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Cultural Tourism in Indiana: THE IMPACT AND CLUSTERING OF THE ARTS AND CREATIVE ACTIVITIES IN THIS RECESSION MICHAEL J. HICKS, PHD AND NALITRA THAIPRASERT, PHD, CENTER FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH, BALL STATE UNIVERSITY GLASS SCULPTURE. DALE CHIHULY. THE CHILDREN’S MUSEUM OF INDIANAPOLIS

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Cultural Tourism in Indiana:The ImpacT and clusTerIng of The arTs and creaTIve acTIvITIes In ThIs recessIon

Michael J. hicks, PhD anD nalitra thaiPrasert, PhD, center for Business anD econoMic research, Ball state university

Glass sculpture. Dale chihuly. the chilDren’s MuseuM of inDianapolis

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AbstrActIn this study we report the impact of cultural tourism focusing on the arts and creative sectors. We

find that, in the Hoosier State, the arts and creative activities account for more than $4.9 billion in economic activity directly, employing more than 43,000 workers. These activities generate more than $1.6 billion in value-added production and pay almost $43 million in business-related taxes (sales, property and license fees) annually. Further we find that these activities significantly cluster in two of our state’s largest metropolitan areas—Indianapolis and the Chicago area. Additionally, universities play a significant role in the arts and creative sectors with the top ranked locations for the arts located proximally to the largest universities in the state. We also find that traditional tourism (some of which is arts-related) will suffer less cyclical downturn than the economy as a whole. This finding echoes earlier research on the issue. However, in the one cultural tourism sector for which we have lengthy data, we find strong evidence of countercyclical economic activity. So, museums, zoos, and parks may see increased income as a result of the overall income declines, but, during this recession state and local tax revenues, which are so critical to many museums, zoos, and parks; experienced significant declines. More critically, the drop in financial asset values has dramatically reduced private endow-ments, which affect institutional operations, especially for many museums in the state.

IntroductIonTravel to a location to enjoy a county fair, a theater production, artistic works, architecture, a

movie, festival or museum is cultural tourism. Virtually all of us, often unwittingly, engage in cul-tural tourism, as either producers or consumers of these goods—or both. Indiana is fertile ground for cultural tourism. From the virtually uncountable number of local festivals, to the robust county and state fair activities, to the hundreds of museums, to movie premiers at Ball State, to the basketball hall of fame, to covered bridges and the architecture of downtown Columbus or to re-enactments of

Cultural tourism in indiana: the impaCt and Clustering of the arts and Creative aCtivities in this reCession2

paraMount theatre. anDerson, inDiana

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great battles to living history encampments, Indiana enjoys a wide variety of cultural tourism activity.

Much has been written on the benefits of cultural tourism to individu-als. Educators know the benefits of bringing history alive through visits to Conner Prairie. Museums permit us to reflect on our heritage, from glass jar manufacturing to auto racing. Artistic venues allow us to see the world through another’s eyes and perhaps see our world differently. The architecture of our great towns reminds us of the promising future dreamed by Indiana’s early pioneers. Fully valuing these aspects of our lives would be a daunting task. Fortunately, we are economists, and while we acknowledge the vast and deep contribution of these activities to our communities, we have a far easier task here. We seek only to estimate the artistic and creative component of cultural tourism and measure the effect the current downturn has on these sectors.

This report documents the economic benefits of cultural tourism in In-diana. We believe this is the first large scale estimate of the size and scope of cultural tourism in the Hoosier State. This study has four elements; a brief review of other studies of cultural tourism, a description of the size of cultural tourism in Indiana, its clusters, and its economic impact. This is followed by an estimate the effect of the current recession on the industry. We conclude with a summary of our findings.

other studIesThe majority of studies of the size and scope of tourism show remarkably

little differentiation in their approach to estimating impacts. The majority of empirical tourism studies rely upon elements of input-output models or econometric estimates. This former approach employs known inter-re-gional trade relationships to estimate impacts of a particular activity. These models are very popular and well understood with results that are easily communicated. The latter type of study is typically more complex and are often used to isolate impacts from a single activity, such as a fair or festival.

Both types of studies rely upon data that captures the underlying level and complexity of economic activity associated with tourism. Here the methods used to collect data differ significantly depending upon the type of tourism activity estimated. Surveys of visitors are often used to cap-ture information about individual tourists, their spending patterns and the scope of their activities. This type of work is especially helpful in understanding tourist related events that are of short duration. Use of sec-ondary data, from Census, Department of Commerce, or Department of Labor sources represent a second common approach to populating mod-els of tourism impact. Secondary data is useful when an annual impact for a broad activity or region is the intent of a study.

Econometric studies of tourism include work by Bonham, Fujii and Mak [1992] who test the impact of a new hotel tax on hotel revenues using an empirical model which captures the incremental, effect of the imposition of a tax on hotel revenues. Hicks [2008] estimated the impact of the Superbowl on host cities, using a panel of all Superbowl cities since

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ink Drops unDer printinG press.

WooDen carvinG. eitelJorG MuseuM

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1970. Combs and Elledge [1979] estimated the impact of hotel taxes on different income groups, finding that demand for hotel occupancy was not responsive to the rate of hotel/motel taxes.

Input-output models of tourism include the Wagner [1997] estimate of tourism on Brazil using a variant of an input-output model. Thaiprasert and Hicks [2009] estimated the impact of accom-modations (hotels and motels) in Indiana using an input-output model. Stevens, Treyz, Ehrlich and Bower [1983] introduced the use of non-survey data for inter-regional impact estimates.

These methods illustrate the total amount of economic activity dedicated to a tourism event, or measure some element of tourism related policies (such as an innkeeper’s tax). Other studies seek to simply account for different types of activities. The Craft Organization Development Association (CODA) performs a nationwide analysis of arts and crafts related activities. Partnering with individual state members, CODA aids in the production of state level reports (See The West Virginia Crafts Study: The Impact of Crafts on the State Economy, West Virginia Small Business Development Divi-sion, 2003). This study identified a very narrow sub-sector of the arts and crafts, finding that over 2,500 craftsmen in West Virginia contributed over $80 million in economic activity in the state.

A study of Montana artists (Adair, 2005) found that artists in the state (very narrowly defined) contributed $233 million to the economy and provided 4,200 full time equivalent jobs. This study is interesting since it identified the share of expenditures on art-related activities from out-of-state buyers was 77 percent.

dAtA And AnAlysIsThe approach we employ in this estimate is similar to most other studies of tourism’s impact.

However, instead of relying on survey research on tourism activities, we exploit secondary data on the actual expenditures on cultural tourism related economic activity within the state. We then use

Cultural tourism in indiana: the impaCt and Clustering of the arts and Creative aCtivities in this reCession4

table 1: econoMic Data of art-relateD sectors in inDiana, ($M)

output employment (persons) value-added indirect business

taxes

Museums and Collections

Museums, historical sites, zoos, and parks

149.6 2,155 78.4 1.9

Total 149.6 2,155 78.4 1.9

Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Photography, Arts School and Services

Photographic services 267.4 3,819 104.4 7.2

Performing arts companies 125.0 5,839 49.9 3.7

Independent artists, writers, and performers

74.6 1,166 21.5 0.5

Promoters of performing arts and sports and agents for public figures

129.7 3,300 89.5 5.3

Total 596.6 14,124 265.3 16.6

Film, Radio and TV

Motion picture and video industries 639.0 4,624 87.6 3.0

Radio and television broadcasting 883.8 5,163 252.6 3.1

Total 1,522.8 9,787 340.2 6.1

Design and Publishing

Periodical publishers 207.6 1,066 73.1 1.1

Book publishers 777.3 2,972 244.5 4.6

Database, directory, and other publishers

298.1 1,064 153.1 2.2

Specialized design services 366.8 3,007 141.8 3.8

Advertising and related services 1,031.8 9,064 389.8 6.4

Total 2,681.6 17,173 1,002.4 18.1

Grand Total 4,950.6 43,238 1,686.2 42.8

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an input-output model to estimate the total effect of arts and creative en-deavors related to cultural tourism in Indiana. This methodology, like the others employed by tourism researchers does not tell us how fully we value cultural tourism. It does give us the lower bound on the value of cultural tourism, as well as a comprehensive commercial and fiscal economic im-pact of the sectors directly related to these activities. What is omitted from this estimate is the impact of cultural tourism that is a ‘spillover’ from this activity. So, we cannot capture the spending on food and drink ac-commodations or other expenditures not related directly to the arts and creative activities by cultural tourists.

Another question often posed in tourism research involves the share of local spending on tourism-related activities. That is largely a moot point. Tourism slows the leakage of economic activity as well as promoting the inflow of consumption. A dollar spent on either is equal.

This study will employ a traditional input-output model to estimate the impact of cultural tourism in Indiana in 2008. We use a statewide input-output model with a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) structure. The SAM element of the input-output model permits us to estimate the size and scope of household contributions that would be missing from a simple input-output modeling framework. The data we employ is de-rived from the Department of the Census, County Business Patterns, and IMPLAN augmented by data from Dun & Bradstreet, a commercial data vendor. We adopt a few simplifying assumptions for our analysis. Be-cause there is not a ‘cultural tourism’ sector (much less one for tourism) we must rely upon a more conservative definition of activities to define cultural tourism.

Our focus on the arts and creative activities component of cultural tourism leads us to the definition employed by the Americans for the Arts. This definition includes activities related to museums, historical sites, zoos and parks, performing arts of all types, media development and broad-casting, and digital design. Estimates of these sectors’ contributions to Indiana’s economy appear in Table 1.

In the Hoosier State, the arts and creative activities account for more than $4.9 billion in economic activity directly, employing more than 43,000 workers. These activities generate more than $1.6 billion in value-added production and pay almost $43 million in business related taxes (sales, property and license fees) annually. For details of these activities by county, see Appendix I.

A map of these activities is useful in providing geographic dimension to the artistic activities occurring in Indiana. Figure 1 displays a cluster map of the region, identifying individual activities at the county level. From the figure, although the arts and creative activities appear to be dis-tributed across the state, two major cluster regions could be identified. One is around Indianapolis, the other extends from the Chicago area. Figure 2 shows the top ten counties for input and output in the arts and creative sectors. Notably these appear to form around the state’s major universities.

Cultural tourism in indiana: the impaCt and Clustering of the arts and Creative aCtivities in this reCession 5

fiGure 2: top ten county output anD eMployMent in art anD creative sectors – inDiana counties

lake

Ball state

iPfW

notre Dame

Purdue

iuPui

indiana

usi

saint Josephelkhart

allen

Delawarehamilton

Marion

tippecanoe

Monroe

vanderburgh

fiGure 1: art anD creative activity clusters – inDiana counties

10-127-94-61-30

Density

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The size of the activities is an important gauge of its regional contribution. However, economists have long reported sector ‘economic impacts’ or ‘multipliers’ as a measure for a sector’s overall con-tribution to a region’s economy through the flow of revenues locally. Table 2 displays the economic impacts or multiplier effects of these arts and creative sectors in Indiana in 2006 and 2008. For details of the economic impacts by county, see Appendix II. Understanding the multiplier effect is straightforward. An output multiplier of a sector is the sum of direct, indirect, and induced effects of that sector. For example, a one dollar increase in demand on output (goods and services) of a sector is considered the ‘Direct Effects.’ A portion of that one dollar increase in output (e.g. theater attendance) is used by the sector to create a new round of demand for output from other sectors (e.g. restaurant meals). This new round of demand is termed the ‘Indirect Effects.’ Finally, the combined direct and indirect effects of that one dollar increase in the new demand also results in increased household spending. As a result, spending by households on goods and services also increases due to increases in production. This household spending increase is known as the ‘Induced Effects.’ In the case of output, the multiplier effect considers the effect of revenue that is spent locally. The employment effect determines the effect on jobs that produce the output at different stages. The value-added multiplier effect is a subset of the output multiplier effect, looking only at the effect on

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table 2: econoMic iMpact or Multiplier effect of arts anD creative sectors in inDiana, 2006 anD 20082006 total impact Direct indirect induced total effect

Output ($ million)

Museums and collections 149.6 55.8 90.7 296.1

Performing arts, visual arts, photog-raphy, art school and services

596.6 222.0 215.1 1,033.7

Film, radio and TV 1,522.8 1,037.9 498.3 3,059.0

Design and publishing 2,681.6 1,081.5 878.0 4,641.1

Total 4,950.6 2,397.2 1,682.1 9,029.9

Employment (person)

Museums and collections 2,155 601 836 3,592

Performing arts, visual arts, photog-raphy, art school and services

14,124 2,431 1,983 18,538

Film, radio and TV 9,787 9,339 4,594 23,720

Design and publishing 17,173 9,019 8,094 34,286

Total 43,238 21,390 15,507 80,135

Value-Added ($ million)

Museums and collections 78.4 31.6 51.5 161.5

Performing arts, visual arts, photog-raphy, art school and services

265.3 120.5 122.3 508.1

Film, radio and TV 340.2 396.6 283.3 1,020.1

Design and publishing 1,002.4 556.7 499.2 2,058.3

Total 1,686.2 1,105.4 956.3 3,747.9

Indirect Business Taxes ($ million)

Museums and collections 1.9 2.9 5.3 10.1

Performing arts, visual arts, photog-raphy, art school and services

16.6 9.7 12.6 38.9

Film, radio and TV 6.1 29.6 29.2 64.9

Design and publishing 18.1 38.3 51.4 107.8

Total 42.8 80.5 98.5 221.8

2008 total impact Direct indirect induced total impact Output ($ million) 6,173.5 2,989.5 2,097.6 11,260.6

Employment (person) 53,924 26,673 19,338 99,935

Value-added ($ million) 2,102.8 1,378.5 1,192.5 4,673.8

Indirect business taxes ($ million) 53.3 100.4 122.7 276.4

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payroll, profit, and indirect business taxes. This multiplier effect is also a method of appreciating the size and scope of backward linkages of this sector within a region.

tourIsm And the recessIonThe effect of this recession on cultural tourism is a matter of great interest. A few studies have

attempted to answer specific questions about tourism and recessions. Goodrich [1991] examined the dual effects of Desert Storm and the 1990-1991 recession on tourism, focusing on the industry response to the recession and war. Bull and Church [1996] examined the impact of recessions on the accommodations industry, examining the impact on regional economic activity.

More critical to this analysis is the response of tourism expenditures to changes in income – particularly during a recession. In order to estimate this we use data on tourism related activity in each of Indiana’s 92 counties from 1969 through 2007. These data are available from the Bureau of Economic Analysis’ Regional Economic Information System. The three sectors for which good data is available are: accommodations, museums and amusements. Clearly, only one of these sectors is primarily a cultural-tourism-related activity. However, we offer our estimates in order to better evaluate the overall effect of the recession on tourism, and to place the effect of the recession on cultural tourism in context.

Our model estimates income elasticity of tourism related personal income. Mathematically:

Et,i=%ΔTi

%ΔPI

Where the elasticity, E, of tourism with respect to income, is simply the ratio of the annual per-centage change in tourism incomes to the percentage change in personal income. This is expressed empirically as:

log (Tti,t,i - Ti,t-1) = a + ai + η log(PIi,t - PIi,t-1) + ei,t

Where the estimated value η is the elasticity value from the time series, cross sectional model, for Indiana’s counties.

The elasticity measurement is useful in explaining the growth or decline of tourism related activ-ity over several business cycles across Indiana. In this effort we estimate the elasticity of tourism incomes in Indiana with respect to overall personal income in Indiana, and the United States as a whole. We estimate the following elasticities:

These results partially confirm existing study findings, but at least one finding holds particular interest. We find that the tradi-tional tourism industries of both accommo-dations and amusements are fairly insensitive to changes in income. In both cases, a one percent decline in personal income nationally would result in a decline between 75 cents and a dollar in incomes in these industries. We find that accommodations are slightly more responsive to changes in Indiana incomes. This may reflect a tendency for in-state tourists to remain at home instead of spending a night in a hotel or motel during a recession. The effect on amusements is reversed. Indiana’s amusement parks and other activities are even less sensitive to changes in Hoosier incomes than to changes in national incomes. This may mean that in-state tourists are even less influenced by overall economic conditions when choosing an amusement park than out-of-state visitors.

Cultural tourism in indiana: the impaCt and Clustering of the arts and Creative aCtivities in this reCession 7

table 3: tourisM-relateD elasticities

activityresponse to changes in us income

response to changes in indiana income

Accommodations 0.78*** 0.93***

Amusements 0.97*** 0.76***

Museums, zoos, and parks

-2.19* -1.78***

* denotes statistically significant at the 10% level*** denotes statistically significant at the 1% level

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Other studies have performed similar analysis. Van Soest and Koore-man [1987] found that the income elasticity of domestic travel expendi-tures was a 0.7. This means that a one percent increase in incomes would result in a 0.7 percent increase in domestic travel expenditures. Similarly, a one percent decrease in income would result in a 0.7 percent decrease in consumer travel expenditures. Others studies find that international travel is highly responsive to income changes.

Our analysis offers a very interesting result that merits some additional discussion. We found that income related to museums, zoos and parks displayed a negative income elasticity. This suggests significant counter-cyclicality in museum expenditures. It would appear from these results that Hoosiers actually increase spending on cultural activities during a down-turn. Since 1969, growth in museum, zoo and park revenues during reces-sions was 0.19 percent, while during non-recession years the average growth rate was 0.13 percent. Other researchers have noted the counter-cyclicality of cultural tourism. In a widely respected paper on the geography of tour-ism, Britton [1991] noted the counter-cyclical nature of cultural tourism.

A recently published survey in the UK reported significant increases in visitorship at UK museums, with a third seeing increases (see Culture Crunch? The Art Fund Museum Survey September 2008 – March 2009). The study noted that budgets were down, though given the higher share of private and pay-for-attendance museums in the U.S. these findings would likely differ.

If we focus on this recession, a far more nuanced result emerges. Our estimate of income elasticity for museums, zoos and parks indicates that incomes in these areas should actually have risen since the beginning of the year. First quarter personal income shows a 0.4 percent decline. This should have resulted in more than a 0.8 percent increase in incomes for mu-seums, zoos and parks. Importantly, the national personal income results enjoy very weak statistical significance, so should be viewed with caution.

Sadly, this result does not take into account the effect of state and local spending declines, which have been nearly universal nationwide, on these venues. More significantly, these findings do not account for lost revenues from endowments and charitable giving that have a very uneven effect upon museums, zoos and parks. The result is that during this recession, visits and ticket sales could be higher than in earlier times, but individual venues could still be suffering from significant financial difficulty related to the downturn.

summAryIn this study we report the impact of cultural related tourism focusing

on the arts and creative sectors. We find that in Indiana, the arts and creative activities account for more than $4.9 billion in economic activity directly, employing more than 43,238 workers. These activities generate more than $1.6 billion in value-added production and pay almost $43 million in business related taxes (sales, property and license fees) annually. Further, we find that these activities significantly cluster around India-

Cultural tourism in indiana: the impaCt and Clustering of the arts and Creative aCtivities in this reCession8

chanGinG leaves. broWn county, inDiana.

front lobby. conseco fielDhouse

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napolis and Chicago—two of the state’s largest metropolitan areas. Universities play a significant role in the arts and creative sectors with the top ranked locations for the arts located proximally to the largest universities in the state.

In turning our attention to the recessionary impact of tourism, we find that traditional tourism (some of which is arts related) will suffer less cyclical downturn than the economy as a whole. This finding echoes earlier research on the issue. However, in the one cultural tourism sector for which we have lengthy data, we find strong evidence of countercyclical economic activity. So, museums, zoos and parks may see increased revenue as a result of the overall income declines. We note that this re-cession differs from others. In this recession, the decrease in state and local tax revenues have created significant pressures on many museums, zoos, and parks. More critically, the drop in financial asset values has dramatically reduced private endowments, which affect institutional operations especially for many museums in the state.

Cultural tourism in indiana: the impaCt and Clustering of the arts and Creative aCtivities in this reCession 9

referencesAdair, A. L. (2005) “The Economic Impact of Montana Artists” Center

for Applied Economic Research, Montana State University – Billings, MT.

Bonham, C., E. Fujii, E. Im and J. Mak (1992) “The Impact of the Hotel Room Tax: An Interrupted Time Series Approach” National Tax Jour-nal XLV: 433-441.

Bonham, C. S. and B. Ganges (1996) “Intervention Analysis with Cointe-grated Time Series: The Case of Hawaii Hotel Room Tax” Applied Eco-nomics, 28: 1281-1293.

Britton S. (1991) “Tourism, Capital, and Place: Towards a Critical Geog-raphy of Tourism” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 9(4):451-478.

Bull, P. and A. Church (1996) “Recession and the Hotel and Catering In-dustry: A Regional Perspective” Service Industries Journal. 16(2):118-39.

Combs, J. P. and B. W. Elledge (1979) “Effects of a Room Tax on Resort Hotel/Motels” National Tax Journal (XXXII):201-207.

Fujii, E., M. Khaled and J. Mak (1985) “The Exportability of Hotel Occupancy and Other Tourist Taxes” National Tax Journal (XXX-VIII):169-177.

Goodrich, J.N. (1991) “An American Study of Tourism Marketing: Impact of the Persian Gulf War” Journal of Travel Research 30(2):37-41.

Hicks, M. J. (2008) “The Economic Impact of the Superbowl in India-napolis?” Center for Business and Economic Research, Ball State Uni-versity.

Stevens, B., Treyz, G., Ehrlich, D. and Bower, J. (1983) “A New Technique for the Construction of Non-survey Regional Input-output Models and Comparison with Two Survey-based Models” International Re-gional Science Review, 8(3):271-286.

Thaiprasert N. and M. J. Hicks (2009) “The Role of Hotel Taxes and Con-vention and Visitor Bureau’s on Tourism Related Commerce: Evidence from Indiana’s Innkeeper Tax” Center for Business and Economic Re-search, Ball State University.

The Art Fund (2009) “Culture Crunch? The Art Fund Museum Survey September 2008 – March 2009” The Art Fund, April 29.

Van Soest, A. and P. Kooreman (1997) “A Micro-econometric Analysis of Vacation Behavior” Journal of Applied Econometrics 2(3):215-26.

Wagner, J. E. (1997) “Estimating the Economic Impacts of Tourism” An-nals of Tourism Research 24(3):592-608.

West Virginia Small Business Development Division (2003) The West Vir-ginia Crafts Study: The Impact of Crafts on the State Economy, West Virginia Small Business Development Division.

Girl anD Walrus. inDianapolis Zoo.entrance. inDianapolis Motor speeDWay.

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appenDix i: art anD creative sectors output anD eMployMent by county, 2006*

county output ($ Million) employment (persons)

Museums and

Collections

Performing Arts, Visual Arts,

Photography, Arts School and

Services

Film, Radio and TV

Design and Publishing

TotalMuseums

and Collections

Performing Arts, Visual Arts,

Photography, Arts School and

Services

Film, Radio and TV

Design and Publishing

Total

Adams - 0.7 1.3 14.1 16.0 - 18 8 83 109

allen 8.6 25.4 191.1 177.9 403.0 159 626 1,240 1,345 3,370

Bartholomew 0.2 4.5 16.1 1.5 22.2 1 82 107 9 199

Benton - 0.0 - - 0.0 - 1 - - 1

Blackford - 0.1 - 0.3 0.4 - 10 - 3 13

Boone - 8.4 10.2 18.6 37.2 - 117 77 142 335

Brown - 1.4 0.9 1.7 4.0 - 26 5 15 45

Carroll - 0.4 - 1.0 1.4 - 6 - 11 16

Cass 0.2 1.2 2.2 0.5 4.1 1 18 14 5 38

Clark 0.3 8.2 1.7 7.0 17.2 5 188 13 73 279

Clay - 5.0 1.0 - 6.1 - 102 8 - 110

Clinton - 0.5 5.2 - 5.7 - 6 35 - 41

Crawford 0.1 0.1 - - 0.2 2 8 - - 10

Daviess - 0.5 4.5 2.4 7.4 - 7 33 15 54

Dearborn 5.8 9.1 2.3 1.1 18.3 15 133 18 10 176

Decatur - 0.0 8.9 - 8.9 - 1 61 - 62

De Kalb 2.4 1.2 2.2 5.1 10.9 48 15 17 36 116

delaware 5.5 55.0 12.5 16.6 89.6 99 845 91 123 1,157

Dubois 0.2 3.0 11.9 2.4 17.4 6 47 84 23 161

elkhart 1.9 10.2 36.9 60.9 109.9 37 281 244 482 1,045

Fayette 0.0 0.5 2.3 0.3 3.1 1 12 16 3 31

Floyd - 6.6 14.6 49.1 70.3 - 193 110 436 739

Fountain - 1.2 1.2 - 2.4 - 19 9 - 28

Franklin - 0.6 - 0.3 0.8 - 9 - 3 12

Fulton - 0.5 1.6 2.2 4.4 - 22 11 14 48

Gibson 0.1 0.5 6.3 0.3 7.2 1 6 45 3 55

Grant - 4.4 10.7 1.0 16.1 - 93 78 9 180

Greene - 0.9 - - 0.9 - 16 - - 16

hamilton 13.7 41.4 14.6 466.2 535.9 270 1,922 93 2,119 4,403

Hancock 2.9 1.5 5.5 5.7 15.7 14 75 41 51 182

Harrison 3.9 5.9 3.3 7.4 20.4 30 84 25 2 141

Hendricks 2.2 10.1 12.3 15.0 39.6 11 161 95 139 405

Henry 0.7 0.7 5.6 3.9 10.9 19 11 40 26 96

Howard 1.5 4.2 3.4 43.5 52.6 36 70 24 326 457

Huntington 0.1 3.3 12.5 4.2 20.2 2 44 92 23 161

Jackson - 3.6 7.5 0.2 11.3 - 188 50 1 239

Jasper - 0.2 10.1 0.6 10.9 - 6 70 8 84

Jay - 0.9 4.5 - 5.4 - 16 33 - 49

Jefferson 0.3 0.9 8.2 2.2 11.6 5 16 60 14 94

Jennings 0.2 0.4 1.5 0.1 2.3 1 13 10 1 25

Johnson 0.9 6.4 12.5 19.5 39.3 24 147 95 112 379

Knox 0.1 2.6 9.5 0.5 12.7 2 46 67 4 119

Kosciusko - 3.5 16.9 14.1 34.5 - 118 110 110 338

Lagrange - 0.2 - 2.7 2.9 - 3 - 19 22

lake 1.6 42.4 55.4 89.3 188.7 14 1,236 405 624 2,278

La Porte 0.7 5.7 13.3 69.4 89.1 11 103 97 304 514

* Some data suppressed due to missing values or confidentiality.

Cultural tourism in indiana: the impaCt and Clustering of the arts and Creative aCtivities in this reCession10

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continueD: appenDix i: art anD creative sectors output anD eMployMent by county, 2006

county output ($ Million) employment (persons)

Museums and

Collections

Performing Arts, Visual Arts,

Photography, Arts School and

Services

Film, Radio and TV

Design and Publishing

TotalMuseums

and Collections

Performing Arts, Visual Arts,

Photography, Arts School and

Services

Film, Radio and TV

Design and Publishing

Total

Lawrence 0.5 2.2 9.1 2.8 14.6 10 39 64 22 136

Madison 5.7 11.1 19.5 33.7 69.9 35 480 136 161 812

marion 65.9 162.1 472.0 995.2 1,695.2 894 2,240 2,772 6,539 12,446

Marshall 1.3 0.6 6.6 12.5 21.0 6 9 43 74 133

Martin - 0.0 - 0.4 0.4 - 2 - 2 4

Miami 0.1 0.5 1.9 0.1 2.6 1 10 13 1 25

monroe 2.0 9.8 46.0 171.7 229.6 46 230 307 940 1,523

Montgomery 0.2 - 5.8 2.8 8.8 1 - 42 21 64

Morgan 0.2 0.8 5.8 7.1 14.0 1 15 43 38 97

Newton - 0.1 - - 0.1 - 2 - - 2

Noble 0.4 0.0 1.6 0.4 2.4 2 3 10 3 18

Ohio 1.3 0.2 1.6 - 3.1 24 14 10 - 48

Orange 0.2 5.1 2.8 - 8.1 4 110 18 - 132

Owen - 0.2 0.3 - 0.6 - 14 2 - 16

Parke 1.0 0.9 1.2 - 3.1 23 31 8 - 62

Perry - 0.8 3.9 3.9 8.6 - 14 29 31 74

Pike - 0.8 - - 0.8 - 53 - - 53

Porter 0.2 5.0 10.8 31.8 47.8 1 149 72 263 485

Posey 0.5 0.8 0.4 - 1.6 2 24 3 - 29

Pulaski - - 1.2 1.3 2.5 - - 9 8 17

Putnam 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.8 2.0 1 23 1 7 32

Randolph 0.7 1.6 0.4 1.8 4.5 15 42 3 8 69

Ripley - 0.6 0.1 0.5 1.2 - 8 1 6 16

Rush - 0.7 3.0 0.8 4.5 - 10 20 6 36

saint Joseph 5.7 32.5 100.9 118.6 257.6 93 966 627 888 2,574

Scott - 0.3 2.6 0.1 3.0 - 20 18 1 39

Shelby 0.3 1.0 6.1 4.7 12.1 1 14 46 47 108

Spencer - - 0.4 - 0.4 - - 3 - 3

Starke - 0.1 1.0 - 1.1 - 5 7 - 12

Steuben 0.5 0.6 4.1 1.7 6.8 2 9 21 15 48

Sullivan - 0.1 1.0 - 1.1 - 5 7 - 12

Switzerland - 1.2 1.5 1.1 3.9 - 25 10 12 47

Tippecanoe 1.6 11.8 55.7 30.1 99.3 23 266 365 197 851

Tipton - 3.9 2.1 1.7 7.7 - 212 16 15 243

Union 0.1 0.3 - - 0.3 1 19 - - 20

vanderburgh 1.1 21.2 126.1 66.4 214.8 27 317 755 537 1,636

Vermillion - 1.0 - - 1.0 - 66 - - 66

Vigo 1.6 4.3 41.1 19.9 67.0 45 104 273 155 577

Wabash 2.8 1.6 3.5 5.2 13.0 60 16 25 58 159

Warren 0.3 2.3 - - 2.6 1 157 - - 158

Warrick 0.4 6.8 8.6 5.3 21.2 2 85 66 49 203

Washington - 0.3 0.1 1.6 2.0 - 11 1 13 25

Wayne 0.6 1.4 17.9 41.3 61.1 13 31 121 270 434

Wells - 1.1 1.6 0.5 3.3 - 21 11 5 38

White 0.2 1.5 2.6 1.0 5.2 3 25 20 10 58

Whitley - 0.0 0.5 6.2 6.8 - 1 4 47 52

Indiana 149.6 596.6 1,522.8 2,681.6 4,950.6 2,155 14,124 9,787 17,173 43,238

Cultural tourism in indiana: the impaCt and Clustering of the arts and Creative aCtivities in this reCession 11

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Cultural tourism in indiana: the impaCt and Clustering of the arts and Creative aCtivities in this reCession12

appenDix ii: econoMic iMpacts or Multiplier effects of art anD creative sectors output anD eMployMent by county, 2006*

county output impact ($ Million) employment impact (persons)

Museums and

Collections

Performing Arts, Visual Arts,

Photography, Arts School and

Services

Film, Radio and TV

Design and Publishing

TotalMuseums

and Collections

Performing Arts, Visual Arts,

Photography, Arts School and

Services

Film, Radio and TV

Design and Publishing

Total

Adams - 0.9 1.6 18.0 20.5 - 21 11 127 159

allen 14.7 40.0 338.5 285.8 679.0 225 774 2,517 2,428 5,943

Bartholomew 0.3 6.1 26.0 2.0 34.3 2 99 208 14 323

Benton - 0.0 - - 0.0 - 1 - - 1

Blackford - 0.2 - 0.3 0.5 - 10 - 4 14

Boone - 11.7 22.3 28.9 63.0 - 157 183 256 595

Brown - 1.8 1.4 2.3 5.5 - 31 8 22 61

Carroll - 0.6 - 1.3 1.9 - 7 - 15 22

Cass 0.3 1.6 2.8 0.6 5.3 2 23 24 7 56

Clark 0.6 11.8 2.2 10.3 25.0 7 230 19 113 370

Clay - 5.7 1.6 - 7.3 - 111 13 - 124

Clinton - 0.6 6.4 - 7.0 - 7 46 - 54

Crawford 0.1 0.1 - - 0.3 2 8 - - 10

Daviess - 0.6 7.3 3.1 11.0 - 8 58 22 88

Dearborn 8.8 12.5 3.6 1.6 26.4 46 170 30 15 261

Decatur - 0.0 15.8 - 15.9 - 1 120 - 121

De Kalb 3.4 1.6 3.5 6.4 14.9 59 19 29 51 158

delaware 9.5 84.4 21.4 26.1 141.4 149 1,191 174 239 1,753

Dubois 0.3 4.0 20.2 3.3 27.8 7 59 302 35 404

elkhart 2.9 14.5 54.3 87.7 159.4 48 336 406 779 1,568

Fayette 0.1 0.7 2.9 0.4 4.0 1 14 22 4 41

Floyd - 9.3 32.5 79.6 121.5 - 225 265 760 1,250

Fountain - 1.4 1.9 - 3.4 - 22 16 - 38

Franklin - 0.7 - 0.3 1.0 - 10 - 4 14

Fulton - 0.6 2.4 2.9 5.9 - 24 19 22 65

Gibson 0.1 0.7 9.6 0.4 10.8 1 8 75 4 88

Grant - 5.6 16.8 1.4 23.8 - 109 171 15 295

Greene - 1.0 - - 1.0 - 18 - - 18

hamilton 24.0 62.5 23.3 673.3 783.2 383 2,300 173 3,784 6,640

Hancock 4.6 2.0 10.4 8.6 25.6 34 83 86 84 288

Harrison 5.6 7.9 6.4 10.0 29.9 47 105 50 29 232

Hendricks 3.7 15.5 24.1 24.1 67.4 27 219 202 241 690

Henry 1.0 0.9 8.3 5.4 15.7 24 15 73 43 154

Howard 2.2 5.3 4.3 59.4 71.2 45 84 38 512 680

Huntington 0.1 4.5 25.7 6.0 36.4 3 58 205 44 309

Jackson - 5.0 10.9 0.2 16.0 - 206 81 2 289

Jasper - 0.3 18.2 0.9 19.4 - 8 141 11 160

Jay - 1.2 6.8 - 8.0 - 21 54 - 75

Jefferson 0.5 1.2 15.4 2.8 19.8 6 19 130 21 175

Jennings 0.3 0.6 1.8 0.1 2.8 2 14 13 1 30

Johnson 1.6 9.7 25.3 27.6 64.1 32 183 205 191 610

Knox 0.1 3.6 16.2 0.7 20.6 2 57 126 6 191

Kosciusko - 4.8 28.6 20.7 54.1 - 133 217 182 533

Lagrange - 0.3 - 3.3 3.6 - 4 - 27 31

lake 2.8 65.9 99.3 134.0 302.1 27 1,480 793 1,068 3,369

La Porte 1.1 8.2 23.8 89.9 122.9 16 131 190 508 845

* Some data suppressed due to missing values or confidentiality.

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Cultural tourism in indiana: the impaCt and Clustering of the arts and Creative aCtivities in this reCession 13

continueD: appenDix ii: econoMic iMpacts or Multiplier effects of art anD creative sectors output anD eMployMent by county, 2006

county output impact ($ Million) employment impact (persons)

Museums and

Collections

Performing Arts, Visual Arts,

Photography, Arts School and

Services

Film, Radio and TV

Design and Publishing

TotalMuseums

and Collections

Performing Arts, Visual Arts,

Photography, Arts School and

Services

Film, Radio and TV

Design and Publishing

Total

Lawrence 0.7 2.8 16.8 4.0 24.3 13 47 132 36 228

Madison 9.3 17.0 40.7 47.1 114.0 79 603 354 317 1,353

marion 112.7 248.7 875.8 1,573.4 2,810.6 1,326 2,985 5,833 11,358 21,501

Marshall 1.9 0.9 11.4 17.3 31.5 14 12 85 132 243

Martin - 0.0 - 0.5 0.5 - 2 - 3 5

Miami 0.2 0.7 2.4 0.1 3.3 1 12 17 1 32

monroe 3.6 15.0 92.4 250.2 361.2 64 283 749 1,682 2,778

Montgomery 0.2 - 9.9 3.8 13.9 2 - 78 30 110

Morgan 0.3 1.1 9.1 8.6 19.1 2 18 73 53 146

Newton - - - - - - - - - -

Noble - - - - - - - - - -

Ohio 1.7 0.3 2.0 - 4.0 28 15 13 - 56

Orange 0.3 5.7 3.6 - 9.5 5 118 25 - 147

Owen - 0.3 0.4 - 0.7 - 15 3 - 17

Parke 1.4 1.1 1.9 - 4.3 27 33 14 - 74

Perry - 1.0 7.1 5.4 13.5 - 17 56 46 120

Pike - 0.9 - - 0.9 - 55 - - 55

Porter 0.3 7.1 16.3 48.3 72.0 2 174 121 446 744

Posey 0.6 0.9 0.5 - 2.0 4 26 4 - 34

Pulaski - - 2.2 1.6 3.8 - - 22 12 34

Putnam 0.3 1.1 0.1 1.1 2.6 2 26 1 10 39

Randolph 0.9 2.1 0.6 2.4 6.0 18 48 5 15 85

Ripley - 0.8 0.1 0.7 1.6 - 11 1 8 20

Rush - 0.9 3.7 1.0 5.7 - 12 26 10 48

saint Joseph 10.1 52.1 173.4 191.5 427.1 141 1,189 1,457 1,656 4,443

Scott - 0.4 3.2 0.1 3.7 - 21 23 1 46

Shelby 0.4 1.3 12.6 7.0 21.4 3 18 102 72 195

Spencer - - 0.5 - 0.5 - - 4 - 4

Starke - 0.1 1.3 - 1.4 - 5 9 - 15

Steuben 0.7 0.7 5.6 2.4 9.5 5 12 43 22 83

Sullivan - 0.1 1.3 - 1.4 - 5 9 - 15

Switzerland - 1.4 1.8 1.4 4.6 - 27 13 15 55

Tippecanoe 2.5 16.9 104.0 42.0 165.5 35 323 763 321 1,441

Tipton - 4.7 4.0 2.1 10.8 - 222 32 20 274

Union 0.1 0.3 - - 0.4 1 19 - - 21

vanderburgh 1.9 31.8 220.9 107.2 361.9 37 428 1,543 943 2,951

Vermillion - 1.2 - - 1.2 - 69 - - 69

Vigo 2.5 6.4 66.6 29.3 104.8 56 127 494 256 933

Wabash 3.8 2.1 4.9 7.3 18.1 73 22 38 85 219

Warren 0.4 2.8 - - 3.2 2 161 - - 164

Warrick 0.7 9.0 17.8 7.7 35.2 5 108 142 73 328

Washington - 0.4 0.1 2.0 2.6 - 12 1 19 32

Wayne 0.9 2.1 28.1 63.1 94.2 16 38 208 492 754

Wells - 1.5 2.1 0.7 4.3 - 26 15 8 49

White 0.3 1.9 5.4 1.4 9.0 4 31 46 16 97

Whitley - 0.0 0.7 7.9 8.6 - 1 5 66 73

Indiana 296.1 1,033.7 3,059.2 4,641.1 9,030.1 3,592 18,537 23,721 34,286 80,136

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center for busIness And economIc reseArchMiller College of Business, Ball State University2000 W. University Ave.Muncie, IN 47306765-285-5926www.bsu.edu/cber

Center for Business and eConomiC researCh • miller College of Business, Ball state universityWhitinger Business Building, room 149 • Muncie, IN 47306 • Phone: 765-285-5926 • www.bsu.edu/cber

Research and Analysis by:

about the center:The Center for Business and Economic Research, formerly the Bureau of Business Research, is a premier economic policy and forecasting research center at Ball State University. CBER research encompasses health care, public finance, regional economics, transportation, and energy sector studies. Some of the recent studies have been on the Economic Impact of the Super Bowl in Indianapolis and the Kernan-Shepard Commission and Local Government Expenditures.

The Center publishes the American Journal of Business—a peer-reviewed scholarly journal—and the Indiana Busi-ness Bulletin—a Web site with weekly commentary, analysis, and data on economic, business, and demographic trends in Indiana. In addition to research, the Center serves as the forecasting element in the Muncie area—holding five state and federal economic forecasting roundtables.

Glass sculpture. Dale chihuly. the chilDren’s MuseuM of inDianapolis