Glancing At PNDs can Influence Driving
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Transcript of Glancing At PNDs can Influence Driving
Glancing at Personal Navigation Devices can Influence Driving
Andrew Kun, Tim Paek,Zeljko Medenica, Nemanja Memarovic, Oskar Palinko
Outline
• Navigation study: experiment• Results• Conclusion
Navigation study
• With vs. without map:– Time looking at the
road?– Effect on driving
performance?• Voice instruction
for both• 8 male subjects
DriveSafety driving simulator• tinyurl.com/p54sim
Driving simulator
1
2
2
3 3
1
Driving scenario
Seeingmachines eye tracker• tinyurl.com/eyetracker
Visual attention
• Fixations (> 100 ms): number, timing, etc.• Percent dwell time: looking at road
Driving performance
• Variance:– Lane position– Steering wheel angle– Velocity
• Collisions
Effect of visual attention?
• Average variances (13 segments)• Cross-correlation peaks:
PDT decrease → variance increase?
Outline
• Navigation study: experiment• Results• Conclusion
Eye tracker camera Rear camera
Camera setup
Front camera
Standard PND
Voice-only PND
Questions
• Influence on visual attention?• If yes, effect on driving performance?
PDT on the outside world
Series186%
88%
90%
92%
94%
96%
98%
90.4%
96.90%
Standard PND Spoken output only PND
PDT
[%]
Questions
• Influence on visual attention?• If yes, effect on driving performance?
Cross-correlation
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007Lane position
standard
p = 0.05
spoken only
lag [seconds]
Rlp
[met
ers^
2 ]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
5
10
15
20
25
30
35Steering wheel angle
standard
p = 0.05
spoken only
lag [seconds]
Rstw
[deg
rees
^2 ]
Cross-correlation, gazes > 200 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
Lane position
standard
p = 0.05
spoken only
lag [seconds]
Rlp
[met
ers^
2 ]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Steering wheel angle
lag [seconds]
Rstw
[deg
rees
^2 ]
Fixations at standard PND screen
0.1-0.2 0.2-0.3 0.3-0.4 0.4-0.5 0.5-0.6 0.6-0.7 0.7-0.8 0.8-0.90
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
duration [sec]
num
ber o
f fixa
tions
[#]
Outline
• Navigation study: experiment• Results• Conclusion
Conclusion
• Display: (visual attention)↘
• (visual attention)↘ → (variances↗)
• (long gazes at PND) → (variances↗)• Display viewing: 60% of gazes last >200ms• Collision risk: need testing• But…
I prefer to have a PND screen…
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly disagree
0
6
1 1
0
Design implications
• Must earn users’ trust.• Complicated displays may reduce visual
attention even more.• Small screen? Voice-only may be just fine.
Next?
• “You’re on the right track.”• Complex environments?• Augmented reality.
Acknowledgements
• US DOJ (NIJ, COPS)• Microsoft Research• TellMe