LIVEPROJECT

ON GLASS

Submitted To- Mrs. Anandita Ma’am

Submitted By- Jyoti Malhotra

Ad. Dip. Interior Designing

INIFD, Hauz Khas

INTRODUCTION TO GLASS

Interiors are nowadays decorated with glass in new forms & designs. Glass is only the first choice to give a ‘high tech’ look to the home. The mirror to look at & panes for the windows. Till some time back these were the only places in the home where glass was used. The attitude towards glass items was ‘something that can break if not carefully handled’. But all that is old story.

Glass is the most ‘user friendly’ material for this new generation. Now it is glass everywhere from the floor to the ceiling. Glass is only the first choice to give a ‘high tech trendy look’ for the house. Usefulness, beauty. The combination of these two features has increases the usage of glass interiors like never before. The technology to mould glass into any shape like clay is available nowadays. Glass is also not backwards in strength & stability. Toughened glass has the strength equivalent to that of steel.

It is defined as an inorganic product of fusion which has been cooled through its glass transition to the solid state without crystallizing. Many glasses contain silica as their main component and glass former. The term "glass" is, however, often extended to all amorphous solids (and melts that easily form amorphous solids), including plastics, resins, or other silica-free amorphous solids. In addition, besides traditional melting techniques, any other means of preparation are considered, such as ion implantation, and the sol-gel method.

It is a strange substance, defying easy scientific categorization. It is not a solid, not a gas, and not quite a liquid either. Generally, it is classified as a rigid liquid, maintaining liquid properties while acting like a solid. Heat can return the glass to a liquid and workable form, making it easy to reuse and recycle.

PROPERTIES OF GLASS It is a compound of silica

It is hard and brittle in nature

It is transparent but if treated it can become translucent or

opaque

It allows passage of light

It is not affected by water or air

It is not readily affected by chemical reagents

It can take up a high polish (used as a decorative object)

It is easily cleaned

It is also an electrical insulator

Disordered and amorphous structure

Fragile and easily breakable

Inert and biologically inactive material

Glass is 100% recyclable

CONSTITUENTS OF

GLASS

Silica (in the form of sand) In its pure form it exists as a

polymer, (SiO2) n.

Compounds of alkali metals, like Na2CO3, Na2SO4, NaNO3,

K2CO3 and KNO3

Compounds of alkaline earth metals, like CaCO3, CaO, BaCO3.

(for glass with high refractive index)

Also known as lime, calcium carbonate is found naturally as

limestone, marble, or chalk. The soda makes the glass water-

soluble, soft and not very durable. Therefore lime is added

increasing the hardness and chemical durability and providing

insolubility of the materials

Oxides of heavy metals, like PbO, Pb3O4

Calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2 (for opalescent glass that also

contains arsenic and antimony oxides)

Manganese di oxide corrects the color of glass

Sodium Carbonate or Potassium Carbonate- it helps in

increasing Viscosity

HISTORY OF GLASS

Although known to man for ages, glass is a transparent

beauty that fascinates us even today.

The precise origin of glass is not known. Narrations in

historical documents however show that natural glass was

discovered by man perhaps as early as the Stone Age. Manmade

glass came into the picture much later.

The basic raw materials of glass, silica i.e. sand and soda,

was discovered around 5000 B.C. Man now knew that glass is

nothing but sand, melted and then cooled.

In nature, glass was discovered perhaps during volcanic

eruptions, when certain types of rocks melted and then, cooled

and solidified very rapidly. This was presumably the first known

form of glass. It was called 'obsidian' and was used to make

cutting tools like spears knives etc. by the people of that age.

Today the art of glass making has flourished all over the

world. The way glass is prepared transformed into various shapes

is remarkable.

“Truly, glass is magic born in flames”.

GLASSES used in interior

Plate Glass Plate Glass is also known as Flat Glass &

Sheet Glass, initially produced in plane form, commonly used for

windows, glass doors, transparent walls, and windshields. For

modern architectural and automotive applications, the flat glass is

sometimes bent after production of the plane sheet. It is one of

the most common types of glass in use today.

It is made at many factories around the world in

approximately the same way. The main ingredient in this glass is

sand. However, getting that sand to make into plate glass is a

complicated process that takes time, skill and special equipment.

It is cast in a solid plate, typically through a roller process. The

resulting glass is extremely flat and free of distortions.

It is also utilized in the manufacture of mirrors, tables, and

other objects which require extremely flat glass. There are a

variety of different weights of plate glass available, ranging from

incredibly thick and highly durable plate glass to more delicate

varieties.

Float Glass Float Glass is a sheet of glass made by

floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, typically tin,

although lead and various low melting point alloys were used in

the past. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and very

flat surfaces.

Modern windows are made from float glass. Most float glass

is soda-lime glass, but relatively minor quantities of specialty

borosilicate and flat panel display glass are also produced using

the float glass process.

The float glass process is also known as the Pilkington

process, named after the British glass manufacturer Pilkington,

which pioneered the technique (invented by Sir Alastair

Pilkington) in the 1950s.

This glass fulfils all architectural needs - be it for glass

roofing, glass windows, greenhouses, balconies or canopies. It

can also be applied in interior décor for glass shelves, furniture

and even glass doors.

As of 2009, the world float glass market, not including China

and Russia, is dominated by the four companies: Asahi Glass,

NSG/Pilkington, Saint-Gobain, and Guardian Industries. Other

companies include Sise Cam AS, PPG, Central Glass, Hankuk,

Visteon, Cardinal Glass Industries

Laminated Glass It is two or more panes of glass

with one or more layers of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) sandwiched

between them and treated. The glass panes can be basic float

glass or tempered or heat strengthened panel. If the glass is

broken fragments tend to adhere to the PVB interlayer thereby

reducing the risk of injury from falling glass and helping to resist

further impact or weather damage.

It is most suitable wherever safety, security, noise control,

UV control, earthquake & natural disaster protection, durability or

fire retardant is a requirement. The single largest use of

laminated glass is in automobile windscreens.

Glass can also be laminated with special PVB like colored

PVB in transparent, translucent and opaque; Acoustic PVB for

improved acoustic performance and sentriglas for better

structural strength.

There are several laminated glass manufacturing processes:

1. using two or more pieces of glass bonded between one or more pieces of plasticized polyvinyl butyric resin using heat and pressure.2. using two or more pieces of glass and polycarbonate, bonded together with aliphatic urethane interlayers under heat and pressure.

3. interlaid with a cured resin.

Each manufacturing process may include glass lites of equal or unequal thickness.

Tempered Glass Toughened or tempered glass is

glass that has been processed by controlled thermal or chemical

treatments to increase its strength compared with normal glass.

Tempered glass is made by processes which create balanced

internal stresses which give the glass strength. It will usually

shatter into small fragments instead of sharp shards when

broken, making it less likely to cause severe injury and deep

lacerations. As a result of its safety and strength, tempered glass

is used in a variety of demanding applications, including

passenger vehicle windows, glass doors and tables, refrigerator

trays, as a component of bulletproof glass, for diving masks, and

various types of plates and cookware. Tempered glass cannot be

cut or altered and all cutting, edge grinding, and holes etc are

made before tempering.

Tempered glass is also used in buildings for unframed

assemblies (such as frameless doors), structurally-loaded

applications, and any other application that would become

dangerous in the event of human impact. Toughened glass is

used in some cell phones such as the Apple iPhone and LG Secret

because of its scratch-resistant properties. Rim tempered

indicates a limited area such as the rim of the glass or plate is

tempered and is popular in food service.

Wired Glass It is a type of glass into which a wire mesh is embedded during production. It has an impact resistance similar to that of normal glass, but in case of breakage, the mesh retains the pieces of glass. This product is traditionally accepted as a low-cost fire-resistant glass. It can be tinted by aerosol or electricity. Common colors are golden-yellow, green, light blue and violet-rose.

Wired glass is manufactured primarily as a fire retardant, with wire mesh inlaid in the glass to prevent it from shattering and breaking out under stress or when exposed to high temperatures. With the window intact, the glass keeps the fire at bay, protecting those on the other side from the harmful effects of

smoke and flame.

However, in recent times, experts warn against the use of wired glass as a fire-resistant substance. This because although the mesh may prevent the fire from penetrating, by itself it could prove dangerous, being made of fine, sharp wires which can hurt. Today, special fire-resistant glass is available, which is devoid of the wire mesh as a component and can cut off not just the fire but even smoke, gases and deadly radiant heat.

Wired glass is produced by continuously feeding wire mesh from a roller into the molten glass ribbon just before it undergoes cooling. A steel wire mesh is sandwiched between two separate ribbons of semi-molten glass, and then passed through a pair of metal rollers which squeeze the "sandwich of glass and wire" together. Wired glass may be further processed by grinding and polishing both surfaces, producing "polished wired glass”.

Insulated Glass Insulating Glass Unit (IGU), is also commonly known as Double Glazed Unit (DGU)/Triple Glazed Unit (TGU).

The Insulated glass is a prefabricated unit made of two or more glass panes, which have been separated by an air gap and edge-sealed together. This edge seal not only binds the individual sheets of glass together to maintain the mechanical strength of the joint but also protects the space between the glass from outside influences. The air enclosed between the two glass panes is dried with a desiccant. Because of the low heat conductivity of the enclosed dry air between the glass panes, heat transmission through the window is drastically reduced. Tempered, Laminated, reflective, low-E, tinted or clear glass can be used.

Most IGUs are double glazed, but IGUs with three sheets or more, i.e. "triple glazing" are becoming more common due to

higher energy costs. Insulated glazing may be framed in a sash, frame or in a curtain wall. Commonly used in-

Office buildings, hospitals, hotels, houses and buildings with heating or cooling requirements.

For use in airport control towers, train windows, and other environments that need regulated atmosphere and prevention of condensation.

Airports and buildings near highways and railways, that require sound insulation properties.

Curtain Wall A curtain wall is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural, but merely keep out the weather. As the curtain wall is non-structural it can be made of a lightweight material reducing construction costs. When glass is used as the curtain wall, a great advantage is that natural light can penetrate deeper within the building. The curtain wall façade does not carry any dead load weight from the building other than its own dead load weight. The wall transfers horizontal wind loads that are incident upon it to the main building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. A curtain wall is designed to resist air and water infiltration, sway induced by wind and seismic forces acting on the building, and its own dead load weight forces.

Curtain walls are typically designed with extruded aluminum members, although the first curtain walls were made of steel. The aluminium frame is typically infilled with glass, which provides an architecturally pleasing building, as well as benefits such as daylighting.

Glass may be used which is transparent, translucent, or opaque, or in varying degrees thereof. Transparent glass usually refers to vision glass in a curtain wall. Spandrel or vision glass may also contain translucent glass, which could be for security or aesthetic purposes. Opaque glass is used in areas to hide a column or spandrel beam or shear wall behind the curtain wall. Another method of hiding spandrel areas is through shadow box construction (providing a dark enclosed space behind the transparent or translucent glass). Shadow box construction creates a perception of depth behind the glass that is sometimes desired.

Glass Block Glass Block is also known as Glass Brick. It is an architectural element made from glass. Glass blocks provide visual obscuration while admitting light. Glass block was originally developed in the early 1900s to provide natural lights in industrial factories.

Shaped and laid similarly to brick or concrete blocks, glass blocks are available in several different sizes and are commonly used as an alternative to traditional windows, especially in basements. Glass blocks are also used to construct shower walls, uniquely shaped windows, and are frequently employed in the architectural design of office buildings.

For residential purposes, glass blocks are most commonly used as an alternative to basement windows. Being located at ground level, basement windows are considered easy access to a home. Glass block windows are more difficult for would-be thieves to penetrate and thus considered a more secure alternative to traditional basement windows. Other common residential uses for glass blocks include shower walls and uniquely shaped and located windows.

Glass blocks are also frequently found in office spaces. They can be used to construct non-load bearing walls, partitions, and

windows. Glass blocks are considered both an architectural element and a practical aspect of design because natural lighting can be filtered in.

Glass blocks come in a variety of designs as well as sizes. They may be opalescent or clear and are also available tinted with hints of various colors. Installation typically involves grout and mortar, but some manufacturers of acrylic glass blocks use alternative installation methods for their glass blocks, such as interlocking PVC joints.

Ultraviolet Glass Ultraviolet glass has good ultraviolet. It has short wave and long wave which are (ZWB1, ZWB2, ZWB3 254nm/310nm/365nm). Ultraviolet glass has ultraviolet black glass and ultraviolet white glass.Ultraviolet black glass has good ultraviolet, divides long wave, shortwave. Its model are ZWB1, ZWB2, ZWB3 (254nm,310nm,365nm) respectively.Ultraviolet white glass: it is a uncolored cut-off glass which wavelength is 220NM-380NM , permeability is more than 89.5%.

CharacteristicUltraviolet black glass,it can filter out (absorption) the visible light at the same time.Ultraviolet white glass:Only passes the ultraviolet ray its Chemical stability is good.

ApplicationUltraviolet black glass,mainly uses in the geological examination, non-destructive test, the medical analysis instrument, the ultraviolet photosource filters.Ultraviolet white glass:Film and television manufacture, photographic equipment, chemical industry, metallurgy, war industry, electricity photosource and so on.

 

Glass Tiles Glass tiles are pieces of glass formed into

consistent shapes. Glass was used in mosaics as early as 2500

BC, but it took until the 3rd Century BC before innovative artisans

in Greece, Persia and India created glass tiles.

In recent years, they have become a popular field and

accent tiles. This trend can be attributed to recent technological

breakthroughs, as well as the tiles’ inherent properties, in

particular their potential to impart intense color and reflect light,

and their imperviousness to water.

Some glass tiles are made from recycled glass. Recycled

glass tiles come in a range of colors, shapes, and sizes, and in

addition to being visually interesting, they are also

environmentally sound, because they keep glass out of landfills,

giving it a second lease on life in the form of tiles. It is also

possible to obtain glass tiles which have been made from new

glass.

While people often think of glass as clear and shiny, a

number of finishes for glass tiles are available. Some are

opalescent, with a reflective backing or an opaque color blended

into the tile. Others are opaque, or sandblasted to have a rough

finish. It can be solid in color or patterned in a variety of ways,

and they can be cut into an assortment of shapes, including

squares, rectangles, octagons, and triangles.

Anti Sun Glass Anti Sun is a body tinted glass, manufactured in the same was a clear float glass, however has a colored appearance as well as solar control properties.

It is intended for universal applications, where an attractive appearance or basic collar control property is required.

Interior applications for decoration, fittings and furniture

External application in single or double glazing, for facades and overhead glazing.

It is available in a choice of colors: Green, Bronze, Blue and Clear.

It saves energy and controls solar energy and gives a striking visual effect.

It offers a practical, stylish alternative to traditional materials when used in screens, partitions and furniture at home or in the office.

It gives designers the freedom to create attractive modern environments that are also economical and easy to maintain.

It can be toughened or laminated or used in insulating glass units.

The range of thicknesses available enable glass to be used where superior strength, greater spans, reduced deflection, higher daylight transmission and enhanced noise suppression are required.

Self Cleaning Glass Pilkington Self Clean Glass is the

world’s first self-cleaning glass.

- Unique coating breaks down and loosens even heavy soiling.

- Continues working on cloudy days and during the night.

- Reduces cleaning and maintenance costs, and gives windows a better

appearance for longer.

- The ideal chioce for situations where cleaning will be difficult or costly

(e.g. high rise buildings, conservatories and roof lights).

- Unique coating cannot be worn away or rubbed off - lasts the lifetime

of the glazing itself.

- Easily cleaned during dry spells by hosing down or wiping with a soft

cloth and warm soapy water.

- Can be combined with other glass products to offer a wide range of

additional benefits.

Fire-Resisting Glass Fire-resistant glass can be

classified in two categories: Heat transmitting glass and Fire-

resisting glass. Example of heat transmitting glass: wired glass,

reinforced laminated glass. Fire resisting glass contains flames

and inflammable gas for a longer period of time and prevents not

only the transmission of flames and smoke but also of heat to the

other side of glazing

Specialist fire-resistant glasses, which are now readily

available throughout the world, allow innovative architectural

concepts to become a reality. Fire-resistance is the ability of an

element of construction, to perform its design function during its

exposure to fire. For example; fire-resistant doors in openings

provided for the passage of people, goods, etc., and by fire-

resistant glazing in the case of openings for the provision and

passage of light.

Fire-Resisting glass is a glass using multi-layer intumescent

interlayer technology to meet ASTM-E119 test standards. The

glass is optically clear, and can be used in 60 minute and 120

minute fire resistance rated assemblies. The International

Building Codes (IBC) allows this glass to be installed as a fire-

rated wall

One Way Vision Glass It is a unique glass and

window film that presents an opaque surface or image on one

side and just a tint on the opp. (view through) side.  The opaque

side can be custom colored or carry a graphic, design, or logo.

We call this technology Vision Control or One Way Vision.  It is

mainly used in curtain walls and store fronts but has interior

applications as well.  In a curtain wall application it can provide a

unique artistic appearance to the building exterior while

maintaining clear visibility from the inside.  As an interior wall, it

can provide a feeling of privacy in an environment where some

visibility into a space is necessary - a hospital or classroom, for

example.

"I want to see out, but they won't be able to see in" is a

common request heard almost on a daily basis by anyone

involved in the business of supplying or installing window film or

reflective glass. There are many different colored reflective films,

the most common being silver, but there’s also grey, bronze, blue

green and many more. These all work in the same way but will

just provide a mirrored image in the color chosen, silver being just

like a mirror.

Ceramic Printed Glass Ceramic fritted glass also

called Silk Screened glass has gained wide-spread for decoration

and masking on building interior and external facades. Ceramic

printing on glass is done with special enamels which are applied

to glass before it is tempered. During the heating process in

tempering or bending, this enamel fuses into the glass and

becomes a monolithic construction.

This is as permanent as any printed ceramic like crockery at

your home and all technical characteristics are same as that of

unprinted glass. It is life long and does not deteriorate with

weather, detergents, normal acids or alkalis. The methods of

applying these enamels before tempering are Roller Coating,

Screen printing, Spray painting & Direct on glass digital printing.

GSC Glass Ltd. Is the only company in India having all four

processes.

COLORED GLASSGlass coloring and color marking may be obtained by-

1) addition of coloring ions, by

2) precipitation of nanometer sized colloides (so-called striking glasses such as "ruby gold" or red "selenium ruby"),

3) by colored inclusions (as in milk glass and smoked glass),

4) by light scattering (as in phase separated glass),

5) by dichroic coatings (see dichroic glass), or

6) by colored coatings.

Glass Pigments

Compounds Colorsiron oxides greens, brownsmanganese oxides deep amber, amethyst, decolorizercobalt oxide deep bluegold chloride ruby redselenium compounds redscarbon oxides amber/brownmix of mangnese, cobalt, iron blackantimony oxides whiteuranium oxides yellow green (glows!)sulfur compounds amber/browncopper compounds light blue, redtin compounds whitelead with antimony yellow

GLASS DECORATION

Asset Embossing Asset Embossing is also called Etching. It refers to the technique of creating art on the surface of glass by applying acidic, caustic, or abrasive substances. Traditionally this was done after the glass was blown or cast. In the 1920s a new mould-etch process was invented, in

which art was etched directly into the mould, so that each cast piece emerged from the mould with the image already on the surface of the glass. This reduced manufacturing costs and, combined with a wider use of colored glass, led to cheap glassware in the 1930s, which later became known as Depression glass. As the types of acids used in this process are extremely hazardous, abrasive methods have gained popularity.

Typically, "glass etching cream" available from art supply stores consists of fluoride compounds, such as sodium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride (very dangerous). The fluoridation of the glass (which is a network covalent solid of silicon dioxide molecules) causes the characteristic rough, opaque qualities of frosted glass.

Etched glass has served a unique purpose for hundreds of years, transmitting natural light as clear glass does, while providing a work of art that screens one area from another. Unlike the more typical frosted etch that is produced by an abrasive etching technique, Leptat creates a deeply etched, crystalline surface of varied textures.

Copper Wheel Engraving Wheel-engraved work involves cutting and polishing designs into the surface of glass with wheels of a variety of sizes and shapes.

Copper wheel engraving is a traditional technique which requires a belt-driven lathe carrying a range of inter-changeable spindles, each mounted with a wheel made from copper. Each wheel varies in width, diameter and profile so as to make different types of cut in the glass. A slurry of carborundum grit, oil and paraffin is applied to the turning copper wheel and the glass is held against the wheel to make the cut. Coarse grit is used for rapid and large scale cutting, fine grit for more polished, delicate work. Most engravers now also use stone and diamond impregnated wheels. In the past, the lathe was driven by a foot

pedal, now usually by an electric motor. The copper wheel creates a very precise cut and was the tool originally used for traditional cut crystal designs.

Stone Wheel Grinding (cut glass) This decorating method utilized the same apparatus as was used for copper wheel engraving, but, instead of copper disks, different stone wheels of varied circumferences, thicknesses and profiles were used. The size, profile, and edge shape of the cutting stone would dictate the shape of the design cut into the glass. Changing the stone cutting wheel gave the artist flexibility to create varying shapes and thicknesses of cuts on a single glass body.

Stone wheel cutting was never used for pictorial scenes. Its purpose instead was to create multi-faceted patterns with a sparkling effect. This is why such decoration is also known as cut glass. After the cutting was completed, the grooves and cuts were polished to an even sheen to match the rest of the body. Polishing was done using a polishing compound known as pumice and spinning pads.

Stipple Engraving Stipple engraving is done entirely by hand; there is no machinery involved. A very hard, very sharp point, either diamond or tungsten carbide, is tapped onto the surface of a crystal glass. The tiny dots that are produced are used to make up the design. The closer together the dots are, the whiter the surface. Varying the density of the dots produces a range of tones, from the black of the untouched glass to the white of the closely engraved area; a picture is formed using the light that has been trapped in the glass where the surface has been punctured. The resultant engraving has a delicate, ethereal quality that cannot be produced by any other method of engraving. To be seen at its best, stipple engraving needs to be properly lit.

Point Engraving Point engraving, also called line engraving, involves marking the glass with a hand-held diamond

or tungsten carbide point.  Line engraving was at one time called 'scratch engraving', which exactly describes it.  The point, held in the hand or on the end of a scriber, scratches the surface of the glass, making a contrasting white line which sparkles in the light. The effect is quite different from the mark made using a wheel or drill.

Drill Engraving In drill engraving the tool used is a

rotating bur in the handpiece of an electric drill. This tool can be used to create surface effects similar to those of hand engraving techniques but can also cut into the glass more deeply to create the illusion of three dimensions. This technique is often called 'flexible drive engraving', referring to the type of drill familiar from the dental surgery, which has a flexible drive shaft running from a pendant motor, but other types of drill are also used. Hot Glass Techniques Engraving can be combined with glass blowing skills to create quite different effects. An example is graal, a technique invented in Sweden. The starting point is a blown glass bubble consisting of one or more layers of coloured glass overlaid on clear glass, known as an embryo. The embryo is engraved, cutting through the layers to reveal the different colours. It is then reheated on a blowing iron and re-blown to the final shape of the object. The invention of this difficult technique was considered the 'holy grail' of glassblowing - hence the name ('graal' is Swedish for grail).

Sand Blasting Sandblasting is also called sand engraving or sand carving. This is an industrial technique in which fine grit is projected onto the glass at high pressure. It is associated with mass produced designs, but in the hands of an artist, using hand-cut stencils and hand-controlled deep cutting and shading techniques, it can produce highly individual and original results.

This is produced by spraying sand at high velocities over the surface of the glass. This gives the glass a translucent surface, which is  usually rougher than that obtained by etching. During sandblasting, only the areas that are to remain transparent are masked for protection. The depth and degree of the translucency of the sand-blasted finishing vary with the force and type of sand used. Sand-blasted glass can be used in numerous interior design applications in both residential and commercial settings: doors, shower screens, partitions and interior screens, furniture, etc

Stained Glass Stained glass is an art form in which colored glass is cut into shapes and placed into a mosaic to form a picture. The glass is held in place by metal strips soldered together to gives the stained glass strength and stability.

The technology for making glass dates back at least 5,000 years, and some form of stained glass was used in European Christian churches by the third or fourth century A.D. The art of stained glass flowered in the 12th century with the rise of the Gothic cathedral. Today only 10% of all stained glasses are used in churches and other religious buildings; the rest are used in residential and industrial architecture. Though stained glass has traditionally been used in windows, its use has expanded to lamp shades, Christmas ornaments, and even simple objects a hobbyistcan make.

Stained glass windows have been described as 'illuminated wall decorations'. When a piece of stained glass art is small and meant to be displayed in the window where it catches the sun, it is often called a suncatcher.

Glass Paintings Glass painting is a stunning form of art practised by many of the Indian artists. The Indian glass

painters cover a variety of subjects and themes. The glass paintings that depict events from the Mahabharata and Ramayana are some of the most popular. It takes a lot of patience and perseverance to create a glass painting and no one knows this better than the artists. It is a kind of drawing painted on the inside surface of transparent glass, executed with oil and hard resin or with watercolor and gum on glass sheets. Also known as reverse glass painting, engravings are laid down on the back of the glass, and painted from the reverse. The effect is one of stunning clarity and rich color ideally serving as a connoisseur's delight.

Types of glass paintings

The glass painting can be of different types depending on the subject that it covers. The list of classification of glass painting based on the themes has been given below.

Animal Glass Paintings Mughal Glass Paintings Indian Epic Glass Paintings (Mahabharata and Ramayana) Bird Glass Paintings

Some of glass paintings depict scenes from Indian villages and the rural areas.

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SURVEY INFORMATION

ITEM THICKNESS( mm ) PRICE( Rs. per sq. ft.)PLAIN GLASS 2 22

3 25 4 30 5 35 6 42 8 60 10 70 12 80

COLORED GLASS 4 35 5 40 8 80 10 100 12 110

WIRED GLASS 6 50

DESIGNER WHITE GLASS 4 25

LOOKING GLASS 4 50 5 60

FIGURED GLASS 4-5 starting from 25

FROSTED GLASS 4-12 starting from 35

PATTERNED GLASS 3-5 starting from 27TINTED GLASS 4 45

LACQUERED GLASS 4-12 starting from 200

ONE WAY VISION GLASS 4-5 starting from 40

TEMPERED GLASS 5-19 starting from 200

LAMINATED GLASS 2-19 starting from 175

INSULATED GLASS 2-19 starting from 220

CURTAIN WALL 4 inches/101.6mm starting from 175

FIRE RESISTANT GLASS 6-12 starting from 250

STAINED GLASS 5 700

PAINTED GLASS 5-12 starting from 200

o Stain glass is also made on order price range starts from

150-300 and goes on further according to the sizes and quality of

work