements have become

relatively larger, comprising thirty or more household. Each settlement would

have a ceremonial house called a gono bong (big house). Members of such

communities are usually related by kindship. The head of each groupings

is a datu. Extended families are common in households that operate as the

46 PERALTA

economic and social unit.

The T’boli practice swidden farming, cultivating highlands

rice(teneba) which is the staple food. Other crops include sugar cane, taro,

sweet, and potato. Corn and coffee are considered cash crops. Of domestic

animals, the horse is an index of economic status. While forest products are

important food sources, lake fish is an important protein source, too.

During recent time, the T’boli have been noted for their backloom

textile tinalak woven from tie-dyed abaca fiber. Nationally popular, too, are

their personal ornaments made of multicolored beads, their embroidered

blouses, and hats. Small household industries using the lost wax process

have grown. The manufacture cast brass bolo handles, figurines and betelnut

containers, and other ornaments.

While the kinship system is bilateral there is a male bias, with the

father as the dominant figure in the household. In joint and extended families

the oldest male dominates. The oldest male child takes over this dominance

upon the death of the father. If there is no such son, lomolo is practiced

whereby the father’s eldest brother assumes wealth of the deceased, and

claims the latter’s wife as his own.

While the organized principle in the society is kinship, communities

are also linked through a recognized leader- the datu who does not really

command whose word is respected because of his status, economic means,

courage, skill in settling disputes, and wisdom in the interpretation of custom

laws. The position is achieved through community validation. He traditionally

acquires rights over a person whom he has paid as unsettled debt.

The major social ceremony and ritual of the T’boli is the moninum

usually associated with marriage but including a multilateral exchange

of articles of wealth (kimu). The ritual is the climax to a marriage which is

composed of six ceremonial and reciprocal feasts, with the families taking

turns in being hosts (moken) and guests (mulu). The cycle of ceremonies may

take many years to complete which sometimes results in the construction of

gono minimum- a huge house that can accommodate more than 200 persons.

9. B’laan

The B’laan (Bilaan, Balud, Baraan, Biraan, Bilanes, Blan, Buluan,

Buluanes, Koronadal, Sarangaani, Taglagad, Tagalagad, Tacogon, Tumanao,

Vilanes, Bubluan, Buluanes) are principally located in the province of Davao

del Sur where they number about 94,885. The core areas of the group are

in the municipalities of San Marcelino (10,953), Malita(7,776), J.A. Santos

(7,568), and Sarangai (5,563) (NSO 1990). They are now widespread in the


South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat areas with an estimated total population

of 450,000. Traditionally, the B’laan inhabits the hills behind the west coast

of Davao gulf abutting the Bagobo territory to the north and the watershed of

Davao and Cotabato. In very recent times they have moved toward the coastal

areas. There are several subgroups: (1) Tagalagad, (2) Tagcogon,(3) Buluan,

(4) Biraan, (5) Vilanes, and (6) Balud.

The basic culture is dry cultivation of a board range food plants

including rice, supplemented by food gathering and hunting. Culture change is

in an advanced stage. The B’laan language is classified in a group that includes

the Tiruray and T’boli, which are distinct from the central Philippine group.

The same pattern of scattered settlements exists among the group

although the houses generally remain within sight of each other near swidden

fields. Rice, corn, and millet are planted. Corn is gradually supplanting rice as

the staple. Gardens are planted to sugar cane, bananas, and rootcrops.

Each neighborhood is organized under a local datu who has

autonomous authority over an area depending on his personal influence. The

position is supposedly hereditary and follows a rule of the firstborn assuming

the position. The lebe is the B’laan equivalent of the Bagobo magani.

10. Subanun

The Subanun or people of the upstream (Subanen, Subanon) may be

found on the western flank of Mindanao, in the provinces of Zamboanga del

Norte (204,056 NM 1994) and Zamboanga de Sur (193,305 NM 1994). The

population is estimated at 407,495 (NM 1994) with core areas in Katipunan

(10,255) and Lapuyan (10,510) municipalities (NSO 1980). The known

subgroups are due to linguistic variations: (1) Misamis, (2) Lapuyan, (3)

Sindangan, (4) Tuboy, and (5) Salug.

The cultural adaptation is upland and swidden cultivation. The

traditional settlement pattern is highly dispersed with a few residential

structures on top of ridges near potable water sources, which are placed

adjacent to cultivated fields. Locations near springs rather than streams

are preferred. Rice is the preferred food but fields are also planted to corn,

sweet potato, and cassava. Land problems and degraded environment have

forced some of the people to wet rice agriculture. Metal craft and weaving are

practiced. They have maintained trade with coastal peoples through centuries.

Present-day Subanon are non aggressive, although ther are indications that

in the past the people were required to provide a “soul companion” for an

important deceased relative.

48 PERALTA

Unique among the ethnic groups of the country is the Subanon set of

rituals, buklog, that utilizes a huge dancing platform to which a log is attached

that hits a hollowed sounding board on the ground.

A subgroup, the Subanen, is related to the Subanon but concentrated

in Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte with a total population of 52,600(NSO 1980).

11. Kamiguin

The oldest town of the island of Camiguin-Guinsiliban-just off the

northern coast of Mindanao was originally inhabited by the Kamiguin speakers

of a language (Quinamiguin, Camiguinon) that is derived from Manobo with

an admixture of Boholano. Sagay is the only other municipality where this is

spoken. The total population is 531(NSO 1990). Boholano predominates in the

rest of the island.

The culture of the Kamiguin has been subsumed within the context

of Boholano or Visayan culture. The people were Christianized as early as

1596. The major agricultural products are abaca, cacao, coffee, banana, rice,

corn, and coconut. The production of hemp is the major industry of the people

since abaca thrives very well in the volcanic soil of the island. The plant was

introduced in Bagacay, a northern town of Mindaano, but it is no longer

planted there. Small-scale trade carried out with adjoining islands like Cebu,

Bohol, and Mindanao.

12. Mamanwa

The Mamanwa (variously called Caonking, Mamaw, Amamanusa,

Manmanua, Mamaua, Mamanwa) are one fot he three groups that occupy a

very distinct position in Philippine populations. Heretofore, the Mamanwa

has been classified as a Negrito subgroup, but physical anthropological data

indicate otherwise. The Mamanwa form a distinct branch from the rest of the

Philippine populations which include the various groups of the Negrito, and the

Austronesian-speaking peoples which now comprise the modern populations.

The Mamanwa appear to be an older branch of population appearances in the

Philippines affecting to some extent the Negrito of northeastern Luzon. Like

all the NEgrito groups in the country, the Mamanwa speak a language that is

basically that of the dominant group about them.

The national population is about 1,922 (NSO 1990) with concentration

in Agusan del Norte (725) principally in Kitcharao (300) and Santiago (430)

(NSO 1980). The people, however, a re very mobile, continually was relocating

themselves in search of subsistence. Lately, they have moved into Southern

Leyte.


The life way of the Mamanwa is founded on slash-and-burn cultivation

on small patches minimal wet rice agriculture. Food gathering is heavily relied

upon. The bow and arrow which was once important in hunting is no longer

in use. Patron-client relationships with members of the surrounding group

operate to some extent to provide them with subsistence needs. Settlements

are generally small, numbering from three to twenty households in high ridges

are generally small, numbering from three to twenty households in high ridges

or valleys. The houses are usually arranged in a circle. Traditionally, dwellings

are without walls.

A community is usually composed of kindred. Leadership resides

in the oldest and most respected male. The role is not inherited but must be

earned.

13. Butuanon

The flat marshland composing the estuary of the Agusan River

in northeastern Mindanao is inhabited by a group of people now known as

the Butuan. The native Butuan, however, would refer to himself rather as a

“Lapaknon” or a person on the other hand; believe that they are an offshoot

of Manobo populations of the Agusan Valley. The language of the Butuanon is

more closely related to Cebuano than any of the Manobo tongues. In fact, the

languages of Butuanon, Tausug of Jolo, and Kamayo of Bislig have a very close

affinity.

Linguistic data suggest that the Tausug moved into the Sulu

archipelago from the general area of Butuan during the eleventh century, at a

period of intense trade between Agudan and the Chinese,as shown by the very

rich archaeological materials in the area. The Kamayo might have developed

from the very early connection of Butuan with Caraga on the eastern coast of

Mindanao.

The population (24,566 NSO 1990) is at present highly urbanized

with a defined Visayan culture highly influenced by the Cebuano. Much of the

production of the area is in area is in rice, coconuts, logging, fishing, and fish

culture.

14. Kamayo

Kamayo are related linguistically to the Tausug and Butuanon, and

belong to the Meso and central Philippine family of languages. The group are

concentrated in the provinces of Agusan de Norte (6,500) and Surigao del Sur

(115,850). The population estimate at present is placed at 122,350(NM 1994).

Like most of the groups in the eastern coast of Mindanao, the Kamayo

50 PERALTA

cultivate wet rice in the flat land along the coast and nearby valleys while

upland fields are planted to a variety of crops including cash crops of abaca.

15. Bagobo

The upland Bagobo traditionally live in the east and south of Mount

Apo and the eastern side of Cotabato,. Most Bagobo populations are now

scattered in the interior ranges beyond Davao City, while those on the coastal

plains have adapted a lowland way of life. The national population is placed at

58,601 (NM 1994).

The Bagobo are heterogeneous, including subgroups like the Tahurug

west of the middle of the Davao River; the Timananon in the headwaters of the

Tinaman River; the Puangion in the southeastern Bukidnon; the Kuamanon

living near the Kuaman River, and others, with differences in dialects and

cultures traits. Bagobo in the linguistic sense belongs to the Manobo family

of languages. The term is of little help in fixing ethnic identity because for all

intents and purposes the group described in 1910 is virtually nonexistent now

due to the spread of Christianity, plantation economy, and the market system.

Traditionally, the Bagobo society is dominated by a warrior class

called magani that includes the community leader, usually a datu who wields

no real power except hi influence as senior arbiter and judge, and qualities

which derive from his being a magani. He exerts influence over a community

composed of households organized through kinship principles, whether by

blood or by marriage.

The houses are scattered near swidden fields. The scattered

neighborhood is organized into a district or political domain under the datu

who functions as a temporal head of a group. It is said that several domains

indentified as Bagobo with its datu or chiefs, recognize the political authority

of the datu of Sibulan as a higher level of hierarchy. The house of the datu

has been said to be able to accommodate several hundreds of people, and it

is he ceremonial and defense center for the community. Specific domains are

controlled by a magani the magani is identified by his bloodied clothing, which

he earns from successful combats.

Abaca used to grow wild in the Davao provinces. These are usually

stripped for the fiber which has been used for commercial purposes especially

during the early 1900s when the demand for hemp was great. Domestically,

the fiber is used for weaving tie-dyed cloth. Both men and women use the

abaca for clothing which is usually heavily decorated with multicolored beads

and embroidery over the woven designs on the cloth. The Bagobo is also


known for the production of cast brass ornaments like bells, using the lostwax

process.

They subsist largely on upland rice cultivated in a dry regime in

swiddens. This crop is supplemented by corn, sweet potato, banana, sago, and

coconut. The Bagobo are food gatherers and hunters; they fish, too.

The bagobo pantheon is composed of a number of spirit beings

that interfere in the affairs of men. The principal being is the creator called

Eugpamolak Manobo or Manama. There are a large number of lesser nature

spirits who have to be shown respect and others who take pleasure in being

irritants. The mabalian who are usually women, perform the rituals, which

include healing. It is not rare that mabalians are also skilled weavers.

16. Mandaya

The Mandaya are a complex group (Mangwanga, Mangrangan,

Managosan, Magosan, Pagsupan, Divavaonon, Dibabaon, Mansaka) and

can be found in Davao Oriental province where there is a population of

some 22,000 (NSO 1980). The national population is about 172,506 (NM

1994). They are concentrated in the municipalities of Caraga(6,860), Manay

(2,770), Cateel (2,665), Lupon (3,055), and Tarragona (2,935). The known

sub groupings are: (1) Mansaka, (2) Pagsupan, (3) Mangwanga (Mangrangan,

Compostela), (4) Managosan (Magosan), and (5) Divavaon (Dibabaon, Mixed

Manobo Mandaya), (6) karaga, (7) Mansaka (NSO 1980).

They occupy the upstream areas, practicing slash-and-burn cultivation

in highly dispersed settlements. Apart from the wide range od cropping that

they do for domestic consumption. Abaca is cultivated as a cash crop. Rice,

various tubers, and bananas form the bulk of the diet. Communities are

dispersed usually near swiddens. Houses are usually occupied by two or three

family units, and these are usually within sight even if dispersed. Proximity

of these houses constitutes a neighborhood which is loosely organized into

a larger discrete domain with all the households related through several

crosscutting kin relationships. Families are either nuclear or polygynous.

Traditionally, each domain has a headman, bagani, whose word is

considered law and who wears distinctive clothing. His rule is tempered by an

advisory council, angtutukay, usually composed of elders in the community.

With the disappearance of the bagani structure at present the civil structures

of the barangay prevails.

The Mandaya/Mansaka are famous for their distinctive dress and

ornamentation. The tie-dye weaving and embroidery by the women is linked

up with a sophisticated symbolic art system that evolved design motifs that are

52 PERALTA

provided with names. The beadwork and silver craft on body ornaments marks

this group as one of the most noteworthy of Philippine indigenous peoples in

terms of art.

17. Kalagan

The Kalagan (Tagakaolom Dagan, Laoc, Saka, Carargan, Calagan,

Kagan, Laoc,Saka, Caragan, Calagan, Saka, Mandaya, Mansaka) belong to

the Mandaya/Mansaka group, and have three subgroups: (1) Tagakaolo

proper, (2) Kagan, and (3) Lao. The latter is an acculaturated group in the

Haguimitan Mountains of the San Agustin peninsula on the east side of Davao

gulf, now largely occupied by the Mandaya. The core areas are in the places

between the coast and the B’laan country in the province of Davao. They are

in the tributaries of Malita and Lais, and Talagauton rivers in the interior.

The population is estimated at 87,270 (NM 1994). Historically these were

composed of small, warring groups.

Much of subsistence is through dry cultivation of a wide range of

crops that include rice and tubers. It is supplemented by food gathering. Rice

is being supplanted by corn in importance as the basic staple of the people.

Corn is cropped two or three times a year.

Traditionally culture is similar to the neighboring Kulaman and

B’laan, where specific territories are ruled over by a strong man with special

status. The culture however has undergone many changes with its linkages

with the national market systems.

18. Kolibugan

The Kolibugn resulted from the intermingling of the indigenous

Subanon populations with the Muslim populations in the coastal areas of

Zamboanga. The population is concentrated along the western side of the

provinces of both northern (6,495) and southern Zamboanga (3,270), and

a national count of over 11,000. The concentrations are in Siocon (2,040),

Sirawai (1,960), and Sibuco (1,520) (NSO 1980). The total population count is

estimated at 32,227 (NM 1994).

The generalized culture is lowland central Philippines focuses on wet

rice cultivation, and some localized swidden cultivation. Adaptation to the

arine environment is made, but mostly in terms of domestic fishing.


Ethno –Linguistic Groups Listing

1. Abaknon (Sama related) Capul Is.2. Aburlin Zambales3. Apayao Aklan 3.1 Cabugao-Mandaya 3.2 Karawagan 3.3 Talifugo4. Bagobo(see Manobo) Davao5. Badjao (see Sama) Sitangkai, Tungihat, Tando-owak 5.1 Sama Dilaut 5.2 Sama Jengeng6. Balangao Natonin, Mt. Province7. Bantoanan Tablas, Simara, Banton8. Bikol Bikol Peninsula 8.1 Naga 8.2 Buhi, Bato, etc. 8.3 Albay/Sorsogon 8.4 Catanduanes9. B’laan Davao, S. Cotabato, S. Kudarat 9.1 Koronadal 9.2 Sarangani 9.3 Duluanon 9.4 Tau M’loy10. Boholano Bohol11. Bontok Mountain Province 11.1 Central 11.2 Talubin 11.3 Barlig 11.4 Lias 11.5 Kadaklan12. Bukidnon Negros 12.1 Magahat Oriental 12.2 Karolano Occidental, kabangkalan

54 PERALTA

13. Butuanon Butuan City 13.1 Butuanon 13.2 Lapaknon14. Caviteño Cavite15. Cebuano (Sugbuhanon, Sebuan) Cebu16. Cotabateno Cotabato City17. Davao-Chabacano Davao City18. Ermiteno Ermita, Manila19. Gaddang Isabela, Ifugao, Aurora 19.1 Ga’dang proper 19.2 Yogad 19.3 Addukayang 19.4 Katalangan 19.5 Iraya20. Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) Iloilo21. Hamtikanon Antique22. Ibaloi Benguet 22.1 Ibaloi proper Kabayan 22.2 Karao Bokod23. Ibanag Cagayan 23.1 Northern 23.2 Southern24. Ifugao Ifugao 24.1 Tuwali 24.2 Ayangan 24.3 Hanglulu 24.4 Yattuka 24.5 Kalannguya 24.6 Keley-i25. Ikalahan (see Kalanguya, Keley-i) Nueva Vizacaya26. Illanun Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao 26.1 Idalanen 26.2 Maragat 26.3 Subpangen27. Ilocano Ilocos 27.1 Northern 27.2 Southern28. Ilongot Nueva Vizcaya,Quirino 28.1 Abaka 28.2 Aymuyu 28.3 Belansi 28.4 Beqnad 28.5 Benabe


28.6 Bekran 28.7 Kebinanan 28.8 Payupay 28.9 Pugu 28.10 Rumyad 28.11 Sinebran 28.12 Taan 28.13 Tamsi29. Isamal (Kanlaw) Samal Is. (Kalagan subgroup)30. Isinai N.Vizcaya31. Itawis Cagayan32. Ivatan/Itbayat Batanes/Babuyan33. I’wak Nueva Vizcaya/benguet 33.1 Lalang ni I’wak(Montang I’wak) 33.2 Alagot 33.3 Ibomangi 33.4 Itali’ti 33.5 Itangdalan 33.6 I-Alsans 33.7 Ileaban 33.8 Ayahas 33.9 Idangatan 33.10 Imanggi34. Jama Mapunp(see Sama) Cagayan de Sulu35. Kaagan (Kalgan related) Digos,Davao del Sur36. Kagayanen (Manobo related) Cagayan Is.37. Kalagan (Tagakaolo, Mansaka rel) Davao 37.1 Tagakaolo proper 37.2 Laoc38. Kalamianen Calamian Group, Palawan 38.1 Kuyanen 38.2 Kalamianen 38.3 Agutaya39. Kalinga Kalinga-Apayao 39.1 Tinglayan-Balbalasang (ref. to Itneg) 39.2 Sumadel (rel. to Bontoc) 39.3 Lubuagan (rel. to Tinglayan, Bontoc) 39.4 Nabayugan (rel. to Talifugu, Apayao)

56 PERALTA

39.5 Ablig 39.6 Saligsig 39.7 Kalagua (rel. Ibanag-Itawis) 39.8 Mangali 39.9 Lubo (rel. to Maducayang)40. Kamayo (Butuan/Tausug related) Agusan del N/Surigao S.41. Kankanai 41.1 Kankanai (Lepanto) Mountain Province 41.1.1 Kankanai Sagada 41.1.2 Bago La Union, Ilocos S., Pang. 41.2 Kankana-ey Benguet42. Kapampangan Pampanga43. Kasiguranin (Agta influenced Austro.) Quezon44. Kamigin (Manobo-related)Camiguin 41.1 Karaga Davao Oriental45. Kiniray-a (Hinaray-a, Antique Sulod, Putian,Bukidnon, Mundo, Montes,Hamtikanon)46. Kolibugan (Subanon related) Zamboanga del Norte47. Magindanao Maguindanao/Sultan Kudarat48. Malaueg Cagayan, Kalinga-Apayao49. Mamanwa Surigao del Norte50. Mandaya Davao Oriental 50.1 Mandaya (Divavaon) S & W of Compostela 50.2 Pagsupan Tagum & Hijo River areas 50.3 Mangwanga Mangrangan, Compostela 50.4 Managosan (Magosan) Agusan River headwaters 50.5 Karaga Davao Oriental 50.6 Mansaka N&E of Davao Gulf51. Mangyan Mindoro 51.1 Alangan Occidental 51.2 Batangan Occidental 51.3 Buhid Occidental 51.4 Hanunoo Oriental 51.5 Iraya Oriental 51.6 Tadyawan Occidental 51.7 Ratagnon(?) Oriental52. Manobo Central Mindanao 52.1 Ata (Atag) Cabacan Valley, N. of Mt. Apo 52.1.1 Dugbatang 52.1.2 Tagauanum 52.1.3 Talainkod (Talaingod) Davao


52.2 Bagobo 52.2.1 Attaw (Giangan[Jangan]) 52.2.2 Eto 52.2.3 Kailawan (Kaylawan) 52.2.4 Klata (Kalata) 52.2.5 Langilan (Talaingod) 52.2.6 Manuvu/Obo 52.2.6.1 Tahawug W. Davao River 52.2.6.2 Tinainon Tinantan River 52.2.6.3 Pu’angian Pulangi River 52.2.6.4 Ku’amanon Kulaman River 52.2.7 Matigsalug (Matig Salug) Bukidnon-Davao 52.2.8 Tagabawa 52.2.9 Tagaluro 52.2.10 Tigdapaya 52.3 Higaonon (/Talaandig) 52.3.1 Agusan 52.3.2 Lanao del Norte 52.3.3 Misamis 52.3.4 Camiguin 52.4 North Cotabato 52.4.1 Illianen 52.4.1.1 Ilianen Agusan S., N. Cotabato 52.4.1.2 Livunganen Davao 52.5 Western Bukidnon/North Cotabato 52.5.1 Kiriyeteka 52.5.2 Ilentungen 52.5.3 Pulangiyen 52.6 Agusan del Sur 52.6.1 Adgawanon (in 1919- present day Higaonon or Banuaanon) 52.6.2 Talacogon Agusan 52.7 Banwaon San Luis, Agusan del Sur 52.8 South Cotabato 52.8.1 Cotabato(Interior and Coastal) 52.8.2 Tasaday 52.8.3 Blit 52.8.4 Lambangian Maguindanao 52.8.5 Aromanon 52.8.6 Kirintik 52.8.7 Kalamansig

58 PERALTA

52.9 Dibabawon (Dibabawnon, Dibabaon) (Mixed mandaya) Davao 52.9.1 Manguangan (Tagabaas subgroup of Dibabaon in Asuncion?) Davao Del Norte 52.10 Rajah Kabungusan 52.11 Sarangani Davao del Sur/Sarangani S. Kudarat, Davao oriental 52.11.1 Sarangani Sarangani, Davao del Sur & Co. (Kulaman, Tudag, Gulangan) Sultan Kudarat 52.12 Surigao 52.13 Talaandig (Bukidnon, see Higaonon) 52.14 Bukidnon (buquitnon) 52.14.1 Pangantokan Bukidnon 52.14.2 Tigwa (Tigwahanon, Tigwa) 52.14.3 Salug 52.15 Umayamnon Bukidnon, S&W Agusan del Sur 52.16 Tubalay S. Cotabato nr. Tirurai 52.17 Tagbanas Davao, Hijo Salu, Agusan rivers53. Maranao Lanao del Sur 53.1 Bayabao 53.2 Masiu 53.3 Unayan 53.4 Baloi54. Masbateño Masbate55. Molbog (Palawan Gorup, Melebuganon)Balabag, Palawan56. Negrito 56.1 Agta 56.1.1 Angat Quezon 56.1.2 Casiguran Dumagat Aurora 56.1.3 Central Cagayan Cagayan 56.1.4 Ebukid Aurora 56.1.5 Iriga Camarines Sur 56.1.6 Katabaga Bondoc, penn., Quezon 56.1.7 Isarog Camarines Sur 56.1.8 Manide, Abiyan Camarines Norte 56.1.9 Northeast Cagayan Cagayan 56.1.10 Palanan Isabela 56.1.11 Roso Cagayan 56.1.12 Sta. Margarita Cagayan


56.1.13 Villavicious Abra 56.1.14 Yaga Cagayan 56.1.15 Umiray Polillo 56.2 Alta Baler, Quezon 56.2.1 Edimale Alta Aurora 56.2.2 Kabuluwan Alta Baler, Quezon 56.3 Arta Maddela, Quirino 56.4 Arta Negros (south) 56.5 Ati Negros(north) 56.6 Atta Pamplona, Cagayan 56.7 Ayta Bataan 56.7.1 Ambala 56.7.2 Magbaken 56.8 Ayta Quezon 56.9 Ayta Zambales 56.9.1 Abelen 56.9.2 Aberlen 56.9.3 Magganchi 56.9.4 Maggindi 56.10 Batak Palawan 56.11 Sinauna Tanay, Rizal57. Palawan Palawan 57.1 Palawan South Palawan (interior coastal) 57.2 Tau’t Batu Ransang, Palawan58. Pangasinan Pangasinan59. Paranan (mixed Negrito) Palanan60. Rombloanon Romblon61. Sama Tawi-tawi, Sulu, Basilan, Zamboanga del norte. 61.1 Siasi 61.2 Balangingi 61.3 Simunul 61.4 Sibutu 61.5 Pangutaran (Sama Saut) 61.6 Ubihan 61.7 Bitali(Sibuku) Zamboanga del Norte 61.8 Lutangan 61.9 Batuan 61.10 Mantabuan 61.11 Tandubas 61.12 Tabawan 61.13 Talun

60 PERALTA

61.14 Sanga-Sanga 61.15 Sapa-Sapa 61.16 Manubar (Siasi) 61.17 Buli Kullul 61.18 Laminosa 61.19 Bannaran 61.20 Sisangat 61.21 Jama Mapun Cag. De Sulu 61.22 Sitangkai 61.23 Saga-a Sampulna, Sabah62. Sambal Zambales 62.1 Tina 62.2 Iba 62.3 Bolinao Pangasinan63. Sangil/Sangir (Marore) Sangil64. Subanon Siocon65. Subanun Zamboanga del Norte & Sur 65.1 Lapuyan 65.2 Sindangan 65.3 Tuboy 65.4 Salug66. Sulod Panay67. Tagbanwa Palawan 67.1 Kalamian Calamian Group 67.2 Apurahuan Central Palawan 67.3 Tandulanen 67.4 Silanganen 67.5 Inagauan68. Tagalog Luzon 68.1 Southern (Batangas/Laguna) 68.2 Nortthern (Bulacan/Rizal) 68.3 Paete/Tanay69. Tausug 69.1 Tauhigad 69.2 Tauguimba (Buranun, Guimbahanun)70. T’Boli (Tagabili, Ubo) South Cotabato 70.1 T’Boli 70.2 Sanduka71. Ternateno Ternate, Cavite72. Tinggian Abra 72.1 Adassen 72.2 Binongan 72.3 Inlaod


72.4 Masadiit 72.5 Aplai 72.6 Banao 72.7 Gubang 72.8 Maeng 72.9 Luba 72.10 Balatok73. Tiruray Cotabato, Maguindanao74. Ubo(T’Boli related) S. Cotabato75. Waray Samar-Leyte76. Yakan Basilan77. Yogad(see Gaddang) Echague, Isabela78. Zamboangeño Zamboanga City

62 PERALTA


(Arrangement: Population count0

TAGALOGTotal national Population 16054430

Abra 1,172 Ifugao 899Agusan del N. 2,535 Ilocos n. 5,771Agusan del S 1,553 Ilocos S. 5,466Aklan 6,634 Iloilo 9,563Albay 12,917 Isabela 91,358Antique 5,906 Kailinga-Apayao 1,766Aurora 69,152 La Union 16,786Basilan 2,755 Laguna 1,290,278Bataan 351,365 Lanao del N. 3,188Batanes 432 Lanao del S. 2,584Batangas 445,509 Leyte 9,896Benguet 42,780 Maguindanao 38,823Bohol 2,678 Marinduque 183,235Bukidnon 4,918 Masbate 2,355Bulacan 1,384,270 Misamis Occ. 675Cagayan 22,341 Misamis Or. 6,009Camarines N. 232,664 Mt. Province 241Camarines S. 65,710 Negros Occ. 5,595Camiguin 206 Negros Or. 2,522Capiz 1,851 N. Cotabato 10,287Catanduanes 2,378 N.Samar 1,454Cavite 1,026,657 N.Ecija 98, 6449Cebu 13,351 N.Vizacaya 2,1576Davao 7,299 Occ. Mindoro 196,594Davao del S. 40,332 Or. Mindoro 466,808Davao Or. 1,827 Palawan 138,067E.Samar 1,867 Pampanga 134,870

Distribution of ethnic groups by Provinces*

* unless otherwise specified, the population count used in the tabulation is absed on a 1994 census

64 PERALTA

Pangasinan 61,951 Zambales 259,834Quezon 1,278,252 Zamboanga N. 1,659Quirino 5,617 Zamboanga S. 23,108Rizal 812,713 Kalookan 565,573Romblon 3,475 Las Pinas 225,979Samar 3,806 Mandaluyong 191,048Siquijor 128 Manila 1,236,270Sorsogon 5,538 Marikina 238,731S. Cotabato 29,082 Muntinlupa 217,430S.Leyte 1,858 Navotas 158,638S.Kudarat 9,791 Parañaque 236,329Sulu 455 Pasay 270,780Surigao N. 2,088 Pateros 43,069Surigao S. 1,523 Quezon City 1,157,599Tarlac 7, 7200 San Juan 95,183Tawi-Tawi 2,080 Taguig 190,337 Valenzuela 263,332 CEBUANO Total National Population 150,129,231 (Binukid count) 138,558 15, 1514989

Abra 211 Camarines S. 2,097Agusan del N. 411,124 Camiguin 62,860Agusan del S. 305,655 Capiz 1,518Aklan 1,711 Catanduanes 259Albay 1,194 Cavite 22,528Antique 2,683 Cebu 2,572,399Aurora 25,993 Davao 845,629Basilan 5,097 Davao del S. 1,158,817Bataan 5,097 Davao Or. 217,108Batanes 81 E. Samar 1,688Batangas 4,543 Ifugao 93Benguet 1,344 Ilocos N. 843Bohol 84,5751 Ilocos S. 568Bukidnon 631,056 Iloilo 9,292Bulacan 19,915 Isabela 2,292Cagayan 1,430 Kalinga-Apayao 154Camarines N. 956 La Union 1,186


Laguna 1,290,278 Sorsogon 1,028Lanao del N. 46,956 S. Cotabato 383,142Lanao del S. 17,577 S.Leyte 315,525Leyte 760,796 S. Kudarat 39,782Maguindanao 58,600 Sulu 1,735Marinduque 183,235 Surigao del N. 134,829Masbate 214,940 Surigap del S. 333,897Misamis Occ. 412,940 Tarlac 2,776Misamis Or. 832,101 Tawi-tawi 2,015Mt. Province 86 Zambales 10,718Negros Occ. 409,593 Zamboanga N. 562,135Negros Or. 2,522 Zambanga S. 922,002 N. Cotabato 226,964 Kalookan 29,348 N.Samar 19,624 Las Piñas 14,920 N.Ecija 2,932 Mandaluyong 8,786N. Vizcaya 880 Manila 47,275Occ. Mindoro 3,316 Marikina 8,786Or. Mindoro 2,089 Malabon 9,791Palawan 39,611 Makati 23,426Pampanga 134,870 Muntinlupa 9,064Pangasinan 2,990 Navotas 7,380Quezon 40,574 Parañaque 13,480Quirino 136 Pasay 18,359Rizal 22,701 Pateros 1,208Romblon 1,128 Quezon City 77,051W.Samar 46,180 San Juan 4,749Siquijor 71,625 Taguig 14,626 Valenzuela 11,271

BISAYA (BINISAYA) Total National Population 138,558 Abra 8 Benguet 288 Agusan del No. 442 Bohol 78,363 Agusan del S. 1,484 Bukidnon 856 Albay 18 Bulacan 398 Basilan 1,615 Cagayan 29 Bataan 319 Camarines N. 81 Batangas 238 Camarines S. 141

66 PERALTA

Camiguin 10 Rizal 1,516Catanduanes 9 Siquijor 21Cavite 1,003 Sorsogon 629 Cebu 346 S.Cotabato 1,533Davao 16,319 S.Leyte 69Davao Or. 643 Sulu 214Davao del S. 200 Surigao del N. 211Ilocos S. 12 Surigao del S. 5,957Isabela 187 Tarlac 9Laguna 222 Tawi-Tawi 418Lanao del N. 31 Zambales 68Lanao del S. 21 Zamboanga N. 398Leyte 155 Zamnoanga S. 2,856Maguindanao 19 Kalookan 641Misamis Occ. 19 Las Piñas 20Misamis Or. 483 Mandaluyong 473Negros Occ. 21 Manila 1,044N.Cotabato 2,269 Marikina 1,538N.Samar 29 Malabon 323Neuva Ecija 97 Makati 516Nueva VIzcaya 32 Muntinlupa 122Occ. Mindoro 344 Pasay 119Or.Mindoro 7,048 Pateros 21Palawan 1,196 Quezon City 3,349Pampanga 179 San Juan 200Pangasinan 70 Taguig 593Quezon 242 Valenzuela 214

ILOCANO1990 Total National Population 5,915,575Total in Ilocos Region 1,528,208

Ilocos N. 460,684 Albay 932Ilocos S. 519,273 Antique 492La Union 548,251 Basilan 307Abra 136,326 Bataan 9, 681Agusan N. 2,872 Batanes 159Agusan S. 5,985 Batangas 2,569Aurora 49,283 Benguet 170,936Aklan 466 Bohol 200


N.Samar 148 Surigao N. 537N.Ecija 294,787 Surigao S. 1,631N.Vizcaya 189,132 Tarlac 375,582Occ. Mindoro 29,964 Tawi-tawi 221Or. Mindoro 12,055 Zambales 136,515Palawan 17,368 Zamboanga N. 1,621Pampanga 15,561 Zamboanga S. 15,102Pangasinan 909,970 Mandaluyong 7,112Quezon 2,486 Marikina 11,862Quirino 87,158 S.Juan 4,977Rizal 23,273 Kalookan 28,981Romblon 256 Malabon 4,977Samar 449 Navotas 1,266Siquijor 73 Valenzuela 11,620Sorsogon 438 Las Piñas 7,102S.Cotabato 53,801 Makati 22,686S.Leyte 120 Parañaque 6,585S.Kudarat 69,492 Pasay 10,245Sulu 147 Pateros 795 Taguig 10,750

HILIGAYNON

Total National Population 5,648,717

Abra 96 Cagayan 261Agusan del N. 3,309 Camarines N. 137Agusan del S. 26,960 Camarines S. 909Aklan 7,869 Camiguin 20Albay 242 Capiz 575,369Antique 9,132 Catanduanes 59Aurora 188 Cavite 9,604Basilan 1,748 Cebu 6,669 Bataan 2,959 Davao 53,012Batanes 2 Davao del S. 30,059 Batangas 2,144 Davao Or. 3,410Benguet 460 E.Samar 148Bohol 107 Ifugao 10Bukidnon 73,656 Ilocos N. 159Bulacan 4,635 Ilocos S. 146

68 PERALTA

Iloilo 1,608,083 Siquijor 76Isabela 552 Sorsogon 295Kalinga-Apayao 10 S.Cotabato 374,755La-Union 193 S.Leyte 179Laguna 3,809 S.Kudarat 200,660Lanao del N. 4,214 Sulu 11Lanao del S. 11,057 Surigao del N. 1,064Leyte 2,951 Surigao del S. 4,424Maguindanao 41,988 Tarlac 614Marinduque 53 Tawi-Tawi 51Masbate 35,480 Zambales 3,276Misamis Occ. 397 Zamboanga N. 3,501Misamis Or. 3,611 Zamboanga S. 74,094Negros Occ. 1,821,206 Kalookan 18,435Negros Or. 43,249 Las Piñas 10,445N.Cotabato 283,948 Mandaluyong 6,410N.Samar 347 Manila 31,831Nueva Ecija 373 Marikina 5,889Nueva Vizcaya 312 Malabon 4,446Occ.Mindoro 18,248 Makati 20,488Or.Mindoro 10,373 Muntinlupa 6,570Palawan 60,829 Navotas 2,393Pampanga 2,826 Parañaque 9,463Pangasinan 839 Pasay 12,620Quezon 1,262 Pateros 440 Quirino 101 Quezon City 49,412Rizal 14,870 San Juan 2,969Romblon 1,474 Taguig 9,911W.Samar 293 Valwnzuela 7,568

BICOL


Abra 219 Aurora 5,468Agusan del N. 333 Basilan 50Agusan del S. 399 Bataan 5,949Aklan 552 Batanes 12Albay 882,297 Batangas 7,250Antique 401 Benguet 1,447


Bohol 242 Or. Mindoro 2,198Bukidnon 234 Palawan 7,949Bulacan 26,278 Pampanga 9,212Cagayan 760 Pangasinan 971,342Camarines N. 153,081 Quezon 34,315Camarines S. 1,226,456 Quirino 617Catanduanes 182,253 Rizal 45,080Cavite 24,472 Romblon 394Cebu 769 W.Samar 402Davao 741 Sorsogon 510,292Davao del S. 1,335 S.,Cotabato 4,605Davao Or. 486 S.Leyte 114E.Samar 214 S.Kudarat 690Ifugao 22 Sulu 199Ilocos N. 666 Surigao del N. 440Ilocos Sur 549 Surigao del S. 267Iloilo 667 Tarlac 2,187Isabela 2,490 Tawi-tawi 8Kalinga-Apayao 110 Zambales 6,833La Union 1,081 Zamboanga N. 423Laguna 28,795 Zamboanga S. 810Lanao del N. 161 Kalookan 33,253Lanao del S. 30 Las Piñas 11,940Leyte 1,124 Mandaluyong 9,559 Maguindanao 190 Manila 41,042Marinduque 92 Marikina 16,094Masabate 14,576 Malabon 7,439Misamis Occ. 20 Makati 20,744Misamis Or. 300 Muntinlupa 11,520Mt. Province 25 Navotas 2,740Negros Occ. 344 Parañaque 11,019Negros Or. 101 Pasaay 1,603N.Cotabato 286 Pateros 1,920N.Samar 630 Quezon City 75,727N.Ecija 3,151 San Juan 4,567N.Vizcaya 1,227 Taguig 14,420Occ.Mindoro 1,176 Valenzuela 13,179

70 PERALTA

KAPAMPANGAN


Abra 324 Misamis Occ. 39Agusan del N. 101 Misamis Or. 210Agusan del S. 142 Negros Occ. 237Aklan 112 Negros Or. 50Albay 223 N.Cotabato 315Antique 91 N.Ecija 9,287Aurora 152 N.Vizcaya 419Bataan 32,905 Occ. Mindoro 438Batanes 3 Or. Mindoro 274Batangas 747 Palawan 821Benguet 2,239 Pampanga 1,326,395Bohol 28 Pangasinan 97, 1342Bukidnon 743 Quezon 449Bulacan 7,401 Quirino 70Cagayan 973 Rizal 5,712Camarines N. 180 Romblon 31 Camarines S. 773 W.Samar 93Capiz 61 Sorsogon 213Catanduanes 60 S.Cotabato 4,498Cavite 3,340 S.Leyte 10 Cebu 226 S.Kudarat 1,256Davao 197 Surigao N. 123Davao S. 1,060 Surigao S. 39Davao Or. 13 Tarlac 376,307E.Samar 36 Zambales 8,929Ifugao 42 Zamboanga N. 19Ilocos N. 381 Zamboanga S. 589Ilocos S. 478 Kalookan 10,977Iloilo 271 Las Piñas 2,387 Isabela 2,531 Mandaluyong 2,650Kalinga-Apayao 228 Manila 29,188La Union 593 Marikina 3,458Laguna 2,461 Malabon 1,851Lanao del N. 174 Makati 5,069 Leyte 174 Muntinlupa 1,961Maguindanao 59 Navotas 711Marinduque 30 Parañaque 1,944Masbate 60 Pasay 1,986


Pateros 347 San Juan 863Quezon City 23,332 Taguig 2,023 Valenzuela 5,085

WARAY


Abra 255 Lanao del N. 1,638Agusan del N. 3,640 Lanao del S. 862Agusan del S. 4,841 Leyte 700,639Aklan 996 Maguindanao 1,654Albay 2,743 Marinduque 513Antique 917 Masbate 1,830Aurora 1,397 Misamis Occ. 749Basilan 542 Misamis Or. 2,428Bataan 8,741 Mt. Province 109Batanes 59 Negros Occ. 2,932Batangas 6,532 Negros Or. 1,307Benguet 1,874 N.Cotabato 2,726Bohol 1,936 N.Samar 349,819Bukidnon 4,331 Nueva Ecija 4,563Bulacan 22,398 Nueva Vizcaya 827Cagayan 1,756 Occ. Mindoro 2,751Camarines N. 976 Or. Mindoro 3,020Camarines S. 2,950 Palawan 7,495Camiguin 305 Pampanga 12,835Catanduanes 1,088 Pangasinan 201Cavite 31,600 Quezon 6,488Cebu 7,593 Quirino 371Davao 9,025 Rizal 23,362Davao del S. 7,708 Romblon 566Davao Or. 2,029 W.Samar 479,430E.Samar 321,546 Siquijor 67Ifugao 36 Sorsogon 2,617Ilocos N. 1,250 S.Cotabato 5,880Ilocos S. 1,618 S.Leyte 1,846Iloilo 3,371 S.Kudarat 877Isabela 3,474 Sulu 483Kalinga-Apayao 338 Surigao del N. 5,720La U nion 2,132 Surigao del S. 3,384Laguna 11,756 Tarlac 4,877

72 PERALTA

Tawi-tawi 299 Makati 12,417Zambales 10,819 Muntinlupa 7,387Zamboanga N. 730 Navotas 8,601Zamboanga S. 7,050 Parañaque 12,448Kalookan 34,877 Pasay 18,330Las Piñas 11,898 Pateros 2,011Mandaluyong 8,830 Quezon City 68,266Manila 56,476 San Juan 3,065Marikina 9,423 Taguig 12,025Malabon 10,771 Valenzuela 11,419

MAGUINDANAO


Abra 33 Ilocos S. 61Agusan del S. 70 Iloilo 152Agusan del S. 147 Isabela 31(NM 1989: 130) La Union 28Aklan 49 Laguna 495Albay 41 Lanao N. 579Antique 9 Lanao S. 3,495Aurora 21 Leyte 191Basilan 124 Maguindanao 469,216Bataan 100 Masbate 19Batanes 6 Misamis Or. 62Batangas 167 Negros Occ. 53Benguet 74 Negros Or. 137Bohol 19 N.Cotabato 122,683Bukidnon 123 N.Ecija 223(NM 1991:100) Occ. Mindoro 21Bulacan 689 Or. Mindoro 94Cagayan 12 Palawan 1,076Camarines S. 185 Pangasinan 102Capiz 32 Quezon 123Cavite 630 Quirino 10Cebu 100 Rizal 619Davao 2,450 Romblon 10Davao Or. 459 W.Samar 22Davao S. 2,731 Sorsogon 21E.Samar 19 S.Cotabato 38,238Ilocos N. 47 S.Leyte 10


S. Kudarat 78,435 Muntinlupa 216Surigao del N. 88 Navotas 81Surigao del S. 176 Parañaque 123Tarlac 124 Pasay 599Tawi-tawi 10 Quezon City 1,892Zambales 495 San Juan 65Zamboanga N. 3,976 Valenzuela 366Zamboanga S. 28,962 Davao del N. (NM 1991:223)Kalookan 435 Davao Or. (NM 1991:150)Las Piñas 319 Maguindanao (NM 1991:497,480)Manila 6,361 N.Cotabato (NM 1991:171,946)Marikina 121 S.Cotabato (NM 1991:58-895)Malabon 212 S.Kudarat (NM 1993:114,549)Makati 549 Zamboanga del S. (NM 1992:33,826) PANGASINAN


Abra 137 Davao S. 999Albay 218 Davao Or. 136Antique 18 E.Samar 70Basilan 19 Ifugao 59Aklan 201 Ilocos N. 381Aurora 300 Ilocos S. 1,012Bataan 3,804 Iloilo 250Batanes 4 Isabela 4,931Batangas 630 Kalinga-Apayao 228Benguet 16,998 La Union 12,414Bukidnon 172 Laguna 3,204Bulacan 4,411 Lanao N. 72Cagayan 545 Lanao S. 4Camarines N. 359 Leyte 159Camarines S. 651 Maguindanao 187Camiguin 17 Manila 15,197Capiz 48 Marinduque 100Catanduanes 64 Masbate 75Cavite 3,029 Misamis Occ. 18Cebu 264 Misamis Or. 244Davao 1,221 N.Cotabato 351

74 PERALTA

N. Samar 55 Tarlac 11,307N.Ecija 2,147 Tawi-Tawi 8N.Vizcaya 1,562 Zambales 6,125Occ. Mindoro 865 Zamboanga N. 49Or. Mindoro 479 Zamboanga S. 401Palawan 1,114 Mandaluyong 3,195Pampanga 6,209 Marikina 4,612Pangasinan 971,342 Quezon City 27,417Quezon 605 San Juan 966Quirino 838 Kalookan 9,205Rizal 9,991 Malabon 2,592Romblon 94 Navotas 511Samar W. 62 Valenzuela 4,884Sorsogon 71 Las Piñas 1,446S.Cotabato 522 Makati 5,086S.Leyte 19 Muntinlupa 2,252S.Kudarat 635 Parañaque 2,661Surigao N. 123 Pasay 3,459Surigao S. 41 Pateros 388 Taguig 2,637

MARANAO

Total National Population 785,728 +77,931 863,659 Agusan del N. 2,619 (NM 1991:235)(NM 1992:60) Bulacan 663Agusan del S. 485 Bulacan 269Aklan 58 Camarines N. 78Albay 54 Camarines S. 61Antique 112 Capiz 10Aurora 9 Catanduanes 18Basilan 522 Cavite 992Bataan 19 Cebu 1,707Batanes 5 Davao 4,118Batangas 576 (NM 1991:7,700)Benguet 406 Davao del S. 5,108Bohol 176 (NM 1991:13,880)Bukidnon 2,658 Davao Or. 1,833


(NM 1991:3,012) Romblon 35E.Samar 25 W.Samar 23Ifugao 42 Sorsogon 20Ilocos N. 290 S.Cotabato 4,959Ilocos S. 125 S.Leyte 66Iloilo 284 S.Kudarat 837Isabela 1,090 (NM 1993:4,500)Kalinga-Apayao 93 Sulu 347La Union 102 Surigao del N. 348Laguna 409 (NM 1990: 7,165)Lanao del N. 134,156 Surigao del S. 1,076(NM 1991: 172,342) (NM 1990:7,165)Lanao del S. 553,054 Tarlac 718Leyte 251 Tawi-Tawi 251Maguindanao 13,855 Zambales 726(NM 1993:15,605) Zamboanga N. 2,210Marinduque 85 (NM 1994:1,008)Masbate 60 Zambaonga S. 7,726Misamis Occ. 279 (NM 1992:2,150)Misamis Or. 3,289 Kalookan 853(NM 1993:6700) Las Piñas 267Negros Occ. 444 Mandaluyong 167Negros Or. 126 Manila 6,361N.Cotabato 6,127 Marikina 252(NM 1991:3,555) (1991:10,570) Malabon 183N.Samar 200 Makati 535Nueva Ecija 91 Muntinlupa 310Nueva Vizcaya 71 Navotas 101Occ. Mindoro 58 Parañaque 600Or. Mindoro 125 Pasay 522Palawan 3,567 Pateros 11Pampanga 1,050 Quezon City 1,892Pangasinan 360 San Juan 143Quezon 177 Taguig 456Rizal 619 Valenzuela 101

TAUSUG

Total National Population 612,253 +89,114 701,367

76 PERALTA

Abra 15 N.Cotabato 384Agusan del N. 41 (RC 1991:38) Agusan del S. 74 Nueva Ecija 12Aklan 30 Nueva Vizcaya 20Antique 9 Palawan 4,441Basilan 50,402 Pampanga 32(NM 1992:51,960) Pangasinan 54Bataan 41 Quezon 47Bohol 181 Rizal 223Bukidnon 458 Romblon 1,471Bulacan 50 W.Samar 10Camarines S. 61 Siquijor 9Camiguin 8 S.Cotabato 1,853Catanduanes 9 (NM 1991: 5,820)Cavite 61 S.Leyte 54Cebu 196 S.Kudarat 1,291Davao 2,420 (NM 1993:4000)(NM 1991:5150) Sulu 413,700Davao del S. 7,255 Surigao del N, 230Davao Or. 1,420 (NM 1989:120)(NM 1991:1458) Surigao del S 19E.Samar 9 (NM 1990:1,200)Ilocos N. 42 Tarlac 13Ilocos S. 34 Tawi-tawi 35,510Iloilo 48 Zambales 107Isabela 37 Zamboanga N. 7,410Kalinga-Apayao 9 (NM 1994:23,400)La Union 9 Zamboanga S. 78,366Laguna 32 (NM 1992:136,664)Lanao del N. 192 Kalookan 93(NM 1991:30) Las Piñas 9Lanao del S. 361 Manila 857Leyte 30 Malabon 10Maguindanao 985 Makati 380(NM 1991:3,200) Muntinlupa 30 Misamis Occ. 164 Navotas 30Misamis Or. 72 Pasay 19(NM 1993:500) Quezon City 626Negros Occ. 10 San Juan 9Negros Or. 118 Taguig 51


MASBATENO

Total National Population 19,959 (NSO 1980: 274,355)Total 327,902Grand total 602,257

Abra 1 Palawan 2,602Agusan del N. 1,100 Pampanga 62Agusan del S. 10 Pangasinan 61Aklan 277 Quezon 722Albay 116 Rizal 1,831Antique 71 Romblon 567Aurora 39 W.Samar 243Bataan 323 S.Cotabato 178Batangas 71 S.Leyte 19Benguet 30 Surigao del N. 80Bohol 40 Surigao del S. 39Bukidnon 125 Tarlac 21Bulacan 509 Tawi-tawi 9Camarines S. 100 Zambales 31Capiz 87 Kalookan 1,012Cavite 711 Las Piñas 142Cebu 411 Mandaluyong 80Davao del S. 41 Manila 1,368Davao Or. 174 Marikina 729Iloilo 39 Malabon 504Isabela 91 Makati 291La Union 10 Muntinlupa 208Maguindanao 10 Navotas 182Negros Occ. 193 Parañaque 389Negros Or. 8 Pasay 338N.Cotabato 10 Pateros 10N.Samar 114 Quezon City 1,762Nueva Ecija 10 San Juan 11Occ.Mindoro 753 Taguig 440Or.Mindoro 132 Valenzuela 422

78 PERALTA

KINIRAY-A (HAMTIKANON)

Total National Population 529,285

Agusan del S. 688 Occ. Mindoro 16,450Aklan 1,128 Or. Mindoro 742Antique 369,872 Pampanga 9Bataan 84 Pangasinan 21Batangas 23 Quezon 79Bukidnon 498 Rizal 180Bulacan 131 W.Samar 11Camarines N. 30 S.Cotabato 2,520Camarines S. 30 Zambales 119Capiz 1,766 Zamboanga S. 38Cavite 83 Kalookan 873Cebu 18 Las Piñas 215Davao 1,704 Mandaluyong 209Davao del S. 382 Manila 712Iloilo 121,785 Marikina 200Isabela 10 Malabon 174Laguna 142 Makati 536Lanao del N. 10 Muntinlupa 106Leyte 72 Navotas 92Misamis Occ. 9 Parañaque 53Misamis Or. 31 Pasay 60Negros Occ. 767 Quezon City 1,485Negros Or. 187 San Juan 11N.Cotabato 4,418 Taguig 283N.Samar 14 Valenzuela 225

MANOBO GROUP( Manobo, Bagobo,Banuanon, Kulaman.)



Surigaonon (144,123), Higaonon (125,490),Matigsalug (26700), Dibabaon (177996),Kamiguin (Higaonon)

Total +434,182 749,042

MANOBO Aklan 61Agusan del N. 1,251 Aurora 9 Agusan del S. 49,445 Bataan 235 (NM 1992: 159,700) Batangas 689 Bukidnon 14,499 Benguet 149 (NM 1991: 56,450) Bukidnon 151 Camarines S. 20 (NM 1991:800) Davao del S. 41,058 Bulacan 961(NM 1991:24,145) Camarines N. 24Davao Or. 5,850 Cavite 464(NM 1991:40,00) Cebu 83Iloilo 50 Davao 415Maguindanao 2,256 Davao del S. 35,792(RC 1991:1,000) (NM 1991:5 ,350)Negros Occ. 9 Davao Or. 19N.Cotabato 23,696 Ilocos S. 2,922(RC 1991:55,758) Kalinga-Apayao 752Pangasinan 11 La Union 20Rizal 50 Laguna 704S.Cotabato 1,872 Lanao del N. 83S.Kudarat 9,558 Lanao del S. 387(NM 1993:14,300) Maguindanao 154Surigao del S. 7,152 Marinduque 141(NM 1990:26,510) Misamis Or. 10Zamboanga N. 11 N. Cotabato 3,742Zamboanga S. 31 (NM 1991: 7,508)Kalookan 11 Nueva Ecija 398Mandaluyong 11 Nueva Vizcaya 10Marikina 10 Occ.Mindoro 114(156851) Or. Mindoro 275 Palawan 54BAGOBO Pampanga 31Abra 121 Pangasinan 32Agusan del N. 31 Quezon 590Agusan del S. 19 Quirino 38

80 PERALTA

Rizal 1,227 Pangasinan 52S.Cotabato 172 Rizal 10S.Kudarat 150 Zambales 11Sulu 29 Zamboanga S. 134Surigao del N. 9 Las Piñas 10Surigao del S. 10 Mandaluyong 134Tarlac 42 Manila 50Tawi-Tawi 9 Marikina 10Zambales 204 Quezon City 10Zamboanga S. 29 Valenzuela 10Kalookan 102 Las Piñas 52 SUB-TOTAL (1,394)Mandaluyong 41Manila 1,372 KULAMANMarikina 110Malabon 42 Aklan 10Makati 135 Basilan 10Muntinlupa 64 Mt. Province 10Navotas 20 Nueva Ecija 10Parañaque 74 Pangasinan 10Pasay 72 Tarlac 9Pateros 9 Quezon City 4Quezon City 1,053San Juan 11 SUB-TOTAL (63)Taguig 131Valenzuela 52 TALAINGOD Davao del S (NM 1991: 1,991)SUB-TOTAL (53,379)BANUANON ILIANEN

Agusan del N. 49 S.Cotabato (NM 1992:12)Agusan del S. 10(NM 1992:8,200) GUIANGANAurora 11Benguet 149 Bukidnon (NM 1991:450)Bohol 70 Davao del S. (NM 1991:15,000)Bulacan 9Capiz 11 KLATAIlocos N. 10 Davao del S. (NM 1991:3,000)La Union 10Negros Or. 11 UBO Or. Mindoro 594 Davao del S. (NM 1991:8000)Palawan 28


AKLANON Palawan 4,756 Pampanga 95Total National Population 393,922 Pangasinan 59(NSO 1980:411,123) Quezon 52 Quirino 232 Rizal 3,059Agusan del N. 10 Romblon 131Agusan del S. 141 S.Cotabato 6,085Aklan 357,740 S.Leyte 10Antique 2,367 S.Kudarat 20Aurora 32 Sulu 12Basilan 10 Surigao del N. 119Bataan 287 Tarlac 19Batanes 1 Zambales 148Batangas 102 Zamboanga S. 77Benguet 48 Kalookan 1,567Bukidnon 69 Las Piñas 225Bulacan 701 Mandaluyong 182Cagayan 40 Manila 5,590Capiz 54 Marikina 443Cavite 854 Malabon 283Cebu 10 Makati 848 Davao 239 Muntinlupa 116Davao del S. 411 Navotas 111E.Samar 8 Parañaque 113Ilocos N. 12 Pasay 302Ilocos S. 11 Pateros 10Iloilo 237 Quezon City 2,482Isabela 161 San Juan 176Kalinga-Apayao 10 Taguig 231La Union 81 Valenzuela 571Laguna 257 Lanao del N. 10 SUBANONLanao del S. 5Leyte 10 Total National PopulationMarinduque 21 141,985Masbate 11 +265,510Negros Occ. 112 407,495N.Cotabato 482Nueva Ecija 20 Agusan del S. 19Nueva Vizcaya 18 Basilan 90Occ. Mindoro 628 Benguet 40Or. Mindoro 583 Bukidnon 19

82 PERALTA

(NM 1991:4,000) Davao 5,415Cavite 28 (NM 1991:11,780)Davao 116 Davao del S. 30 (NM 1991:300) (NM 1991:1,600)Davao del S. 12 Ilocos S. 25Lanao del N. 273 Laguna 9(NM 1991:70) Maguindanao 150Lanao del S. 64 (NM 1993:2,900)Misamis Occ. 4,897 Or. Mindoro 20,897Mt. Province 10 Palawan 6,237Negros Or. 10 Pangasinan 39Nueva Vizcaya 19 Rizal 70Pangasinan 85 S.Cotabato 1,145S.Cotabato 22 S.Kudarat 75S.Kudarat 10 (NM 1993:2,300)Surigao del N. 132 Sulu 44,369Zambales 10 Surigao del N. 18Zamboanga N. 58,711 (NM 1989:200)(NM 1994:204,056) Tawi-tawi 118,572Zamboanga S. 77,305 Zamboanga N. 8,059(NM 1992:193,305) (NM 1994:2,570)Manila 40 (Balanghai: 1,300)Makati 62 Zamboanga s. 38,803Quezon City 11 (NM 1992:19,205) Kalookan 20 Las Piñas 21SAMA Mandaluyong 10 Manila 468Total National Population Malabon 10 278,642 Muntinlupa 11 +41,167 Parañaque 10 319,809 Pasay 30 Quezon City 10

SAMA (SAMA DILIYA) BADJAO (SAMA DILAUT)Basilan 27,724 Aurora 5(NM 1992:21,580) Basilan 703Batangas 307 (NM 1992:12,000)Benguet 11 Benguet 10Bulacan 22 Bulacan 59Camarines N. 10 Camarines S. 80Cavite 37 Cavite 52Cebu 20 Cebu 11


Davao del S. 110 Pampanga 512Ilocos S. 9 S.Kudarat 12Iloilo 10 Surigao del S. 30La Union 9 Tarlac 141Laguna 49 Kalookan 10Misamis Occ. 9 Manila 87Nueva Ecija 10 Quezon City 10Or. Mindoro 19 Palawan 78 IBANAGPampanga 10Pangasinan 51Quezon 35 Total National Population 311,187Rizal 62S.Cotabato 95 Agusan N. 46(NM 1991:500) Agusan S. 10S.Kudarat 2 Aklan 58(NM 1993:900) Albay 127Sulu 818 Antique 112Surigao del N. 114 Aurora 133Tawi-tawi 10 Basilan 28Zamboanga N. 10 Bataan 247(NM 1994:2,500) Batanes 17Zamboanga S. 155 Batangas 208(NM 1992:10,100) Benguet 533Kalookan 10 Bohol 204Las Piñas 11 Bukidnon 296Mandaluyong 10 Bulacan 987Manila 41 Cagayan 111,481Malabon 20 Camarines N. 77Makati 83 Camarines S. 106Parañaque 10 Cavite 622Pasay 10 Cebu 114Quezon City 116 Davao 269Taguig 13 Davao S. 184Valenzuela 10 Davao Or. 10Maguindanao (NM 1993:1,500) E.Samar 1Lanao del Sur (NM 1991:20) Ifugao 68Surigao del S. (NM 1990:290) Ilocos N. 158 Ilocos S. 101OBIAN Iloilo 84Masbate 179 Isabela 162,280Nueva Ecija 41 Kalinga-Apayao 2,367Palawan 187 La Union 89

84 PERALTA

Laguna 426 Sorsogon 41Lanao N. 24 S.Cotabato 206Lanao S. 239 S.Leyte 75Leyte 407 S.Kudarat 103Magindanao 50 Surigao N. 30Marinduque 9 Surigao S. 31Masbate 90 Tarlac 444Misamis Occ. 30 Zambales 152Misamis Or. 157 Zamboanga N. 147Mt. Province 41 Zamboanga S. 372Negros Occ. 211 Kalookan 2,333Negros Or. 120 Las Piñas 585N.Cotabato 124 Mandaluyong 499N.Samar 9 Manila 4,318N.Ecija 381 Marikina 657N.Vizcaya 467 Malabon 444Occ. Mindoro 101 Makati 1,806Or. Mindoro 10 Muntinlupa 324 Palawan 523 Navotas 30Pampanga 497 Parañaque 634Pangasinan 533 Pasay 568Quezon 130 Pateros 199Quirino 292 Quezon City 7,880Rizal 1,333 San Juan 213Romblon 99 Taguig 740Samar 52 Valenzuela 1,034

CHABAKANO(The various Chabakano groups are not delineated e.g. Zamboangeño/Ternateno,etc)


Agusan del N. 221 Aurora 40Agusan del S. 182 Basilan 32,556Aklan 66 (NM 1992:28,860)Albay 18 Bataan 340Antique 40 Batanes 3


Batangas 122 Palawan 455Benguet 191 Pampanga 163Bukidnon 60 Pangasinan 30Bulacan 134 Quezon 41Cagayan 11 Rizal 582Camarines N. 20 W.Samar 102Camarines S. 110 Sorsogon 38Capiz 75 S.Cotabato 714Catanduanes 10 Sulu 10Cavite 6,841 Surigao del N. 165Cebu 689 Surigao del S. 551Davao 633 Tarlac 20Davao Or. 59 Tawi-tawi 153Davao del S. 1,416 Zambales 449Iloilo 425 Zamboanga N. 4,027Isabela 64 (NM 1994:230)La Union 102 Zamboanga S. 228,255Laguna 339 (NM 1992:42,380)Lanao del N. 172 Kalookan 485Leyte 63 Las Piñas 421Maguindanao 3,161 Mandaluyong 164(NM 1993:3,000) Manila 1,040Masbate 20 Marikina 290Misamis Occ. 19 Malabon 92Misamis Or. 221 Makati 839Negros Occ. 143 Muntinlupa 82Negros Or. 313 Navotas 10N.Cotabato 941 Parañaque 183N.Samar 9 Pasay 377N.Ecija 172 Pateros 10N.Vizcaya 40 Quezon City 1,975Occ. Mindoro 42 San Juan 97Or. Mindoro 34 Taguig 89 Valenzuela 162

KANKANAY/KANKANA-EYCensus 1990(The NSO census does not distinguish between the two groups. Here the Kankanai is taken to be only the population in Mt. Province. The rest are counted as Kankan-ey arbituary for lack of more definitive data.)

86 PERALTA

Kankanai Total National Population 59,987Kankana-ey Total National Pop. 158,313 218,300

Abra 9 Manila 42Aurora 349 N.Cotabato 22Benguet 118,908 N.Ecija 516Bohol 19 N.Vizcaya 4,276Bulacan 10 Occ. Mindoro 9Davao S. 10 Or. Mindoro 29Ifugao 201 Palawan 20Ilocos S. 10,795 Pangasinan 288Iloilo 10 Quirino 770Isabela 1,583 Rizal 10Kalinga-Apayao 8,389 Tarlac 11La Union 11,837 Zambales 69Laguna 8 Zamboanga S. 22Leyte 10 Pateros 21 Taguig 40

B’LAAN Total National Population 11,3829 +99,606 213,435

Agusan del N. 10 N.Cotabato 2,650Basilan 9 (NM 1991:3,576)Bohol 20 Palawan 10Bukidnon 30 Pangasinan 19Bulacan 10 Rizal 41Cebu 60 Siquijor 20Davao 125 S.Cotabato 64,002Davao del S. 42,699 (NM 1991:100,901)(NM 1991:94,885) S.Kudarat 3,925Davao Or. 21 (NM 1991:13,520)Iloilo 11 Surigao del N. 10Lanao del S. 5 Zamboanga N. 92Mugindanao 9 Mandaluyong 10Misamis Or. 30 Quezon City 11


MANDAYA

Total National Population 33,847 +138,659 172,506Agusan del S. 58 Davao del S. 603Cebu 41 (NM 1991:1,500)Davao 15,496 Maguindanao 10(NM 1991:54,065) N.Cotabato 49Davao Or. 17,457 Rizal 10(NM 1991:116,650) S.Cotabato 104 Surigao del S. 19

IFUGAO


Abra 16 Mt. Province 385Agusan N. 10 Negros Occ. 82Agusan S 21 N.Cotabato 21Aurora 180 N.Ecija 358Akalan 20 N.Vizcaya 17,417Benguet 7,030 Or. Mindoro 31Bukidnon 81 Palawan 29Cagayan 587 Pampanga 20Camarines N. 19 Pangasinan 261Cebu 11 Quirino 12,149Davao 32 Rizal 10Ifugao 122,260 S.Cotabato 41Ilocos S. 13 Surigao N. 22Iloilo 19 Zamboanga S. 31Isabela 5,858 Marikina 30Kalinga-Apayao 28 S.Juan 22La Union 103 Kalookan 21Manila 89 Makati 42 Pasay 20

88 PERALTA

TAGAKAOLO


Agusan del N. 20 Misamis Or. 10Bataan 10 Mt. Province 10Batangas 11 Negros Or. 66Bohol 11 Palawan 11Bukidnon 10 Pampanga 10Bulacan 10 Pangasinan 10Camiguin 9 S.Cotabato 7,908Cebu 29 Surigao del N. 60Davao 11 Surigao del S. 9Davao del S 51,250 Zamboanga S. 11Iloilo 10 Manila 11Kalinga-Apayao 30 Parañaque 10Misamis Occ. 8 Davao del S. (NM 1991:89,111) S. Cotabato (NM 1991:7,920)

ILANUN


Agusan del S. 33 Negros Occ. 43Basilan 314 N.Cotabato 407Bukidnon 19 (NM 1991:69,80)Cagayan 10 S.Cotabato 20Iloilo 21 S.Kudarat 10Lanao del N. 10 (NM 1993:6,700)(NM 1991:6,129) Zambales 9Lanao del S. 93 Zamboanga S. 80Maguindanao 77 (NM 1992: 1,300)(NM 1993:127,990) Manila 21


DAVAWENO

Total Population 147,380

Agusan del N. 71 N.Cotabato 163Agusan del S. 71 N.Vizcaya 9Batangas 21 Or. Mindoro 10Benguet 49 Palawan 10Bohol 8 Pampanga 11Bukidnon 9 Pangasinan 10 Bulacan 10 Rizal 401Camarines S. 9 S.Cotabato 312Cavite 10 S.Leyte 10Cebu 96 Surigao del N. 382Davao 6,811 Surigao del S. 354Davao Or. 125,540 Zambales 19(NM 1991:54,825) Zamboanga S. 139Davao del Sur 11,819 Kalookan 51(NM 1991:8,000) Mandaluyomg 71Ilocos S. 27 Manila 103Iloilo 20 Marikina 10Isabela 10 Malabon 10Kalinga-Apayao 9 Makati 104Leyte 10 Muntinlupa 30Maguindanao 10 Pasay 70Masbate 10 Quezon City 351Mt. Province 32 San Juan 42Negros Occ. 22 Taguig 13

Valenzuela 21SURIGAONON


Agusan del N. 11,939 Bataan 104Agusan del S. 7,102 Benguet 20Antique 10 Bohol 34Baislan 20 Bukidnon 420

90 PERALTA

Bulacan 131 Romblon 11Camarines S. 30 S.Cotabato 276Catanduanes 11 S.Leyte 57Cavite 50 Surigao del S. 78,934Cebu 798 (NM 1990:114,120) Davao 2,169 Tawi-tawi 80Davao Or. 414 Zambales 41Davao del S. 1,459 Zamboanga N. 78Isabela 19 Zamboanga S. 221Laguna 10 Kalookan 192Leyte 98 Las Pñas 256Maguindanao 11 Mandaluyong 90Misamis Occ. 19 Manila 441Misamis Or. 69 Marikina 122Negros Or. 11 Makati 10N.Cotabato 51 Navotas 81Occ. Mindoro 61 Parañaque 64Palawan 284 Pasay 180Pampanga 60 Quezon City 704Pangasinan 897 San Juan 76Quezon 72 Taguig 77Rizal 462 Valenzuela 111

ROMBLOANONTotal National Population 126,698(NSO 1980: 147,000)

Agusan del S. 20 Davao Or. 12Aklan 511 Laguna 31Antique 99 Lanao del N. 57Basilan 20 Marinduque 19Bataan 9 Masbate 144Batangas 117 Misamis Occ. 10Bohol 10 Occ. Mindoro 226Bulacan 83 Or. Mindoro 20,897Camarines N. 9 Palawan 442Camarines S. 20 Rizal 316Catanduanes 29 Romblon 101,231Cavite 19 S.Kudarat 22Davao 20 Tarlac 10Davao del S. 30 Tawi-tawi 20


Zambales 10 Malabon 42Zamboanga N. 10 Makati 94Zamboanga S. 179 Muntinlupa 10Kalookan 253 Parañaque 189Las Piñas 84 Pasay 149Mandaluyong 50 Quezon City 565Manila 435 Taguig 25Marikina 120 Valenzuela 50

HIGAONON


Agusan del S. 180,000 (1992)Bukidnon 22,718 (1991)Bukidnon. 1,060 (1991)Lanao del N. 3,000Misamis Or. 49,400 (1993)

HIGAONON/TALAANDIG

Agusan del S. 5,000 (1992)Bukidnon 26,312 (1992)

KAMAYO


Agusan del N. (NM 1991:6,500)Surigao del S. (NM 1990: 115,850)

YAKAN


92 PERALTA

Surigao del S. 101 Pampanga 9Aklan 53 Pangasinan 85Antique 11 Quezon 10Basilan 86,926 Rizal 245(NM 1992:102,200) Romblon 4Bataan 10 S.Cotabato 960Aurora 64 Sulu 74Benguet 42 Surigao del N. 10Bukidnon 295 Surigao del S. 606Bulacan 113 Tawi-tawi 297Camarines S. 9 Zambales 19Cebu 10 Zamboanga N. 811Davao 423 Zamboanga S. 11,193Davao del S. 71 Kalookan 10Davao Or. 1,378 Las Piñas 21Iloilo 37 Manila 10Kalinga-Apayao 10 Marikina 61La Union 10 Malabon 31 Laguna 29 Makati 188 Negros Occ. 19 Navotas 21 Nueva Vizcaya 22 Parañaque 20Or. Mindoro 78 Quezon Cirty 11Palawan 160 San Juan 11 Taguig 13

ITAWIT


Abra 26 Kalinga-Apayao 752Bataan 20 La Union 32Batanes 2 Laguna 20Benquet 22 Misamis Or. 10Bulacan 61 Mt. Province 12Cagayan 110,803 N.Vizcaya 80Cavite 61 Palawan 9Davao 9 Pampanga 42Davao S. 11 Pangasinan 47Ifugao 11 Quirino 81Ilocos N. 12 Rizal 94Isabela 5,238 Surigao N. 10


Tarlac 19 Makati 708Kalookan 111 Muntinlupa 21Las Piñas. 113 Navotas 10Mandaluyong 31 Pasay 69Manila 290 Pateros 29Marikina 50 Quezon City 491 Taguig 115

SAMBAL

Total National Population 113,032(NSO 1980:118,805)

Agusan del S. 11 Occ. Mindoro 93Antique 8 Or. Mindoro 8Aurora 20 Palawan 460Bataan 485 Pangasinan 1,325Batangas 83 Rizal 295Benguet 32 S.Kudarat 9Bulacan 71 Surigao N. 10Cagayan 83 Tarlac 2,397Camarines N. 20 Zambales 104,840Camarined S. 63 Zamboanga 74Capiz 21 Kalookan 419Cavite 60 Las Pinas 53Cebu 10 Mandaluyong 39Davao del S. 30 Manila 801Ifugao 10 Marikina 182Ilocos N. 28 Malabon 10Isabela 30 Makati 30La Union 10 Muntinlupa 30Laguna 41 Parañaque 61Leyte 10 Pasay 68N.Cotabato 11 Taguig 65Nueva Ecija 133 Valenzuela 101

BOTOLAN Negros Or. 30Camiguin 10 Palawan 13Cebu 20 Rizal 20Davao del S. 13 Siquijor 81La Union 8 S.Cotabato 31

94 PERALTA

S. Leyte 34 Marikina 10Sulu 21 Makati 42Surigao del N. 29 Navotas 10Zamboanga 10 Quezon City 10

IBALOY


Abra 5 Lanao S. 127Agusan N. 10 Maguindanao 29Agusan S. 240 Mt. Province 12Aurora 29 Negros Occ. 1,832Basilan 18 Negros Of. 1,314Batangas 13 N.Cotabato 100Benguet 86,052 N.Ecija 216Bukidnon 303 N.Vizcaya 13,406Bulacan 20 Or.Mindoro 11Cagayan 198 Palawan 29Capiz 126 Pangasinan 748Cavite 10 Quirino 1,104Davao 10 Romblon 160Davao S. 91 S.Cotabato 377Davao Or. 38 S.Kudarat 185Ifugao 85 Surigao S. 55Iloilo 1,113 Zambales 29Isabela 2,205 Zamboanga S. 51Kalinga-Apayao 435 Valenzuela 10La Union 1,276 Parañaque 11

KALINGA


Kalinga-Apayao 83.963 Cavite 52Agusan N. 10 Davao S. 11Aklan 10 Isabela 1,599Batangas 10 La Union 33Benguet 2,527 Laguna 10Bukidnon 11 Manila 20Cagayan 593 Misamis Or. 52Camiguin 8 Mt. Province 1,746


Negros Occ 10 Pangasinan 49N.Ecija 159 Quirino 10N.Vizcaya 47 S.Cotabato 9Palawan 10 Zambales 193Pampanga 21 Makati 10

KALAGAN

Total National Population 21,381 65,889 87,270

Benguet 10 Kalinga-Apayao 9Bohol 10 Maguindanao 9Cavite 10 N.Cotabato 52Davao 4,705 Nueva Vizcaya 194(NM 1991:21,624) Pangasinan 95Davao Or. 8,794 S.Cotabato 2,925(NM 1991:48,052) (NM 1991:4,860)Davao del S. 4,453 S.Kudarat 8(NM 1991:12,230) Surigao del N. 10Ilocos S. 16 Zambales 20Isabela 29 Zamboanga S. 32

TIRURAY


Bukidnon 730 N.Cotabato 894(NM 1991) (NM 1991)Maguindanao 58,759 S.Kudarat 6,500(NM 1993) (NM 1993)

96 PERALTA

BUKIDNON/BINUKID(The NSO census does not distinguish between Bukidnon of Negros Magahat/Carol-an) and Bukidnon (Manobo) of Mindanao.)


BUKIDNON Batangas 9 Benguet 30Agusan del N. 20 Bohol 244Agusan del S. 11 Bukidnon 47,019Bohol 41 Bulacan 10Bukidnon 22,053 Camiguin 10Bulacan 11 Cavite 65Cavite 19 Cebu 517Cebu 30 Davao 100Davao 8 Davao del S. 267Davao del S. 11 Laguna 16Davao Or. 11 Lanao del N. 16Lanao del S. 13 Lanao del S. 10Misamis Occ. 41 Leyte 10Misamis Or. 2,237 Masbate 9Mt. Province 34 Misamis Occ. 18Negros Or. 10 Misamis Or. 101Pangasian 41 Negros Occ. 10Quirino 83 Negros Or. 47Rizal 10 N.Cotabato 10Siquijor 37 Rizal 21S.Cotabato 21 Siquijor 21Surigao N. 27 S.Cotabato 73Tawi-tawi 9 S.Kudarat 10Zamboanga N. 192 Surigao N. 71Kalookan 11 Surigao S. 57Makati 10 Zambales 10Parañaque 22 Zamboanga S. 124Quezon City 10 Manila 29 Makati 11BINKID Navotas 10Agusan del N. 144 Parañaque 10Agusan del S. 53 Pasay 10Basilan 10 Taguig 13


T’BOLI

Total National Population 50,724 +18,823 695, 47

Agusan del N. 20 Rizal 10Agusan del S. 20 S.Cotabato 50,253Bukidnon 11 (NM 1991:68,282)Cavite 10 S.Kudarat 206Davao del S/ 11 (NM 1993:1,000)Maguindanao 22 Zamboanga N. 9Pampanga 19 Las Piñas 21Quezon 92 Makati 20

ILONGOT


Abra 31 Davao 807Agusan del N. 391 Davao S. 21Aklan 174 E.Samar 199Albay 23 Ifugao 11Antique 264 Ilocos N. 182Aurora 11 Ilocos S. 109Basilan 486 Iloilo 12Bataan 61 Isabela 281Batanes 17 Kalinga-Apayao 9Batangas 1,291 La Union 318Benguet 384 Laguna 1,695Bohol 68 Lanao del N. 11Bukidnon 37 Lanao del S. 48Bulacan 4,969 Leyte 113Cagayan 342 Marinduque 52Camarines N. 169 Masbate 51Camarines S. 458 Misamis Occ. 80Catanduanes 93 Misamis Or. 394Cavite 4,781 Negros Occ. 23Cebu 1,164 Negros Or. 1,314

98 PERALTA

N.Cotabato 10 Surigao del S. 476M.Samar 7 Tarlac 382N.Ecija 316 Zambales 619N.Vizcaya 2,011 Zamboanga N. 21Occ. Mindoro 1,269 Zamboanga S. 3,735Or. Mindoro 1,352 Kalookan 943Palawan 2,745 Las Piñas 402Pampanga 1,329 Mandaluyong 448Pangasinan 808 Manila 553Quezon 585 Marikina 334Quirino 2,173 Malabon 833Rizal 1,448 Makati 92Romblon 50 Muntinlupa 11Samar 222 Navotas 454Siquijor 10 Parañaque 465Sorsogon 122 Pasay 99S. Cotabato 1,296 Pateros 139S.Kudarat 10 Quezon City 1,091Sulu 137 San Juan 550Surigao del N. 360 Taguig 347 Valenzuela 300TINGGIAN


Abra 39,016 Manila 31Benguet 343 Mt. Prov 53Bulacan 11 Negros Occ. 9Cagayan 228 N.Cotabato 11Cavite 10 N.Vizcaya 20Ifugao 73 Pangasinan 9Ilocos N. 369 Quirino 10Ilocos S. 4,920 Rizal 11Iloilo 1,113 S.Kudarat 33Isabela 397 Sulu 32Kalinga-Apayao 622 Zamboanga S. 10La Union 31 Caloocan 20Lanao del N. 5 Valenzuela 10 Makati 50


PALAWAN Total National Population 40,630

Abra 9 Rizal 153Agusan del S. 10 Romblon 15Aklan 50 Sulu 9Basilan 9 Surigao del N. 55Batangas 11 Tawi-tawi 50Bulacan 81 Zamboanga S. 32Cavite 10 Kalookan 40Cebu 10 Las Piñas 11Davao del S. 11 Manila 273Ifugao 10 Marikina 10Laguna 21 Malabon 41MIsamis Or. 10 Makati 10Negros Occ. 10 Muntinlupa 10Negros Or. 19 Navotas 39Occ. Mindoro 20 Parañaque 10Or. Mindoro 10 Pasay 10Palawan 39,421 Quezon City 114Pampanga 11 Quezon City 10Pangasinan 20 Taguig 13

BUTUANON


Agusan del N. 10,705 Ifugao 10Agusan del S. 3,310 Ilocos N. 10Aurora 20 Ilocos S. 66Benguet 285 La Union 12Bohol 3,576 Lanao des N. 438Bukidnon 1,087 Lanao del S. 35Camiguin 248 Leyte 30Cavite 10 Maguindanao 32Cebu 1,744 Masbate 22Davao 360 Misamis Occ. 1,375Davao del S. 1,075 Misamis Or. 1,399Davao Or. 259 Mt. Province 273

100 PERALTA

Negros Occ. 703 S.Kudarat 44Negros Or. 2,183 Sulu 406N.Cotabato 81 Surigao del N. 177N.Samar 10 Surigao del S. 179Or. Mindoro 552 Tawi-tawi 139Palawan 50 Zambales 20Pampanga 10 Zamboanga N. 852Pangasinan 9 Zamboanga S. 781Quirino 6 Manila 94Siquijor 1,360 Malabon 40S.Cotabato 208 Muntinlupa 11S.Leyte 210 Pasay 29 Quezon City 31

KOLIBUGAN


Aurora 62 Quezon 10Bataan 10 Quirino 9Benguet 22 Zambales 10Bukidnon 9 Zamboanga N. 10Cebu 156 (NM 1994:14,950)Isabela 9 Zamboanga S. 16,948Kalinga-Apayao 47 (NM 1992:9,800)Laguna 11 Manila 10N.Ecija 79 Makati 10Pangasinan 11 Quezon City 10

APAYAO Total National Population 27,627

Kalinga-Apayao 24,844 Cagayan 142Agusan N 9 Davao 10Aklan 10 Ilocos N. 2,134Benguet 281 Ilocos S. 37


Laguna 20 Pangasinan 50Manila 9 Surigao N. 10Misamis Occ. 5 Tarlac 11Mt. Prov. 10 Tawi-tawi 11N.Vizcaya 10 Zamboanga N. 12 Zamboanga S. 12

MATIGSALUG


Bukidnon 23,700 Davao del S. 3,000(NM 1991) (NM 1991)

BONTOC


Abra 5 Ifugao 83Aurora 177 Isabela 11Antique 10 Kalinga-Apayao 457Basilan 10 Misamis Or. 10Benguet 6,618 Mt. Province 15,723Bohol 21 Occ. Mindoro 18Bukidnon 113 Or. Mindoro 11Bulacan 30 Palawan 12Cagayan 94 Pangasinan 22Davao 10 Quirino 25Davao S. 11 Rizal 22Davao Or. 49 Zambales 10

MANSAKA


102 PERALTA

Agusan del N. 10 Ifugao 8Bohol 19 Ilocos N. 1Cagayan 21 Lanao del N. 10Cebu 20 Leyte 10Davao 18,852 N.Cotabato 11(NM 1991:21,711) Nueva Vizcaya 10Davao Or. 186 Quirino 10(NM 1991:850) Rizal 10Davao del S. 40 S.Cotabato 10 S.Leye 18

JAMA MAPUN


Agusan del S. 10 Romblon 61Basilan 89 Surigao del N. 8Cavite 40 Surigao del S. 90Davao del S. 11 Tawi-tawi 14,423Palawan 7,494 Zamboanga N. 72 Zamboanga S. 22

MANGYAN


Aklan 127 Occ. Mindoro 5,172Agusan del N. 10(Ir.) Or. Mindoro 15,639Benguet 20(Ir.) Occ. Mindoro 380 (Ir.)Cavite 19 Or. Mindoro 75(Ir.)Cagayan 9(Ir.) Palawan 9Cavite 22(Ir.) Pampanga 11Davao Or. 10(Ir.) Pangasinan 10(Ir.)Ilocos N. 12(Ir.) Rizal 50Ilocos S. 10(Ir.) S.Kudarat 9(Ir.)Lanao del N. 53(Ir.) Sulu 20(Ir.)Misamis Occ. 20(Ir.) Surigao del S. 10(Ir.)Misamis Occ. 9 Zamboanga S. 23(Ir.)


Mandaluyong 10 Parañaque 10Manila 52(Ir.) Pasay 10Makati 11 Pasay 10(Ir.)Makati 10(Ir.) Quezon City 10 N.Cotabato 10(Ir.)

Note: In NSO 1990 Census, Mangyan is distinguished from Iraya

IVATAN/ITVAYATTotal National Population 17,151 +3,199 20,350

Batanes Kalinga-Apayao 51Basco 5,223 Laguna 61Itbayat 3,351 Lanao del S. 16Ivana 1,094 Manila 358Mahatao 1,611 Negros Occ. 22Sabtang 1,625 N.Cotabato 49Aklan 9 N.Vizcaya 80Bataan 20 Palawan 330Batangas 9 Pampanga 10Benguet 11 Pangasinan 32Bukidnon 1,601 Quezon 10(NM 1991:4,800) Rizal 123Bulacan 73 S.Cotabato 40Cagayan 1,044 S.Kudarat 11Camarines S. 20 Zambales 10Cebu 20 Zamboanga N. 10Davao 10 Zamboangan S. 33Davao del S. 10 Makati 60Ilocos N. 10 Muntinlupa 50Ilocos S. 4 Parañaque 11Iloilo 9 Pasay 30

GA’DANG

Total National Population 19.220

(NSO 1980:20,850)

104 PERALTA

Antique 10 Lanao S. 10Benguet 40 Mt.Province 1,557Bukidnon 11 N.Ecija 10Cagayan 91 N.Vizcaya 5,859Cavite 10 Palawan 11Ifugao 702 Quirino 65Iloilo 10 S.Kudarat 10Isabela 9,878 Zamboanga S. 10Kalinga-Apayao 677 Manila 32Lanao N. 88 Makati 118 Quezon City 21

DIBABAON

Total National Population 8,628 +9,368 17,996 Benguet 30 Palawan 9Bukidnon 31 Pampanga 11Cavite 30 Pangasinan 10Davao 7,717 Rizal 20(NM 1991:16,735) S.Cotabato 51Davao Or. 11 S.Kudarat 30Davao del S. 11 Surigao del N. 10Iloilo 113 Surigao del S. 233Kalinga-Apayao 20 Zambales 10La Union 18 Zamboanga S. 32Laguna 10 Manila 10Maguindanao 10 Makati 10Negros Occ. 132 Quezon City 40N.Cotabato 19 Agusan del S. (NM 1992:350)

YOGA


Agusan N. 11 Benguet 12


Capiz 17 Quirino 36Ifugao 22 S.Cotabato 29Iloilo 52 Surigao N. 10Isabela 15,445 Tarlac 10Lanao N. 9 Zamboanga S. 20Negros Occ. 81 Kalookan 10N.Vizcaya 31 Manila 48Palawan 11 Makati 83Pangasinan 10 Quezon City 41

CAGAYANO/KAGAYANEN


Agusan del S. 29 Nueva Vizcaya 51Aklan 11 Or. Mindoro 10Benguet 53 Palawan 14,639Bohol 17 Pangasinan 60Bukidnon 8 Rizal 465Camarines S. 10 Surigao del N. 22Davao 40 Kalookan 41Davao del S. 10 Mandaluyong 11Ilocoa S. 21 Manila 61Isabela 99 Pateros 10Kalinga-Apayao 10 Quezon City 51Misamis Or. 10 Taguig 13 Valenzuela 30

(Note: Cagayan of Cagayan Valley of Northern Luzon and the Cagayano of Cagayancillo in the Sulu Sea and the Cagayano of Cagayan de Oro have not neem distinguished here by the NSO 1990 census.)

MALAWEG


Aurora 11 Ifugao 10Benguet 31 Iloilo 214Cagayan 11,285 Kalinga-Apayao 2,515Davao 11 La Union 11

106 PERALTA

Negros Occ. 32 Zamboanga N. 30Occ. Mindoro 76 Mandaluyong 20Palawan 69 Manila 217Quirino 5 Muntinlupa 10S.Cotabato 21 Parañaque 10 Taguig 13

TAGBANWA

Total National Population 13.643

Agusan Del N. 9 N.Ecija 144Agusan del S. 88 Palawan 1,1472Aklan 9 Pangasinan 8Benguet 21 Rizal 20Bohol 17 S.Cotabato 10Bukidnon 29 S.Kudarat 12Cavite 11 Sulu 11Davao 10 Surigao del N. 21Davao Del S. 20 Zambales 93Ilocos S. 75 Las Pñas 10Lanao del N. 30 Manila 31Leyte 10 Makati 52Misamis Occ. 9 42Misamis Or. 24 Pasay 10Negros Occ 11 Quezon City 10N.Cotabato 1,313 San Juan 11

PALANAN


Bulacan 10 Pangasinan 21Davao 10 Rizal 9Davao del S. 9 Tarlac 20Isabela 10,706 Zambales 9Negros Or. 19 Kalookan 20N.Cotabato 10 Manila 10Nueva Ecija 10 Quezon City 41Pampanga 21


SANGKIL (SANGIR/MARORE)


Basilan 9 (NM 1991:2,570)Bulacan 10 S.Kudarat 21Cavite 177 (NM 1993:2,000)Cebu 20 Surigao del N. 10Davao del S. 4,322 Kalookan 10(NM 1991:5,000) Las Piñas 72Isabela 26 Manila 10Negros Occ. 11 Marikina 51Or. Mindoro 32 Makati 51Palawan 41 Muntinlupa 10Rizal 30 Parañaque 60Romblon 30 Pasay 39S.Cotabato 2,397 Pateros 11 Taguig 64

NEGRITO GROUPS

(Negrito/Agta/Batak/Dumagat)(There are at least 25 Negrito sub-grops. The dichotomy between the difference Negrito groups is not delineated; also the difference between the ATTA of northern Cordillera; and the non-Negrito ATTA of Mindanao is not clarified in the NSO 1991 census. Some sub-groups in the NSO tabulation said to be some provinces may have been mis-identified.)

Total National Population 7,466 (Less Non-Negrito)

NEGRITO Cagayan 18Agusan del N. 57 Davao 10Aurora 76 Davao del S. 19Bataan 10 Isabela 8Benguet 11 Kalinga-Apayao 175

108 PERALTA

(Negrito Atta) S.Kudarat 72La Union 10 Sulu 33Negros Occ. 10(Ati) Tawi-tawi 10Pangasinan 10 Zambales 21Rizal 31 Kalookan 10Surigao del N. 152 Las Piñas 10(Non-Negrito Mamanwa) Manila 11Mandaluyong 10 Muntinlupa 10Manila 63 Quezon City 84Makati 10 Taguig 13Muntinlupa 42 Parañaque 11 ATTATaguig 13 Aklan 10 Aurora 11AGTA Bataan 11Aklan 43 Batangas 40(Ati?) Bukidnon 10Batanes 1 Cagayan 175 Bukidnon 105 Camarines S. 9(Non-Negrito Mamanwa) Cavite 30Bulacan 50 Davao 7,307Cagayan 269 (Non-Negrito) Catanduanes 18 Davao del Sur 6,448Davao del S. 88 (Non-Negrito)(Non-Negrito Mamanwa) Ilocos N. 10Ilocos N. 10 Ilocos S. 22(Atta) Iloilo 20Ilocos S. 9 Kalinga-Apayao 47(Atta) Lanao del S. 8Iloilo 10 Occ. Mindoro 11(Ati) Pampanga 21Isabela 11 Pangasinan 10Laguna 29 Quezon 29Lanao del N. 68 Rizal 43Lanao del S. 13 Sulu 10Maguindanao 60 Tarlac 11Misamis Or. 10 Tawi-Tawi 10Negros Occ. 11 Zambales 10Occ. Mindoro 30 Zamboanga N. 12Palawan 30 Manila 11Pangasinan 54 Quezon City 22Rizal 94 Taguig 12S.Cotabato 11


BATAK Manila 31Antique 10 Makati 21Basilan 10 Muntinlupa 11Bataan 31 Quezon City 21Bohol 90 Taguig 12Bukidnon 143 Camarines N. 11 DUMAGATCamiguin 10 Agusan S. 10Capiz 9 Albay 9Cavite 52 Antique 11Cebu 244 Aurora 384Davao 22 Benguet 21Davao del S. 73 Bukidnon 21Ilocos N. 9 Bulacan 10Ilocos S. 4 Cavite 31Iloilo 20 Davao 41Kalinga-Apayao 7 Cebu 10Lanao del N. 11 Iloilo 66Maguindanao 9 Isabela 127Misamis Occ. 57 Laguna 67Misamis Or. 110 Negros Occ. 510Negros Occ. 21 Negros Or. 60N.Cotabato 32 N.Cotabato 11N.Samar 10 Nueva Ecija 87Nueva Ecija 20 Palawan 41Palawan 259 Pampanga 12Pampanga 9 Pangasinan 20Pangasinan 10 Quezon 656Quezon 16 Quirino 71Rizal 10 S.Cotabato 20S.Leyte 19 S.Kudarat 20Surigao N. 22 Zamboanga S. 442Tawi-tawi 10 Kalookan 10Zambales 10 Manila 10Zamboanga S. 220 Marikina 11Kalookan 21 Muntinlupa 20Las Piñas 21 Parañaque 10Mandaluyong 10 Quezon City 30

110 PERALTA

KALAMIANON


Abra 539 Nueva Ecija 21Agusan del N. 30 Palawan 2,928Agusan del S. 11 Quirino 10Benguet 575 Rizal 11Cagayan 86 S.Cotabato 70Davao 52 S.Kudarat 40Davao del S. 21 Sulu 244Ifugao 18 Surigao del N. 19Ilocos N. 574 Tarlac 57Ilocos S. 431 Tawi-tawi 117Isabela 127 Zambales 169Kalinga-Apayao 273 Zamboanga N. 20La Union 494 Zamboanga S. 130Lanao del S. 13 Kalookan 10Mt. Province 63 Manila 30N.Cotabato 11 Makati 10N.Samar 11 Quezon City 41

MOLBOG

Total national Population 6,701

Cavite 9 Tarlac 80Davao del S. 9 Zamboanga N. 32Palawan 6,493 Zamboanga S. 11Pampanga 47 Manila 10 Malabon 10

ISINAY


Agusan N. 10 Bukidnon 93Agusan S. 22 Bulacan 41Batanes 1 Cagayan 20Benguet 80 Davao 21


Ifugao 21 N.Vizcaya 5,003Ilocos N. 10 Pangasinan 12Isabela 75 Quezon 10Kalinga-Apayao 10 Rizal 9La Union 10 Romblon 9Laguna 11 Surigao N. 36Lanao N. 19 Zambales 9Lanao S. 11 Zamboanga N. 10Misamis Or. 30 Zamboanga S. 10N.Ecija 10 Quezon City 10 Valenzuela 11

IKALAHAN/KALANGUYA

Total National Population 2,915N.Viz, Benguet, Ifugao (DR 1974:34,000)

Antique 10 Mt. Prov. 9Aklan 38 N.Vizcaya 2,120Benguet 51 Occ. Mindoro 9Bohol 10 Palawan 11Iloilo 10 Pangasinan 583Lanao S. 32 Parañaque 10Maguindanao 11 Pasay 11

CUYONEN (CUYUNIN)


Agusan del S. 20 Cagayan 19Aklan 380 Cavite 19Antique 196 Davao 31Basilan 79 Davao Or. 10Bataan 18 Ifugao 121Batangas 9 Iloilo 10Bohol 11 Isabela 39Bukidnon 10 Laguna 20Bulacan 40 Masbate 68

112 PERALTA

Mt. Province. 112 Zamboanga S. 54Negros Occ. 13 Kalookan 21Nueva Vizcaya 11 Las Piñas 30Occ. Mindoro 20 Manila 183Palawan 419 Marikina 10Pampanga 11 Malabon 82Quezon 21 Makati 20Rizal 31 Parañaque 19Tawi-tawi 11 Quezon City 91Zambales 10 San Juan 77 Valenzuela 21

MAMANWA


Agusan del N. 961 Negros Or. 11Basilan 21 Pampanga 49Bataan 10 Pangasinan 10Bohol 20 Quezon 19Camiguin 10 Rizal 20Cebu 11 Sorsogon 11Davao Or. 10 S.Cotabato 10Davao S. 10 Surigao del N. 489Ilocos N. 31 Surigao del S. 71Iloilo 10 (NM 1990:50)La Union 31 Zamboanga S. 10Laguna 22 Kalookan 10Negros Occ. 22 Manila 11 Quezon City 32

KAMIGUIN

Total National Population 551

Agusan del S. 41 Cebu 11Antique 10 Ifugao 11Benguet 71 Iloilo 20Bukidnon 58 Misamis Occ. 9Cagayan 10 MIsamis Or. 10


Mt. Province 51 Tawi-tawi 10Or. Mindoro 9 Zambales 18Palawan 10 Las Piñas 11Pampanga 10 Marikina 10Pangasinan 98 Makati 11S.Kudarat 10 Muntinlupa 22 Quezon City 30

ABAKNON (CAPULENO)

Total National Population 430(NSO 1980:9,870)

Batangas 28 N.Samar 191Benguet 31 Occ. Mindoro 10Bulacan 10 Palawan 57Davao del S. 11 W.Samar 11Iloilo 50 Manila 31

KENE(Unknown group Listed in NSO Census 1990)

Total National Population 279

Antique (Culasi) 10 Pampanga 62Aklan (Kalibo) 10 (Apalit 21Cavite (Dasmarinas) 10 Mabalacat 21Davao (Panabo) 10 Porac 11Ifugao (Lagawe) 35 Macabebe 9Ilocos S.(San Emilio) 25 Tarlac 31Iloilo (Jordon) 10 (Bamban 11N.Ecija (San Jose) 10 San Jose 10)Occ. Mindoro 10 Tawi-tawi 17Oalawan (San Vicente) 10 Kalookan 19 Muntinlupa 10

114 PERALTA


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