GLAGOLSKO VREME (TENSE)Predavanje 6.maj 2008

VREME REALNOSTI I GLAGOLSKO VREME (TIME AND TENSE) Formalno obeležena glagolska kategorija Radnja se smešta u neki vremenski okvir (time

frame) : prošlost vs ne-prošlost Vreme realnosti vs gramatičko vreme

(Time:Tense) Obeležavanjem glagola za gramatičko vreme

referiramo na prošlost ili sadašnjost u kojoj se dogodio ili u kojoj se dešava neki događaj

Formalni članovi kategorije vremena su Past i Non-Past, predstavljeni oblicima The Present Tense and The Past Tense

Gramatičko vreme pokazuju i adverbijali (now...)

KLASE KATEGORIJE VREMENA Epistemičko vreme: vreme kada je neka

tvrdnja bila validna Maisy said she was coming.

Deiktičko vreme odgovara momentu govora, tvrdnja je validna i u trenutku govora: Maisy says her sister was born in 1960. Maisy said she is coming.

Glagolski oblici imaju tri grupe značenja: Radnje koje imaju centar (momenat govora): I

hold a phone in my hand. Radnje koje nemaju centar: I walk in the park

every evening. Radnje koje ne pripadaju nijednoj vremenskoj

dimenziji: The Earth revolves around the Sun.

ZNAČENJA GLAGOLSKIH OBLIKA Osnovno značenje (Basic Meaning):

I live in the centre of the town. Trajno iterativna (Habitual Meaning) i trenutno

iterativna, učestala (Iterative Meaning) značenja There used to be a cinema here. They were knocking on the door in panic.

Pomerena (Relative Meaning) značenja. D.H. Lawrence writes The Plumed Serpent after his

trip to Mexico. I’ll tell you the latest gosip when I see you. If I had known the facts, the whole thing would’ve

turned out well.

PREZENT ( THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE) Formalno obeležen T-morfemom –s u 3p sg Ostali oblici lica identični s osnovom glagola Opisuje radnju u sadašnjosti Prezentom izražena sadašnjost uključuje

momenat govora Prezent može da se odnosi na vreme pre i

posle momenta govora

ZNAČENJA I UPOTREBE PREZENTA Osnovno značenje (Basic Meaning)

U demonstracijama, opisima i objašnjenjima Then I add whipped cream. I enclose my CV.

U prenosima dogadjaja The Prince of Wales takes his bride by the hand... Ivanović makes a run for the net...

U uzvičnim izrazima (često formule, sa Here, There...) Here comes the bride! There he goes!

U iskazima sa performativnim glagolima I apologize.

Sa privativnim, perceptivnim glagolima: I admire your courage

... Trajno iterativno značenje (Habitual Meaning)

sa dinamičnim i statičkim glagolima radnja je smeštena u neograničen vremenski

period u kome se ritmično ponavlja česta je upotreba adverbijala za frekvenciju

(always, every day, in spring, twice a year, weekly...) I don’t read the Politika. The Romantic Train leaves at 9 from Platform 1. Whenever I ask him something, he blushes.

... Pomerena značenja prezenta

Svevremeni /generički prezent Galileo believed that the Earth revolves around the

Sun. Budući prezent

U vremenskim i kondicionalnim klauzama When you make your mind up, tell me. If she refuses to go, then seek help.

U uputstvima (traženje i davanje) Where do I click now? Here, you click on this icon,

see? Umesto budućeg perfekta

When I finish the course (when I have finished ..) I’ll go.

... Istorijski/narativni/dramski prezent

It is not until 9th century that the first records appear... I was sitting in the park yesterday, when suddenly it

starts to rain. W.B.Yeats is the last representative of romanticism in

Britain. U naslovima novina :

The Queen Arrives in Perth Hilary Wins the Pen Caucus Myanmar Reels as Cyclon Toll Hits Thousands

PRETERIT (THE PAST TENSE) Obeležen, prost glagolski oblik, T-morfemom –

ed (po pravilu); pravilna i nepravilna konjugacija odnosi se na radnju koja prethodi sadašnjem

momentu i koja ne uključuje sadašnji momenat.

Osnovno značenje (Basic Meaning) - određeni preterit, često podržan adverbijalima ( a long time ago, yesterday) Byron died in Greece (in 1824)

Trajno-itertivni preterit (adverbijali: every year, in the past ten years) We always spent our summers at the lake when I

was small. There was a music club there in those days.

... Može se parafrazirati oblikom USED TO :

We used to live on the second floor. Koordinacija: She adressed and posted the letter Simultana radnja: The bomb exploded and blew

off the hotel door.

... Pomerena značenja preterita

Svevremeni/ generički preterit Sigh no more ladies. Men were deceivers ever.

Budući preterit u zavisnim klauzama posle veznika AS, BEFORE, UNTIL, THEN She decided to quit when she came back from South

Africa. Modalni/ hipotetički preterit u zavisnim

klauzama (if, if only, as if, as though; wish, suppose; I’d rather, it’s (high) time) If you accepted that, there would be a problem. He struts around as if he owned the place. I wish I had that kind of determination.

... Preterit stava (hedges) I wanted to ask you something. I thought he was a crook. I wondered if you could spare a minute. Did you wish anything else, sir?