206

nfXnkfJ gzitK

gkm g[;seK ftZu tksktoD u/sBk

gzikp oki ftZu f;Zfynk gqDkbh 10+2+3 f;;Nw s/ nkXkfos j?. fJ; bJh d;thA

sZe d/ f;b/p; B{z gfjb/ Gkr, pkothA sZe d{ik Gkr, phHJ/H sZe shik Gkr ns/ T[; s'A pknd

dh f;Zfynk B{z u"E/ Gkr ftZu tkfunk frnk j?. d;thA sZe dh w[ZYbh f;Zfynk B{z th fszB

GkrK gqkfJwoh, fwvb ns/ ;?ezvoh ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?.

tksktoD f;ZfynkL fgS'eV ns/ fJfsjk;

ftehghvhnk nB[;ko „„tksktoD f;Zfynk nfijh nfXn?B gqfefonk j? fi; okjhA

b'eK ftZu tksktoD ns/ fJ; Bkb ;zpzfXs u[B"shnK ;zpzXh frnkB ns/ ikro{esk c?bkJh

iKdh j? sK fe b'eK ftZu tksktoDh u[D"shnK Bkb BfiZmD bJh Io{oh e[Pbsk ns/ w[jkos

g?dk j' ;e/.‟‟1 fJZe j'o gfoGkPk nB[;ko „„tksktoDh f;Zfynk T[j ftXh j? fi; ftZu

edoK^ehwsK gSkDhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ ftukoXkoktK pko/ dZf;nk iKdk j? sK i' wB[Zy,

nkgD/ ;fGnkuko ns/ i?t G"fse u[frod/ ftub/ nzso ;zpzXK B{z ;wMD bJh Io{oh ebktK s/

tXhe n"IkoK B{z ftef;s eo ;e/.‟‟2 tksktoD f;Zfynk wB[Zy B{z nkgD/ nk+/ d[nk+// g?dk j'

ojhnK tksktoDh ;wZf;nktK s'A ikD{z eotkT[Adh j? ns/ T[BQK B{z mhe eoB d/ T[gokfbnK

ftZu :'rdkB gkT[D bJh th gq/odh j?. n;b ftZu „„tksktoD f;Zfynk T[j gqfefonk j?

fijVh wB[Zy B{z ikro{esk, frnkB ns/ e[Pbsk Bkb Gog{o eoe/ nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D B{z

pdbD ns/ tksktoD dh ;zGk+ bJh gqshpZX eodh j?.‟‟3

tksktoD f;ZfynkL fJfsjk;L „„tksktoD f;Zfynk dhnK iVQK 18thA ;dh d/ fuzse o{;'

Bkb i'VhnK ik ;edhnK jB. id'A T[;B/ gfjbh tko f;Zfynk ftZu tksktoD B{z X[ok wzfBnk

;h. T[; s'A pknd ;ft; e[dos gq/wh b{FfJ; nrk;/ (Louis Agassiz) B/ nkgD/

ftfdnkoEhnK B{z feskpK dh EK e[dos B{z gVQB bJh gq/fonk ;h. fJ; „e[dos B{z gVQ'‟

bfjo ftZu Bhsh eEktK (Fables) ns/ B?fse gkmK okjhA ftfdnkoEhnK B{z e[dos ns/

e[dos d/ ;z;ko dh f;|s eoB bJh gq/fonk iKdk ;h.

nkX[fBe tksktoD f;Zfynk bfjo B{z o?ub eko;B dh feskp „;kJhb?AN ;gfozr‟

(Silent Spring) s'A pb fwfbnk. tksktoD f;Zfynk dh gfjbh gfoGkPk f;Zfynk vkJhi?;N

(Educational digest) ftZu wkou 1970 ftZu ftbhnw ;N?g (William Stapp) d[nkok

207

fdZsh rJh i' pknd ftZu :{B?;e' (U.N.E.S.C.O.) dh tksktoD f;Zfynk w[fjzw d/ gfjb/

fBod/Pe th pD/.4

Gkos ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk

Gkosh ;z;feqsh tksktoD B{z gqwkswk dk o{g wzBdh j'Jh g{ik eodh j?. Gkosh

;zftXkB d/ nkoNheb 48 A ns/ 51 A (g) nB[;ko e[dosh tksktoD B{z pukT[Dk jo

Bkrfoe dk w[ZYbk coI j?. gozs{ tksktoD B{z f;Zfynk d/ o{g ftZu fbnkT[D ftZu wkB:'r

;otT[~u ndkbs d/ nkd/P jB. ;zB 1991 ftZu w?r;?;/ n?tkov i/s{ tksktoDh gq/wh ;qh

n?wH ;hH wfjsk B/ ;[gohw e'oN ftZu iBfjs gNhPB dkfJo ehsh, fi; ftZu ndkbs B{z

p/Bsh ehsh rJh nkw b'eK B{z tksktoD ;zpzXh ;[u/s eoB bJh ;{pk ;oekoK B{z nkd/P fdZs/

ikD. fJ; gNhPB d/ wZd/BIo f;B/wk jkbK ftZu tksktoD ;zpzXh ;bkJhv P'n, nkb

fJzvhnk o/fvU s'A ;{uBk gq;koB ns/ ;e{bK ekbiK ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z bkIwh ftP/

ti'A bkr{ eoBk Pkwb ehsk frnk.

18 d;zpo 2003 B{z ;[gohw e'oN B/ n?BH ;hH JhH nkoH NhH (National Council of

Educational Research and Training N.C.E.R.T.) B{z nkdoP gkmeqw fsnko eoB dk fBod/P

fdZsk ns/ 13 i[bkJh 2004 B{z N.C.E.R.T. d[nkok fsnko gkmeqw B{z ;ko/ okiK ftZu bkr{

eoB d/ nkd/P fdZs/ rJ/. N.C.E.R.T. B{z B'vb J/iz;h pDkfJnk frnk i' T[es nkd/PK B{z

bkr{ eotkT[D dk ekoi eo/rh. N.C.E.R.T. B/ tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z Io{oh ;fjgkmh

fefonk (Curricular Activities) wzBfdnK tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z tZyo/ ftP/ ti'A gVkT[D dh

EK ;e{b gZXo s/ ;kfJz;, ;wkfie, fj;kp, GkPktK ns/ j'o ftfPnK ftZu o+k e/ gVkT[D B{z

wkBsk fdZsh ns/ gfjbh s'A pkothA iwks sZe nkdoP gkmeqw fsnko ehsk fi;B{z ;otT[~u

ndkbs d[nkok wkBsk fdZsh rJh. fJ;/ gqki?eN nXhB jh GkPk ns/ j'o ftfPnK dhnK

g[;seK dk jokeoB (Greening of Books) ehsk frnk.

GkPk dhnK g[;seK dk jokeoBL fJ; s'A Gkt w"i{dk gkmeqw B{z pdbDk BjhA ;r'A

tksktoDh gZy s'A nfXn?B eoBk j?. f;ZyD gqfefonk d"okB nfij/ ;zebg fsnko eoBk j?

sK i' tksktoD gqsh ;[uZih gj[zu fsnko j' ;e/. fJ;B{z bkr{ eoB bJh GkPk dhnK g[;seK

B{z tksktoDh BIohJ/ s'A w[V ftT[Afsnk frnk ns/ j/m fby/ nB[;ko e[M spdhbhnK ehshnK

rJhnK ^

tksktoD ;zpzXh tX/o/ ikDekoh d/DhL fit/A T{m pko/ gVkTA[fdnK T[;dhnK T[BQK ;ohoe

ftP/PsktK s/ tX/o/ c'e; ehsk ikt/ i' T{m B{z o/fr;skB ftZu ofjD d/ nB[e{b pDkT[AdhnK

208

jB. Gkt T{m B{z f;o| fJe ikBto ti'A gVQkT[D dh EK T[;d/ e[dosh nB[e{bD pko/ tX/o/

dZf;nk ikt/.

nk+/ d[nk+// Bkb tX/o/ ikD^gSkDL fit/A Nkg{nK pko/ gkm ftZu n;bh Nkg{nK pko/

ikDekoh fdZsh ik ;edh j? sK fe gVQkJh o'IkBk ihtB Bkb tX/o/ i[V ;e/. fET{oh d/ Bkb

Bkb gq?eNheb s/ I'o fdZsk ikt/ fit/A gkDh iK fpibh pko/ gkm gVfdnK, o'IkBk tos'A ftZu

nk ojh fpibh :{fBNK dh frDsh eotkJh ik ;edh j?.

b'e o{VhnK s'A d{o ikBtoK d/ uzr/ r[DK dh th ftnkfynk L g[oksB ;w/A s'A brksko

ubdhnK nk ojhnK gqufbs o{VhnK dh EKt/A ikBtoK d/ uzr/ ;[Gkn pko/ nfXn?B j'Dk

ukjhdk j?. fit/A bkbuh eZ[sk dh EK s/ fJj gqukfonk ikt/ fe uhsk G[Zy t/b/ jh fPeko eodk

j? (Tiger hunts only when it is hungry ) sK fe ;po ;ziw dh f;Zfynk fdZsh ik ;e/.

nkX[fBe seBkb'ih d/ p[o/ gqGktK dh ikDekohL Gkt uzr/ d/ Bkb wkV/ gZyK dk th

nfXn?BL fJ; nXhB ftfrnkB dhnK y'iK d/ wB[Zysk T[Zgo g? oj/ wkV/ gqGktK dh ikDekoh

fdZsh ik ;edh j?. fit/A fBT{ebh pkbDK d/ |kfJd/ frDB d/ Bkb Bkb T[BQK d/ p[o/ gqGktK dh

th ikDekoh bkIwh fdZsh ikDh ukjhdh j?. fJ;/ soQK joh eqKsh B/ i/ G'iB dhnK b'VK

g{ohnK ehshnK sK ehNBkPeK, ykdK Bkb gqd{PD th ehsk j?.

GkPkJh spdhbhL nfij/ tkeK dh tos'A B{z xNkT[Dk i' tksktoD T[Zgo wB[Zyh fiZs B{z

fusod/ jB ;r'A T[BQK tkeK B{z stZi'A fdZsh ikt/ i' wB[Zy B{z e[dos ;zGk+ dh f;Zfynk fdzd/

jB.

;ihtK ftubh ftfGzBsk B{z Pkwb eoBkL gqkfJwoh gZXo sZe fbys d/ Bkb Bkb c'N' th

Pkwb eoBhnK. ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu e[dosh ihtK Bkb w'j g?dk eoB bJh T[BQK dhnK tZy

tZy nkeoPe joesK dhnK s;thoK B{z f;b/p; ftZu Pkwb ehsk frnk j?.

nfGnk; gqPBK ftZu pdbknL jo nfXnkfJ d/ nzs ftZu gqPBktbh Pkwb j[zdh j? fi;

ftZu nfXnkfJ Bkb ;zpzfXs gqPBK d/ T[Zso fbyD B{z fejk iKdk j? sK i' ftP/ s/ geV tX/o/

j' ;e/, fJ; gqPBktbh ftZu nfij/ gqPB TZ[so Pkwb ehs/ rJ/ i' tksktoD gqsh BIohJ/ Bz{

pdb ;ed/ jB.

tksktoDh Ppdktbh (Green Vocabulary): tksktoD ;zpzXh GkPk fBg[zBsk tXkT[D bJh

ftfdnkoEhnK B{z tZy tZy tksktoDh fefonktK, tksktoDh ;zebgK ns/ tksktoD Bkb

;zpzfXs Ppdktbh s'A ikD{z eotkT[D s/ I'o fdZsk frnk j?.

209

o'IkBk \poK dk ftPb/PD LftfdnkoEhnK nzdo tksktoD u/sBk g?dk eoB bJh T[BQK B{z

o'IkBk nk+/ d[nk+// tkgo ojhnK tksktoDh fefonktK Bkb i'fVnk ikDk p/jZd Io{oh j?.

fJ; ezw bJh o'IkBk n\pko, o;kb/ ns/ NhHthH dh ;jkfJsk bJh ik ;edh j? i' fe }?o

o;wh f;Zfynk gqDkbh dk fJe nfjw nzr j?.

}?o o;wh tksktoD f;Zfynk

}?o o;wh tksktoD f;Zfynk okjhA ebk;o{w s'A pkjo tksktoDh gZy'A ;kyo Bkrfoe

g?dk eoB s/ I'o fdZsk iKdk j?. gzikp ftZu fJ; ezw bJ/ j/m fbyhnK rshftXhnK ehshnK

ik ojhnK jB.

okPNoh tksktoD u/sBk w[fjzw (National Environment Awareness Campaign

N.E.A.C. ) nkw b'eK ftZu tksktoD ikro{esk g?dk eoB bJh fJj w[fjzw tksktoD ns/

izrbks wzsokb/ d[nkok 1986 s'A ubkJh ik ojh j?. fJ; w[fjzw bJh jo ;kb fJZe ftPk

u[fDnk iKdk j? ns/ T[;/ ftP/ Bkb ;zpzfXs rshftXhnK ehshnK iKdhnK jB. gzikp

ftubhnK rshftXhnK bJh gzikp oki ftfrnkB ns/ seBkb'ih gqhPd (Punjab State

Council for Science & Technology ) B{z y/soh ;'qs J/iz;h Ekfgnk frnk j?. y/soh ;q's

J/iz;h ;{p/ ftZu tZy^tZy rshftXhnK dh :'iBkpzXh, d/y^o/y ns/ w[bKeD eodh j?. fJ;/

:'iBk sfjs jh tksktoD gZy'A wjZstg{oB fdB fit/A ftPt Bw^G{wh fdt; (ibrkj), ftPt

tksktoD fdB, nzsookPNoh UI'B fdB nkfd wBkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk SZgVK dh

;|kJh, vZe thv s'A ykd pDkT[Dk, po;ksh gkDh dh ;zGk+, towh ezg';N, gkDh dh P[ZXsk

u?Ze eoB bJh N?;N feZN (Water Testing Kit) gqdkB eoBk nkfd fefonktK th y/soh ;'qs

J/iz;h d/ ekoi y/so jB.

B?PBb rohB ekog; (National Green Corps): ;e{bh ftfdnkoEhnK B{z u[frod/ d/

tksktoD pko/ f;Zfyns eoB ns/ tZy^tZy ihtK ftubh nkg;h fBoGosk pko/ frnkB d/D

bJh 2001^02 s'A fJj gq'rokw ubkfJnk ik fojk j?. P[o{nksh gVkn ftZu d/P d/ jo fIbQ/

ftZu 100 ;e{bK ftZu „Jhe' ebZp‟ ;Ekgs ehs/ rJ/ ;B, pknd ftZu fizBQK dh frDsh tXk e/

250 gqsh fibQk eo fdZsh rJh ;h. j[D gzikp oki d/ 20 fIfbnK ftZu brGr 5000 Jhe'

ebZp ezw eo oj/ jB. fJe Jhe' ebp ftZu 50 ftfdnkoEh j[zd/ jB. Gkos ;oeko tZb'A

Jhe' ebZp dhnK rshftXhnK bJh jo ;kb 2500 o[H dh wZdd fdZsh iKdh j?. Jhe' ebZp

;e{b ftZu tZy^tZy fefonktK d/ nk:'iB eod/ jB fit/A tksktoDh w[ZfdnK T[Zgo ;?whBko,

vhp/N, b?euo ns/ e[fJI w[ekpb/ nkfd. ;wki ftZu tksktoDh u/sBk c?bkT[D bJh o?bhnK

210

eZYD, u/sBk wkou eoB s'A fJbktk iBse EktK T[Zgo B[ZeV BkNeK dh g/Pekoh th fJ;

w[fjzw dk fjZ;k j?. ftfdnkoEhnK ftZu e[dos w'j g?dk eoB bJh tZy^tZy tksktoDh

;EbK, iht gkoeK nkfd B{z t/yD bJh N{oK dk gqpzX ehsk iKdk j?. ;e{bK ftZu tksktoDh

fefonktK fit/A g"d/ brkT[Dk, towh ezg';N fsnko eoBk, po;ksh gkDh fJeZmk eoBk,

ek}I dh w[V tos'A nkfd ehshnK iKdhnK jB.

pkb ;kfJz; eKro; okjhA tksktoD u/sBkL pkb ;kfJz; eKro; „gq:'r d[nkok f;ZyD‟

gqki?eN T[s/ nXkos j?. fJ; ftZu 10^17 ;kb sZe d/ pZu/ fIbQk, oki ns/ okPNoh gZXo s/

Gkr b?Ad/ jB. fJ; ftZu ftP/ d/ s"o s/ tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z th u[fDnk iKdk j?.

j'o tksktoD fefonktK okjhAL tksktoD ;zpzXh pj[s ;kohnK }?o ;oekoh ;z;EktK th

tksktoD ;zGk+ dk ekoi eodhnK jB fit/A toePkg, ;?whBko, No/fBzr, gqdoPBhnK

(Exhibitions) ns/ j'o w[ekpb/ nkfd. g?AcbN ns/ feskpu/ th tzv/ iKd/ jB . gzikp oki

ftfrnkB ns/ seB'bkih gqhPd (Punjab State Council for Science and Technology

P.S.C.S.T.) tZb'A e[M S'NhnK f|bwK th pDkJhnK rJhnK jB i' tZy^tZy ;fwnK s/ b'eK B{z

fdykJhnK iKdhnK jB fit/AL^ johe/ toDB (Description Harike )

GZfmnK ftZu gqd{PD ezNo'b (Pollution control in Brick Kiln)

P?boK ftZu gqd{PD ezNo'b (Pollution Control in Rice Shellers )

tksktoD f;Zfynk e/Ado (Centre for Environment Education C.E.E.) dk w[Zy d|so

nfjwdkpkd r[ioks fty/ j?. ;ko/ Gkos ftZu e[Pbsk g{ote ezw eoB bJh Gkos ;oeko

d[nkok fJ;B{z ;Zs w[Zy e/AdoK ftZu ubkfJnk ik fojk j?. dZyDh tksktoD e/Ado (CEE

South), T[Zso g{oph tksktoD e/Ado (C.E.E.N.E.), T[Zsoh tksktoD e/Ado (C.E.E.North),

e/Adoh tksktoD e/Ado (C.E.E. Central), gZSwh tksktoD e/Ado (C.E.E.West), g{oph

tksktoD e/Ado (C.E.E.East), tksktoD e/Ado fdZbh (C.E.E.Delhi). tksktoD e/Ado T[soh

fi; ftZu izw{ ePwho, gzikp, uzvhrVQ, jfonkDk, fjwkub gqd/P, TZ[so gqd/P, T[sokyzv ns/

fpjko oki Pkwb jB, fgSb/ 15 (1995) s'A ;kbK s'A gzikp ftZu ekoi eo fojk j?. Gkos

;oeko d[nkok ubkJ/ ik oj/ fJ; e/Ado dk w[Zy c'e; gzikp ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z

;e{bK ftZu bkr{ eokT[Dk j?. gzikp ;e{b f;Zfynk p'ov, oki ftfrnkB f;Zfynk ;z;EkB

(State Institute of Science Education S.I.S.E.), gzikp oki ;kfJz; ns/ sbB'bkih gqhPd

(Punjab State Council for Science and Technology P.S.C.S.T.) ns/ 6 j'o ;_?^;/th

211

;z;EktK (N.G.O.) d/ okjhA fJj ezw eo fojk j?. fJ; e/Ado d[nkok ubkJ/ ik oj/ w[Zy

gqki?eN j/m fby/ jB.

;e{b gqpzX ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk dk ;[fdqVheoD (Streess : Strengthing

Environmental Education in school system)

fJj gq'rokw gzikp ;e{b f;Zfynk p'ov dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ub fojk j?. fJ; gqki?eN

nXhB okiK d/ f;Zfynk ftGkrK ns/ f;Zfynk p'ovK dh wZdd Bkb tksktoDh f;Zfynk gkmeqw

(Curriculum), gkm g[;seK d/ b/yeK d/ ;?whBko, nfXnkgeK d/ ;?whBko ns/ tksktoD

f;Zfynk Bkb ;zpzfXs Nhfuzr J/v pDkT[Dk f;ykfJnk iKdk j?. okPNoh nfXnkge f;Zfynk

gqhPd (National Council for Teacher Education N.C.T.E.) d/ ;fj:'r Bkb vhHn?Zv

(D.Ed.), phH n?Zv (B.Ed.), n?ZwH nZ?v (M.Ed.) gZXo dhnK tksktoD f;Zfynk dhnK feskpK

fbyhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ tksktoDh fefonktK eotkJhnK iKdhnK jB.

;e{b gqDkbh ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk (EESS - Environment Education in School

System)L ;z;ko p?Ae (World Bank) d/ ;fj:'r Bkb 2002^04 sZe oki Go ftZu 100 ;e{bK

ftZu „;e{b gqDkbh ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk‟ BK dk gqki?eN nkozfGnk frnk. fJ; ftZu fwvb

gZXo sZe dhnK 15 gkm g[;seK ftZu tksktoDh ;wroh (Content) dh gSkD ehsh rJh ns/

fibQk f;Zfynk ns/ f;ybkJh ;z;EktK bJh No/Bo w?B{nb ns/ Nhuo w?B{nb gzikph GkPk

ftZu fsnko ehsk j??. oki d/ tksktoD pko/ nzefVnK dk feskpuk (State EcoData ) th

;ko/ ;e{bK ftZu tzfvnk frnk.

NEEPS (National Environmental Education Programme in School ) fJj gq'rokw

gzikp oki d/ ;e{bK ftZu okPNoh tksktoD f;Zfynk gq'rokw BK dk gqki?eN 4 ;_?^;/th

;z;EktK (N.G.O.) dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ebZ;No ;e{bK bJh T[bhfenk frnk j?. fJ; s'A

fJbktk fJ; gq'rokw nXhB tksktoD f;Zfynk ;pzXh feskpu/ th w[jZJhnk eotkJ/ iKd/ jB.

fJ;/ nXhB jh f;ZyD dk nkBzd (Joy of Learning ) BK dk Nhuo w?B{nb shih s'A gzithA

sZe ns/ „eo' s/ f;Zy'‟ S/thA s'A nZmthA sZe fsnko ehsk j?. fJj w?B{nb ebk;o{w d/ nzdo

ns/ pkjo j'D tkbhnK tksktoD fefonktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j? i' tksktoD ;/X d/ ;edhnK

jB.

gzikp ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk

gzikp ftZu gqkfJwoh s'A :{Bhtof;Nh gZXo sZe tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z f;b/p;K dk

fjZ;k pDkfJnk frnk j?. tksktoDh f;Zfynk ;e{b f;Zfynk dk nfGzB nzr j?. fJ; f;Zfynk

212

dk w[Zy Nhuk nkX[fBeheoB ns/ T[d:'rheoB dh d"V ftZu Xosh T[Zgob/ tksktoD dhnK

tXdhnK u[D"shnK B{z ;wMDk ns/ fJBQK u[B"shnK dk ;kjwDk eoB bJh gq/oBk g?dk eoBh

j?. gzikp ;e{b f;Zfynk p'ov B/ w[Zy s"o s/ N.C.E.R.T. d/ f;b/p; B{z jh nkXko wzfBnk j?.

okPNoh f;Zfynk Bhsh 1986 (National Policy on Education 1986) nB[;ko tksktoD

f;Zfynk f;o| feskph f;Zfynk BjhA ;r'A ftfdnkoEhnK B{z tksktoD Bkb f;ZX/ ;zgoe ftZu

fbnkT[Dk j? sK fe T[j nkgD/ nk+/ d[nk+// dh uzrh soQK x'y gVskb eo ;eD ns/ nkgD/

nk+/ d[nk+// bJh ;?_^fBoD/ eod/ j'J/ tksktoD pukU w[fjzw ftZu nkgDk :'rdkB gk ;eD.

fJ;/ bJh S.U.P.W. (Socially Useful Productive Work) BK dk ftPk P[o{ ehsk frnk.

tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z ;e{bK ftZu bkr{ eokT[D bJh ;oekoh ns/ }?o ;oekoh gZXo s/

tZy^tZy :sB nozG/ rJ/ jB. Gkos ;oeko d/ d' ftGkr tksktoD ns/ izrbks wzsokbk

(Ministry of Environment and Forests), wB[Zyh ;o's ftek; wzsokbk (Ministry of Human

Resource Development) nkgD/ nkgD/ gZXo s/ ezw eo oj/ jB. fiZE/ wB[Zyh ;o's ftek;

wzsokbk (HRD) o;wh f;Zfynk ftZu :'rdkB gk fojk j?, TZ[E/ tksktoD ns/ izrbks

wzsokbk }?o o;wh f;Zfynk d/ s"o s/ tksktoD pukU w[fjzwK ubk fojk j?. fJBQK s'A fJbktk

pj[s ;ko/ ;oekoh ns/ }?o ;oekoh ;zrmB th ezw eo oj/ jB. gzikp ftZu th nzfwqs;o

ftek; wzu (253, nihs Bro, nzfwqs;o), nkb fJzvhnk iht oePk fpPB'Jh ;Gk (rbh

BzL 13, np'jo), Gkos iB frnkB ftfrnkB iZEk (139 Jh, feub{ Bro, b[fXnkDk), Gkosh

f;Zfynk e/Ado (nzfwqs;o), ekoi y'i ns/ ftek; e/Ado (np'jo), fJzvhnB fJekb'iheb

;';kfJNh (gzikp y/shpkVh :{Bhtof;Nh b[fXnkDk), fJz;NhfuT{N nk| fJekb'ih n?Av

n?BtkfJoBw?AN (gmkBe'N), y/sh ftok;s gzikp (gfNnkbk), gfjb (ibzXo), crtkVk

n?BtkfJoBw?AN n?;';hJ/PB (crtkVk), ;';kfJNh cko n?i{e/PB, n?BtkfJoBw?AN n?Av

go'N?ePB nk| n?BhwbI (nzfwqs;o), d gzikp n?BtkfJoBw?AN ;[;kfJNh nkc eg{oEbk

(uzvhrVQ), dk n?BtkfJoBw?AN ;[;kfJNh nk| eg{oEbk, ;BpovI B?;N (eg{oEbk), d

n?BtkfJoBw?AN ;[;kfJNh nkc rVQdhtkbk, y/sh ftok;s fwPB (i?s') ns/ > u/ohN/pb

NoZ;N (;hu/tkb) nkfd }?o ;oekoh ;zrmB tksktoD pukn bJh nkgD/ nkgD/ gZXo s/

ezw eo oj/ jB.

;e{b f;Zfynk ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z ;z;ko p?Ae d/ ;fj:'r Bkb gzikp f;Zfynk

ftGkr, e/Adoh tksktoD ns/ izrbks wzsokbk ns/ Gkos ;oeko d[nkok fJZe gqki?eN o{g

bkr{ ehsk frnk. gkJhbN gqki?eN ti'A f;o| 100 ;e{b bJ/ rJ/. fJ; ftZu d' |/i

213

fBoXkos ehs/ rJ/. gfjb/ |/i ftZu ;e{bK ftZu gVQkJhnK ik ojhnK feskpK dk

nkb'uBkswe nfXn?B ehsk frnk sK i' gsk bZr ;e/ fe w"i{dk feskpK nzdo tksktoDh

nzP fezBk j? < d{i/ uoB ftZu feskpK ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk Bz{ Pkwb eoBk (infusion of

Environmental Education) ns/ g[;seK dk jokeoB (Greening of Books) d/ BK j/m

ebk; S/thA s'A nZmthA sZe d/ fjzdh, gzikph, ;kfJz; ns/ ;wkfie f;Zfynk ftfPnK B{z u[fDnk

frnk. fJ;/ gqki?eN nXhB jh nfXnkgeK, ;__?^;/th ;z;EktK (N.G.O‘s) ns/ f;Zfynk y/so

d/ gqPk;eK, gqpzXeK B{z th tksktoD gqsh f;Zfyns ehsk frnk.

T[;/ ;w/A jh 2003 ftZu ;[gohw e'oN B/ tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z ;hBhno ;?ezvoh gZXo

s/ bkIwh x'fPs eo fdZsk ns/ N.C.E.R.T. B{z B'vb J/iz;h pDk e/ wkBhNfozr dk ezw ;"Ag

fdZsk frnk. ngq?b 2004 ftZu ;[gohw e'oN B/ oki ;oekoK, e/Adoh gqd{PD ezNo'b p'ov

ns/ N.C.E.R.T. d/ wkjoK d[nkok pDkJ/ nkdoP f;b/p; B{z bkr{ eoB dh ;fjwsh fdZsh

ns/ nk\oh c?;bk oki ;oeko d/ jZE d/ fdZsk.

;e{b gkm g[;seK ftZu tksktoD f;ZfynkL okPNoh f;Zfynk ehsh 1986 ns/

N.C.E.R.T. d/ nkdoP f;b/p; nB[;ko tksktoD B{z fszB gZyK s'A Pkwb ehsk frnk j?^

1H tksktoD pko/ f;Zfynk

2H tksktoD d[nkok f;Zfynk

3H tksktoD bJh f;Zfynk

fJBQK fBod/PK dh gkbDk j/m jh gzikp ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z o;wh f;Zfynk dk

fjZ;k pFDkfJnk frnk. gzikp gqd/P ftZu uZb oj/ ;e{bK dhnK feskpK ftZu tksktoD

f;Zfynk d/ nkb'uBkswe nfXn?B bJh fJ;B{z uko GkrK ftZu tzfvnk j?^

(1) gqkfJwoh gZXo

(2) ngo^gqkfJwoh gZXo iK fwvb gZXo

(3) ;?ezvoh gZXo

(4) ;hBhno ;?ezvoh gZXo

fJ;d/ ;w[Zu/ nfXn?B s'A tksktoD ;zebgK (Concepts) ns/ tksktoDh w[ZfdnK pko/

gsk bZrdk j?. ;w[Zu/ f;b/p; ftZu wB[Zy e[dos ;zpzX nkXko jB ns/ gkDh, jtk, fwZNh,

T{oik, e[dosh ;q's, i?fte ftfGzBsk, izrbh ihtB, gqd{PD, s/Ikph toyk, rohB jkT{;

fJ|?eN, UI'B gos dk gsbk g?Dk, tXdh iB;zfynk, g'PD ns/ f;js, e[dosh nk|sK

214

nkfd w[Zy ftfPnK ti'A ;kjwD/ nkT[Ad/ jB. tZy^tZy gZXoK dh ;whfynk ftP/ B{z j'o v{zx/

ftPb/PD tZb fbiKdh j?.

gqkfJwoh gZXo

gfjbh s'A gzithA iwks ftZu nkw frnkB, nk+/ d[nk+// dh ikDekoh d/ Bkb Bkb

e[dosh ;zt/dBk g?dk eoB s/ ftP/P soihj j?. gfjbh s'A gzithA iwks dhnK feskpK ftZu

GkPk dhnK feskpK okjhA ikDekoh d/D d/ Bkb Bkb shih iwks s'A tksktoD dh feskp th j?

i' fe ;kfJz;, ;wkfie ns/ tksktoD f;Zfynk dk ;[w/b j?. fJBQK feskpK ftZu Pkwb ehs/

rJ/ w[Zy ;zebg (Concepts) fJj jB^

1H wBZ[yh ;oho dh ikDekoh

2H nk+/ d[nk+// dh ikDekoh

3H G'iB, gkDh, eZgVk, wekB nkfd dhnK w[ZYbhnK b'VK.

4H oZ[yK ns/ g"fdnK dh wjZssk

5H ;EkBe gzShnK, ikBtoK ns/ j'o t;sK dh ikD gSkD

6H ;ihtK fBoihtK dh fBoGosk

7H ;|kJh dh wjZssk

8H ;{oi dh o"PBh, jtk, gkDh, whAj dh ikDekoh

9H gkbs{ ikBtoK dh ikDekoh

10H jtk, gkDh, fwZNh ns/ P'o gqd{PD

11H tksktoD pukn dh b'V

12H T{oik d/ ;q's

13H tksktoD dh ;zGk+ ;zpzXh y/soh frnkB ns/ gqufbs b'e XkoBktK

fJBQK ;G dhnK wjZstg{oB ikDekohnK d/ Bkb Bkb pZfunK ftZu GktBkswe tkX/

bJh iwks ftubhnK ns/ iwks pkjohnK fefonktK d/ ;[Mkn th Pkwb jB. fJ; soQK

fJj gkm g[;seK e[dosh, G"fse, ;wkfie, ;fGnkukoe tksktoD pko/ ;w[Zuk fdqPNhe'D

g/P eodhnK jB.

ngo gqkfJwoh gZXo

fJ; gZXo T[Zgo tksktoDh ;zebgK B{z ;kfJz; ns/ ;wkfie f;Zfynk tor/ ftfPnK

ftZu ;zwfbs ehsk frnk j?. fJ; gZXo s/ w[Zy ftP/ fJ; gqeko jB^

1H tksktoD nB[e{bD

2H e[dosh ;q's

215

3H gkDh uZeo (ib uZeo)

4H G'iB bVh

5H g"fdnK ns/ izs{nK dh ;fjj'Ad

6H g"fdnK dk torheoB

7H tksktoD ;zs[bB

8H gq;fEfse gqpzX

9H iht izs{ ns/ T[BQK dhnK tksktoDh ftP/PsktK

10H tksktoD gqd{PD d/ gqGkt^ jtk, gqd{PD, rohB jkT{; fJ|?eN, UI'B w'xo/,

ekopBvkJhnke;kJhv (CO2 ) dk tXDk.

11H ;{ywihtK dh wjZssk

12H ;w[dkfJe tksktoD

13H Xosh ns/ tk:{wzvb dh w[ZYbh ikDekoh

14H iB;zfynk ns/ tksktoD

15H izrbh ihtB

16H izrb eZND (Deforestation) d/ wkV/ gqGkt

17H T[d:'rK d/ tksktoD T[Zs/ gqGkt

18H tksktoD ;zGk+ ftZu ;wki dk :'rdkB

fJ; gZXo s/ tksktoD f;Zfynk nkw ikDekoh ti'A gVQkJh ik ojh j? id'A fe b'V j?

fe tksktoDh fefonktK th Pkwb ehshnK ikD.

;?ezvoh gZXo

fJ; gZXo T[Zgo th ;kfJz;, ;wkfie f;Zfynk d/ Bkb Bkb tksktoD ti'A fJe

;gbhw?ANoh feskpuk i'fVnk frnk j?. fi; ftZu j/m fbyh ikDekoh Pkwb j?^

1H iht wzvb

2H rohB jkT{; fJ|?eN

3H UI'B gos

4H ykdK ns/ ehNBkPeK dh tos'A

5H izrbh ihtB ;zGk+

6H xo/b{ ns/ T[d:'fre e{Vk eoeN gqpzXB (Management)

7. jtk, gkDh, fwZNh, P'o gqd{PD ns/ ezNo'b

8H Jhe' f;;Nw

216

9H i?t nftxfNs gdkoEK dk gqpzXB (Management of Non-Biodegradable

Substances)

10H ykD :'r ns/ ;iktNh g"d/ (Edible & Ornamental Plants )

11H BdhnK, BfjoK dh ;|kJh

12H fBT{ebh T{oik

13H ftfeoDK d/ wkV/ gqGkt (Radiation Hazards)

14H g"D T{oik, gkDh T{oik, iht T{oik (Bio Energy)

15H tksktoD ekB{zB

jkfJo ;?ezvoh gZXo

fJ; gZXo T[Zgo ftfdnkoEh tZy tZy ro[ZgK fit/A ;kfJz;, ekwo;, fjT{w?BNhI nkfd

ftZu tzv/ iKd/ jB. tZy^tZy roZ[gK d/ fj;kp Bkb tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z Pkwb ehsk j?. fJZE/

tZy^tZy ro[ZgK ftZu tksktoDh ftfPnK B{z ;w[Zu/ o{g ftZu j/m fby/ T[g ftfPnK s/ e/Adfos

ehsk j?.

1H tksktoD ns/ fNekT{ ftek;

2H gqd{PD (jtk, gkDh, fwZNh, rb'pb tkofwzr, s/Ikph toyk, UI'B gos dk

gsbk g?Dk nkfd)

3H nzsookPNoh gZXo s/ ;k| gkDh d/ Nhu/

4H ehNBkPe gqd{PD

5H tksktoD gqd{PD ezNo'b L c'eN gdkoEK dk gqpzXB ns/ jok ok;kfJD

ftfrnkB (Green Chemistry)

6H }ohph ns/ tksktoD ezNo'b

7H tksktoD ;zGk+ dh b'V

8H tksktoD ns/ wB[Zyh ;[Gkn

9H Xosh T[Zgo ihtB

10H e[dosh nk|sK^G[ukb, uZeotks, jVQ, ;'ek, IwhB fy;eDk (b?Av;bkJhvI)

11H iB;zfynk ns/ iht ;w[dkfJ

12H Jhe' f;;Nw ns/ ;gh;hI

13H e[dosh ;q'sK dh ;zGk+

14H iB;zfynk dh tXdh do ns/ fJ;dk gqGkt

15H g"fdnK d/ nkofEe bkG

217

16H e[dosh ;q'sK dh pj[sh tos'A (Over Exploitation) dk tksktoD s/ gqGkt

17H }?o^fB:'is (Unplanned) T[d:'fre ftek; d/ wkV/ gqGkt

18H c'eN dh ;[uZih (ftfrnkBe) ;zGk+

19H pdbt/A pkbD

20H T{oik ;zeN ^ ;ziwh tos'A

21H tksktoD ;zGk+ ftZu ;oeko ns/ ;wki dk o'b

22H tksktoD ekB{zB

ekbi ns/ :{Bhtof;Nh gZXo

gzikp ftubhnK :{Bhtof;NhnK ftZu tksktoD ;zpzXh eotkJhnK iKdhnK fvrohnK

ns/ e'o; pj[s xZN jB. ekbi gZXo T[~go tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z :{Bhtof;Nh rqKN;

efwPB (U.G.C.) tZb'A bkIwh x'fPs ehsk frnk j?. g[okD/ gkmeqw nB[;ko gzikph ns/

nzro/Ih d/ bkIwh ftfPnK ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk dk 10^10 nze dk g/go fbnk iKdk ;h.

nzro/Ih ftP/ ftZu J.S.Yadav, R.C. Sobti, & R.K. Kohli d[nkok fbyh g[;se An

Elementary Book on Environmental Education i' fe gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikp

:{Bhtof;Nh uzvhrVQ s'A gqekfPs j?, d/ 10 gkmK B{z fszB/ ;kbK ftZu tzv e/ gVQkfJnk iKdk

;h. phH J/H$ phH n?;H ;hH$ phH ekw Gkr gfjbk ftZu gfjb/ fszB nfXnkfJ (tksktoD,

Xosh, izrb) phH J/H $ phH ekwH $ phH n?;H ;hH Gkr d{ik ftZu nfXnkfJ 4 s'A 6 sZe

(izrbh ihtB, gkDh, tk:{wzvb) ns/ Gkr shik ftZu nfXnkfJ 7 s'A 10 sZe (b'e,

fBtk;^n;EkB ns/ f;js, T{oik, tksktoD ns/ ftPt ftnkgh wkwb/) gVQkJ/ ik oj/ ;B.

fJ; ;kb f;o| Gkr shik ftZu jh gVkJ/ ik oj/ jB.5 fJ;/ soQK gzikph bkIwh ftZu

gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk d[nkok Skgh ns/ vkH pbd/t f;zx uhwk,

vkH vh ghH f;zx d[nkok ;zgkfds g[;se „tksktoDh w;b/ s/ ;wkXkB‟ B{z d' ;kbK ftZu

gVQkfJnk iKdk ;h. fJ; g[;se d/ gfjb/ uko nfXnkfJ phHJ/H $ phH ekwH $ phH n?;H ;hH

$ Gkr gfjbk d/ f;b/p; dk fjZ;k jB.6 nfXnkfJ 5 s'A 10 Gkr d{ik d/ f;b/p; dk fjZ;k

jB.7 fi; nXhB gfjb/ ;kb g?oQk ouBk ns/ g?oQk gVQ e/ gqPBK d/ T[so fbZyD/ jB ns/ d{i/

;kb f;o| g?oQk ouBk jh eoBh j?. fJ; g[;se ftZu tksktoD ns/ wB[Zy (r[bIko f;zx

ezr), g"DK ftu x[b fojk Ifjo (e[bdhg f;zx Xho), ib, ib gqd{PD ns/ T[gkn (vkH

uoBihs f;zx BkGk), Xos dk gqd{PD (wBihs fJzdo f;zx ;Zr{), P'o gqd{PD (vhH ghH

f;zx), fpib^u[zpeh gqd{PD (;hH ghH ezp'i), o/vhU n?efNt gqd{PD (ftdtkB f;zx ;'Bh ),

218

gbhs Bk eo' fBowb nzpo B{z (e[bdhg f;zx Xho), nb'g j' fojk iht irs (vkH d/ftzdo

f;zx), s/Ikph whAj (ifszdogkb f;zx), Xosh dh b[gs j' ojh UI'B gos (ftdtkB f;zx

;'Bh), Xosh ‟s/ tX ojh sgP dk efjo (rb'pb tkofwzr)(niw/o f;ZX{), tksktoDh gqd{PD

ns/ ekB{zB (G[fgzdo f;zx ftoe), o[Zy, wB[Zy ns/ tksktoD (r[bihs f;zx uZmk), ibrkjK

dh ;KG ;zGkb (vhH ghH f;zx) b/y Pkwb jB.

phH J/H (nkBoi ;e{b gzikph) d/ nzro/Ih d/ f;b/p; ftZu gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh s'A

gqekfPs g[;se An Elementary Book on Environment Education jh gVQkJh ik ojh j?.

phH J/H nkBoi ;e{b nzro/Ih, fJfsjk; ns/ okiBhsh Pk;so d/ gzikph g/go ftZu

„tksktoD dog/P ;wZf;nktK‟ g[;se gVQkJh iKdh ;h. fJ; g[;se ftZu tksktoD fuzsB

Bkb ;zpzfXs 14 nfXnkfJ (tksktoD, fJekb'ih , UI'B dk fSZidk Sso, ;kt/ xo dh

gqGkftesk, ftj[bhnK g"DK, wbhB j' oj/ ;kro ,ykVh :[ZX ni/ th ikoh j?, o[ZyK s/ wB[ZyK dh

N[ZNdh ikt/ ;KM, fgqEth dk ;KMk fto;k n?w/I'B, nb'g j' fojk izrbh ihtB, fgqEth B{z

e{V/dkB Bk pDkT[, ftek;Phb d[BhnK ftu e[dos dh ;zGk+, tZ;'A ns/ tksktoD, b'ek ikr

GJh j[D ikr' nkJhn?) Pkwb jB.

phH J/H Gkr shik ftZu i'roch (G{ ftfrnkB) ftP/ ftZu fJZe nkgPB ti'A tksktoDh

G{^ftfrnkB (Enviromental Geography) B{z Pkwb ehsk frnk j?. fi; ftZu tksktoD ns/

i'ro|h d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK, tksktoD d/ nzrK, fwZNh dh ;zouBk, T{oik d/ BftnkT[D:'r ns/

Bk BftnkT[D:'r ;'qsK, iB;zfynk ns/ tksktoDh ;wZf;nktK s'A fJbktk tZy^tZy tksktoDh

;zXhnK th f;b/p; dk fjZ;k jB. izrbK dh wjZssk, pukn d/ T[gkn ns/ izrbh ihtB dh

tksktoD Bkb ;fjj'Ad B{z th gVQkfJnk iKdk j?.

phH n?~vH e'o; ftZu th tksktoD f;Zfynk B{z gzit/A g/go ftZu nkgPBb g/go ti'A

gVQkfJnk ik fojk j?. fi;d/ f;b/p; B{z d' ;?ePBK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?. ;?ePB J/ ftZu

tksktoD f;Zfynk dk noE, Nhu/, b'V ns/ tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ f;XKsK s'A fJbktk jtk,

fwZNh, gkDh, P'o gqd{PD d/ ;wki T[Zgo gqGktK ns/ fJBQK d/ ezNo'b B{z fjZ;k pDkfJnk j?.

;?ePB ph ftZu ftPth ;wZf;nktK fit/A izrbK dk eNkn, rb'pb tkofwzr, UI'B gos dk

gsbk g?Dk, ibtk:{ gfotosB d/ Bkb Bkb Gkosh tksktoDh ;wZf;nktK fit/A jtk gqd{PD,

T{oik ;zeN, i?fte ftfGzBsk B{z \sok, nb'g j' ojhnK iht ikshnK B{z e/Ado ‟u oZfynk j?.

fJ; ;?ePB ftZu jh ;e{bh ftfdnkoEhnK bJh tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ fejV/ fejV/ gq'rokw

jB ns/ tksktoD f;Zfynk, tksktoD pukn ns/ fNekT{ ftek; ftZu fet/A ;jkJh j' ;edh

j?, B{z f;b/p; dk nkXko pDkfJnk j?.

219

gozs{ j[D nzvo r?i{J/N gZXo s/ UGC tZb'A f;b/p; dh fJe;kosk bJh fJe f;b/p;

fBoXkos ehsk frnk j? i' fe ;kohnK :{Bhtof;NhnK d/ nzvo rq?i{J/N e'o;K ftZu gVQkT[Dk

bkIwh j?. fJ; nB[;ko jo ftfdnkoEh B{z tksktoD f;Zfynk dk fJZe 100 nze dk bkIwh

g/go d/Dk j't/rk fi; ftZu 75 nze dk fbysh g/go ns/ 25 nze dk chbv toe iK chbv

ftfiN dh fog'oN g/P eoBh j?.

gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh d/ B'Nhfce/PB BzL 3745^3794$;w^5 fwsh 8^12^2009

nB[;ko “;{fus ehsk iKdk j? fe :{H ihH ;hH ns/ wkB:'r ;[gohw e'oN d/ nkd/PK nB[;ko

:{Bhtof;Nh Bkb ;zpzfXs ekbiK fty/ uZb oj/ nzvo^r?qi{J/N gZXo d/ ;ko/ e'o;K ftZu Gkt

phHJ/H $ phH ekwH $ phH n?;H ;hH (bkn n?bH n?bH phH fszB ;kbK e'o; B{z SZv e/),

fJzihBnfozr, ekwo;, n?rohebuo nkfd d/ gfjb/ ;kb ftZu e[nkbhckfJzr ftP/ d/ s"o s/

fJBtkfJow?AN ;NZvhI ftP/ B{z gVQkT[D dh jdkfJs ehsh rJh j?. phH phH J/H (;w?;No

f;;Nw) ftZu fJBtkfJow?AN ;NZvhI ftP/ B{z bkr{ eoB bJh u/now?B p'ov nkc

nzvo^rq?i{J/N ;NZvhI fJB fpiB?; w?B/iw?AN dh f;|koP ns/ vhB, nekdfwe wkwb/ ih

nkd/PK nB[;ko fJBtkfJow?AN ;NZvhI dk ftPk phH phH J/H Gkr gfjbk (;w?;No d{ik) ftZu

bkr{ ehsk ikt/.‟‟8 fJ; f;b/p; nB[;ko ;w[Zu/ ftP/ B{z 8 GkrK ftZu tzfvnk frnk j?.

1H tksktoDh f;Zfynk dh nzsonB[Pk;Bh gjz[u

(Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies)

2H e[dosh ;o'sL BftnkT[D:'r ns/ Bk BftnkT[D:'r

(Natural Resources :Renewable and non-renewable resources )

3H Jhe' f;;NwI (Ecosystems)

4H i?t ftfGzBsk ns/ fJ;dk ;[oZfynD (Biodiversity and its conservation)

5H tksktoDh gqd{PD (Environmental Pollution)

6H ;wkfie w[Zd/ ns/ tksktoD (Social Issues and the Environment)

7H wB[Zyh iB;zfynk ns/ tksktoD (Human Population and the Environment)

8H chbv toe (Field work )

fJ;/ soQK jh g';N ro/i{J/PB gZXo T[Zgo tksktoD f;Zfynk Bkb ;zpzfXs e'o; P[o{

ehs/ rJ/ jB fizBQK ftZu gzikp dhnK fszB :{Bhtof;NhnK (gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh gfNnkbk,

gzikp :{Bhtof;Nh uzvhrV ns/ r[o{ BkBe d/t :{Bhtof;Nh nzfwqs;o) ftZu n?wH n?;H ;hH

n?BtkfJoBw?ANb ;kfJz; dk e'o; eotkfJnk ik fojk j?. gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh ftZu n?wH

n?;H ;hH i'ro|h ftZu n?BtkfJoBw?AN ;kfJz; fJe ftP/ ti'A gVQkJh ik ojh j?.

220

n?wH J/H (gzikph) Gkr d{ik d/ shi/ gou/ gzikph tkose ftZu u"Ek Gkr tksktoD

u/sBk Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. fJ; Gkr nXhB gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh s'A gqekfPs ns/ vkH ;shP

e[wko towk, vkH pbftzdo e"o pokV ns/ vkH okfizdo gkb f;zx d[nkok ;zgkfds ehsh

g[;se tksktoD u/sBk f;b/p; dk fjZ;k j?.9 fJ; g[;se ftZu e[Zb 11 nfXnkfJ, wB[Zy d/

e[dos Bkb T[gGkth ;pzX (;[oihs f;zx fYb'A), Bhbh Ssoh dh fSZi ojh UI'B gos

(ftdtkB f;zx ;'Bh), yfjVk Bk SZvD tkbk ezpbL o/fvU n?efNt gqd{PD (e[bdhg f;zx

Xho), tksktoDe ftrkV ns/ ;wkfie ftjko (Bfozdo f;zx eg{o) uzB ƒ nkpkd eoB

tkfbU Xosh ƒ popkdh s'A o'e' (pbftzdo e"o pokV), np :/j d/P j{nk p/rkBk (wbehns

f;zx ;?Dh), jtktK ftZu Ifjo (vhHghHf;zx), y/shA bkJh nZr p;zso BjhA (okigkb f;zx),

wksk Xofs wjs[ (uoBihs e"o), ;cfbU fpoy[ johnktbk (i;tzs i|o), e[dos dh b[ZN

(niw/o f;ZX{) Pkwb ehs/ rJ/ jB. fJ; g[;se d/ ;ko/ b/y jh nkgDh nkgDh EK s/

wjZstg{oB jB .

f;b/p; dhnK feskpK T[Zgo tksktoDh Mks

f;b/p; dh pkjoh o{g o/yk s'A fJj ;gZPN j? fe ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nu/s gZXo s/

tksktoD Bkb i'VB s'A fpBK ;[u/s gZXo s// th f;Zfyns ehsk ik fojk j?. fJ; y'i gqpzX

ftZu ftP/ dh ;hwk B{z fXnkB ftZu oZyd/ j'J/ f;o| gzikp ;e{b f;Zfynk p'ov ns/ gzikph

:{Bhtof;Nh d/ gkmeqw B{z nfXn?B dk fjZ;k pDkfJnk j? Gkt/A gkmeqwK dh nkg;h ;KM

;dek j'o p'ovK iK :{Bhtof;NhnK d/ gkmeqw th Pkwb j' rJ/ jB. ;ko/ ftfPnK ftZu

Pkwb tksktoDh nzPK dh fBPkBd/jh s'A pknd tZy tZy iwksK ftZu gVQkJ/ ik oj/ gzikph

ftP/ dhnK feskpK ftZu tksktoD u/sBk Bkb ;zpzfXs gkm fJj jB^

S/thA iwks dh gzikph dh gkm g[;se ftZu tksktoD d/ gZy s'A eftsktK p;zs (XBh

okw ukfsqe), ehVh (;[oihs f;zx woikok), gfjb (;H ;H uoB f;zx ;jhd), ft;kyh dk

w/bk (wkB f;zx jeho), Xosh dk rhs (e[bdhg f;zx) ns/ c[ZbK dk ;[B/jk (s/ok f;zx uzB)

jB ns/ ejkDhnK nkgD/ nkgD/ EK ;ko/ uzr/ (nzfwqsk gqhsw) fb|k|/ (ow/P Gkosh), nkb'e

;[yh, r[nKYh d[yh ! Bk pJh Bk (irdhP e"Pb), Mhb, gP{ gzSh ns/ pZu/ (;[ytzs wkB) ns/

fgzv fJT[A p'bd? (vkH PoBihs e"o) Pkwb ehshnK rJhnK jB. g[;se d/ gZXo nB[;ko

pZfunK B{z fBZehnK fBZehnK ;{yw rZbK dh ikDekoh d/D dh e'fPP j? sK i' T[j tZv/ j' e/

tksktoD ;zGkbD dh fizw/tkoh dk nfj;k; eo ;eD.

221

„nb'e ;[yh, r[nKYh d[yh ` Bk pJh Bk `‟ nfXnkfJ b/y o{g ftZu pZfunK nzdo

fpibh ;[oZfynk iK T{oik ;ziw dh GktBk g?dk eoB fjs Pkwb ehsk frnk j?. p/b'V/ ird/

pbp fiZE/ fpibh T{oik tX/o/ tosd/ jB T[~E/ r[nKYhnK dh BhAdo ftZu th o[ektN pDd/ jB.

„p;zs‟ eftsk p;zs o[Zs d/ nkT[D s/ oZ[yK, wB[ZyK, c[ZbK, gzShnK d/ fyV/ fujfonK dk

fpnkB j? fijV/ eZeo B/ wo [zv ;[ZN/ ;B. „ehVh‟ eftsk ihtK okjhA wB[Zy B{z T[gd/P d/D fjs

fbyh j? fe fet/A ehVh fdB oks nkgD/ ezw o[ZMh ofjzdh j? ns/ fe;/ th soQK d/ d[fBnkth

b'G s'A w[es j?. „gfjb‟ eftsk jk; ftnzr Gog{o j? ns/ jo ezw ftZu gfjb eoB bJh

gq/fos eodh j?. y'sk gfjbK c{e wko pZ[X{ nzdo dtkJh G/i fdzdk j?. „ft;kyh dk w/bk‟

eftsk ft;kyh dh \[Ph Gkt rowh o[Zs dh \[Pnkwdhd j?. „c[ZbK dk ;[B/jk‟ eftsk fssbh

ns/ c[Zb gksoK okjhA wB[Zy B{z e[dos dk nBzd wkBD ns/ izrK :[ZXK s'A pu e/ ofjD dk

;[B/jk fdzdh j?. „Xosh dk rhs‟ eftsk Xosh dhnK tZy tZy ;[rksK s'A pfbjko ikD dh

eftsk j?.

ejkDh „nkgD/ nkgD/ EK ;ko/ uzr/‟ ftZu fJbkuh, ;"Ac, it?D, nzpu{o, nBkodkDk

ns/ g{dBk gkso jB. fi; ftZu ;ko/ nkgD/ nkgD/ r[DK s/ wkD wfj;{;d/ ns/ r[Dekoh

nytkT[Ad/ jB go g[dBk efjzdk j? fe ;kB{z fJeZm/ ob fwb ofjDk ukjhdk j? feT[Afe jo

e'Jh nkgDh nkgDh EK s/ mhe j?. „fb|kc/‟ ejkDh gkbhEhB d[nkok ehs/ ik oj/ gqd{PD B{z

dZ;dh j? ns/ fJ; ;wZf;nk s'A S[Nekok gkT[D bJh gq/oBk ;q's pDdh j?. ejkDh ftZu pZu/

nfXnkge d/ efjD s/ rbhnK BkbhnK dh ;|kJh eoB bJh iKd/ jB go fJZe pI[or T[BQK

B{z vKr Bkb GikT[Adk GikT[Adk ;e{b gj[zu iKdk j?. fiZE/ wk;No ih gqd{PD dh ;wZf;nk

pko/ dZ;d/ jB „„pkpk ih, s[jkB{z sK gs?HHHfJj gbk;fNe d/ fb|kc/ ;ko/ tksktoB B{z d{fPs

eod/ jB. fJj Bk r+d/ jB ns/ Bk jh ;Vd/ jB. T[~v e/ fJj Bk+hnK ftZu ub/ iKd/ jB

ns/ gkDh dk o;sk o'e fdzd/ jB.BkbahnK dk fJj rzdk gkDh rbahnK ftu fJeZmk j' iKdk j?

ns/ fco ;G gk;/ ;VQKd wkodk j?.”10 „Mhb, gP{ gzSh ns/ pZu/‟ ejkDh b'e ejkDh dh P?bh

ftZu fbyh j?. fJ; ejkDh ftZu pZu/ Mhb B{z T[;d/ ;[Ze ikD dk ekoB g[ZSd/ jB s/ Mhb

efjzdh j?^

„„Bho Bk w/ok ;[Zedk

;kT[ i/ ofjzdk wB[Zy

cV e[jkVk s[o fgnk

SZfvnk Bk e'Jh o[Zy.

fdzd/ w?B{z Bho Bk

222

gops rJ/ ;G o[; ‟‟11

pZfunK Bkb o+ fuVhnK, eK, x[ZrhnK ;G gops e'b iKd/ jB. gops dZ;dk j? fe

gkDh dh xkN dk ekoB pZd+K d[nkok whAj Bk gkT[Dk j?. pZd+, o[Zy ns/ xkj gZshnK B{z

d'Ph mfjokT[Adk j? ns/ xkj gZshnK w[V gjkV B{z d'Ph mfjokT[AdhnK jB ns/ nzs wB[Zy B{z

d'Ph fB:s ehsk iKdk j?. ejkDh d/ n\ho s/ wB[Zy B{z o[Zy brkT[D bJh wBk fbnk iKdk j?

ns/ gP{ gzSh T[;d/ ;jkfJe ti'A o[ZyK dh ;zGk+ eod/ jB. Mhb s/ w[V pjkoK nk iKdhnK

jB. „fgzv fJT[A p'bd?‟ ejkDh Pfjo d/ gqd{PD s/ fwbktN Goh \[oke ns/ fgzv dh e[dosh

fIzdrh ns/ skIh \[oke B{z s[bBkT[Adh j?. fJe pZuk i' fgzv ikD B{z fsnko BjhA ;h, T[j

fgzv dhnK skIhnK ;pIhnK, skI/ c+K ns/ fBowb g"D gkDh s'A gqGkfts j' e/ jo ;kb

S[ZNhnK fgzv ftZu fpskT[D dk |?;bk eo b?Adk j?.

iwks ;ZsthA dh gkm g[;se ftZu w'sh (ejkDh fgqzH ;[ikB f;zx), gotk;h gzSh (b/y

vkH jouzd f;zx ;ofjzdh), SZs' dh p/oh (eftsk g'qH w'jB f;zx), ;ktD (eftsk ftXksk f;zx

sho), o[ZyK dh ;zGkb (eftsk wBw'jB f;zx dkT{A), fszB ;tkb (ejkDh fbT[ skb;skfJ),

Xosh (eftsk e[bdhg f;zx) ns/ ;c?d/ (ejkDh e[bdhg f;zx) ouBktK Pkwb jB.

„gotk;h gzSh‟ b/y gzShnK d/ gotk; d/ r[ZM/ G/sK B{z T[ikro eodk b/y j? i' wB[Zy d/

gqtk; d/ w;b/ B{z e[dosh f;ZX eodk j?. fi; soQK gzSh ihtB dhnK b'VK bJh EktK pdbd/

jB, wB[Zy bJh th gqtk; fJe ;fji toskok j?.

„SZs' dh p/oh‟ pugB dhnK :kdK o{g ftZu b/ye dh ouBk j? fijVh T[;B{z p/ohnK d/

fwZm/ p/oK d/ Bkb SZs' wkJh dhnK rkbQK dh th :kd dtkT[Adh j?. nZi d/ pZfunK bJh nfijk

j' ;eDk PkfJd n;zGt j?. „;ktD‟ eftsk rowh s'A pknd nkJ/ ;kT[D wjhB/ B{z fusfos

eodh j?. „o[ZyK dh ;zGkb‟ eftsk o[ZyK d/ bkGK B{z frDfdnK fJBQK fusktBh GohnK bkJhBK

Bkb w[Zedh j?^

„„o[Zy ;kv/ gqkD dksk, fJjBK d/ ;" ;[Zy.

fJjBK pkM'A Xosh ‟s/ ofjDk Bh wB[Zy.‟‟12

„Xosh‟ eftsk ftfrnkBe BIohJ/ s'A Xosh dh pDso ns/ fJ;d/ pDB dh

gqfefonk pko/ fbyh j'Jh j?. „w'sh‟ ejkDh wB[Zy ns/ ikBtoK d/ ;dhth gq/w B{z do;kT[Adh j?

fe fe; soQK ikBto nkgD/ wkbe Bkb t|kdkoh gkbd/ jB. „fszB ;tkb‟ (uzrk ;wK^

toswkB, uzrk nkdwh^ i' s[jkv/ e'b j?, uzrk ezw^ jo fe;/ dk Gbk) okjhA ;t? bkbu SZv

e/ wB[Zysk B/ Gb/ bJh gq/fos eodh j?.

223

„;c?d/‟ ejkDh o[ZyK Bkb „fdykt/ d/ gq/w‟ dh ejkDh j?. nkX[fBesk d/ ihtB ftZu

n;hA fe; soQK e[dosh ;[ZyK (o[ZyK) dh fsbKibh d/ gdkoEe ;[ZyK tkb/ d"V oj/ jK. ejkDh

ftub/ gkso o[ZyK Bkb n;hw w'j oyd/ jB go NhH thH yqhdDk ukj[zd/ jB. nzs g?f;nK dk

gqpzX eoB bJh gzi ;|?d/ t/u fdzd/ jB. o[ZyK d/ w'j dh ;KM jh T[BQK dh fwZsosk dk w[ZY th

;h. d't/A gfotko tksktoD d/ d{fPs j'D s'A fuzss jB. tksktoD ;zpzXh gq'rokw th pV/

ukn Bkb d/yd/ jB ns/ fJ; ftP/ s/ pfj; th eod/ jB gozs{ ;G e[M ikDd/ j'J/ th

do\sK B{z NhH thH yohdD bJh t/u fdzd/ jB. fJ; soQK fJj ejkDh ni'eh c'ehnK NkjoK

wkoB tkbh ;fGnsk B{z fuzBQs eodh ejkDh ti'A T[Godh j? ns/ nfij/ nkX[fBe wB[Zy B{z

gqfsfpzps eodh j?, i' ;G e[M ikDdk j'fJnk th tksktoD B{z B[e;kB gj[zuk fojk j?.

nZmthA iwks dh gzikph g[;se ftZu ihT{D s/o/ pZuV/ (ejkDh ;opihs f;zx p/dh),

b'jVh (b/y r[ofdnkb f;zx), tfjw Gow (b/y frnkBh r[ofdZs f;zx), rZr{ (ejkDh e'wb

f;zx) ns/ rhs (i'rk f;zx) nkfd ouBktK tksktoD u/sBk ftP/ Bkb ;zpzfXs jB.

„b'jVh‟ b/y gzikp dhnK o[ZsK dh ikDekoh fdzdk j?. fi; ftZu b'jVh s'A pknd mzv

d/ xND ns/ ;{oi B{z rowh d/D dk fttoD j? ns/ w";w nB[;ko \[oke d/ pdb ikD B{z „g'j

foZXh wkx ykXh‟ okjhA ;{fus eodh j?.

„tfjw Gow‟ gkm pj[s ;ko/ tfjwK GowK pko/ ikDekoh Gog{o b/y j?. fJ; ftZu

gP{ gzSh oZfynk ;zpzXh tfjw Gow iht ftfGzBsk dh ;zGk+ gqsh ;[u/s eod/ jB. w;bB

„„b'eK d/ ftuko PkPso nB[;ko fpZbh wkoBh wjK gkg j?. ftuko j? fe fpZbh wkoh dk gkg

;Zs tkoh rzrk BjkJ/ s'A th BjhA bfjzdk.”13

„rhs‟ eftsk o[ZyK ns/ wB[ZyK dh ;KM B{z toDB eodh j?. o[ZyK ftZu th ikB j[zdh j?

T[j wB[Zy B{z uzrh soQK gfjukDd/ jB, ikDd/ jB, \[Ph }wh B{z t/yd/ jB go p'b BjhA ;ed/^

“gzSh M[owN gkT[Ad/ nktD,

fJBQK ‟s/ uou'bo gktD.

fJj T[BQK B{z w/t/ d/tD,

fpBQK, ‟j;kB iskD d/.

go p'b Bk ;ed/,

;kvk ;G dZ[y ikDd/, o[Zy p'b Bk ;ed/.”14

ejkDh „ihT{D s/o/ pZuV/‟ gzSh w'j B{z do;kT[Adh j?. ejkDh ftZu ;[j/b BK dk pZuk

w[Zy gkso j? i' gzShnK B{z pj[s fgnko eodk j?. ;[j/b d/ BkBe/ ikD fgZS'A T[;d/ fgsk B{z

ewo/ nzdo c;/ fuVh d/ p'N BIoh g?Ad/ jB. T[;d/ fgsk fgnko t; jh fuVh d/ pZfunK B{z

224

ewo/ nzdo'A pkjo eZYd/ jB. ;[j/b d/ gkgk fuVh d/ P'o s'A T[;dh w[Peb dk nzdkIk bkT[Ad/

jB. ejkDheko fbydk j?^ “;[j/b d/ gkgk ;'ud/ B/ fe d[Zy^sebhca t/b/ pzd/ s/ gfozd/ fJZe'

soQK P'o gkT[Ad/ B/, e[obkT[Ad/ B/, o'Ad/ B/, fJZem/ j[zd/ B/.” HHH„„T[BQK nkfynk, fuVhJ/ s/ok

XzBtkd ` s?B{z pj[s ;kok fgnko. s{z w?B{z fIzdrh dh GkPk f;ykJh J/ ! iht/A s{z ! ihT{D s/o/

pZuV/ ! w?B{z w/o/ pZfunK dh :kd nkJh J/ `”15

„rZr‟{ ejkDh th pZfunK d/ ikBtoK Bkb gq/w B{z dZ;dh j?. rZr{ fJe eZN/ dk BK j?

fi;B{z tZv/ j'D T[gozs t/u fdZsk iKdk j?. BtK wkbe T[;B{z e[ZNdk wkodk j? ns/ BZE wko

b?Adk j? go fJZe fdB rZr{ B{z w?A gkso fwb g?Adk j? i' T[;B{z e[ZND wkoB s'A fpBQK dVkT[D d/

:'r j?. rZr{ n;b ftZu wkbe d/ wkV/ tsho/ ekoB eZ[fNnK wkfonK th N[oB'A i[nkp d/ frnk ;h.

gkm g[;se d/ nzs ftZu pbtzs rkorh ofus fJeKrh „w'xk‟ doi j? fi; ftZu

„nkgD/ jZeK bJh ;oeko Bkb wZEk bkT[D‟ B{z ftPk pDkfJnk j?. b'eszsoh ;oekoK id'A

b'eK d/ jZe y'j b?AdhnK jB sK fwjBseP b'eK d[nkok w'ou/ bk e/ nkgD/ jZe gqkgs eoBk

th r[Bkj BjhA j?. gozs{ ftP/ d/ fBGkn bJh i' w{b ;wZf;nk j? T[j j? gkDh dh xkN. gkDh

dh xkN ekoB ;oeko w'xk pzd eoBk ukj[zdh j? go b'eK B{z vo j? fe i/ w'xk pzd j' frnk

sK y/s ;[Ze ikDr/, |;bK wo ikDrhnK ns/ b'eK dh nkofEesk ftrV ikt/rh. fJj

fJeKrh GftZyh ;fEsh tZb th fJPkok eodk j?. nZi Xosh j/mbk gkDh ns/ BdhnK, BfjoK

ftubk gkDh ;G xN oj/ jB. j' ;edk j? GftZy ftZu gkDh dhnK b'VK g{ohnK eoB bJh

nfij/ w'ou/ bkT[D/ g?D. B"thA ns/ d;thA iwks dhnK gkm g[;seK ftZu tksktoD u/sBk d/

BIohJ/ s'A e'Jh th nfXnkfJ Pkwb BjhA ehsk frnk. ;{|h ekft, feZ;k ekft ns/ r[opkDh

d/ i' g?oQ/ Pkwb jB T[BQK B{z nfXnkfJ shi/ ftZu tkfunk ik u[Zek j?. frnkothA ns/ pkothA

iwks ftZu tksktoD f;Zfynk fJZe tZyo/ ftP/ ti'A gVQkJh ik ojh j?. fJj gkm g[;seK

gzikp ;e{b f;Zfynk p'ov d[nkok SkghnK rJhnK jB. fJBQK s'A fJbktk tZy tZy gqekPeK

dhnK feskpK B{z th wkBsk fdZsh rJh j?.

„tksktoDh w;b/ s/ ;wkXkB‟ g[;se d/ gfjb/ nfXnkfJ „tksktoD ns/ wB[Zy‟ ftZu

wB[Zy ns/ gqfeosh d/ nkg;h foPs/ dh ikDekoh fdZsh j?. r[bIko f;zx ezr fuge' nzd'bB

d/ ;opokj pj[r[Dk dh fNZgDh okjhA wB[Zy e[dos foPs/ s/ ftnzr eod/ jB^“;kvh fgnkoh

Xosh wo ojh j?. fJ; Bkb ;kvk foPsk wK g[Zso dk j'Dk ukjhdk ;h go fJj d'Xh s/ rK

tkbk foPsk pD e/ ofj frnk j?.”16

nfXnkfJ d{ik „g"DK ftu x[b fojk Ifjo‟ jtk gqd{PD Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. fi; ftZu

jtk gqd{PD d/ ekoB dZ;D s'A fJbktk nzs ftZu uzr/ GftZy tZb s[oB dk nfjd th j?. vkH

225

Xho fbyd/ jB „„seBheh ftfrnkBe soZeh s/ c"oh \[Pjkbh dk w[b g"DK ftZu Ifjo x'b d/

d/Dk uzrh rZb BjhA. fJj Ifjo dk gfjbk fJbki fJ; dh u/sBk j?. u/sBk s'A g?dk j'Jh

fuzsk ;kB{z jo T[d:'fre, fttjkoe s/ ftfrnkBe rshftXh B{z ;[u/s j' e/ ftT[AsD d/ okj s'o

;edh j?. s/b, g?No'b, e'b/, vhIb dh p/b'Vh tos'A, pzpK s/ n?Nwh siofpnK pko/ g[Bo

ftuko, |;bK s/ gokbh dh ;kV c{e, T[d:'fre fuwBhnK ftu'A ykoi gdkoEK gqsh u/sBk,

e{V/ s/ rzdrh gqsh fIzw/tkoh tkbh fdqPNh, g"DK ftu fBozso tX oj/ Ifjo ƒ e[M sK xNkt/rh

jh. nkU ;ko/ fJ; pko/ ;'uhJ/.‟‟17

shik nfXnkfJ ib, ib gqd{PD ns/ T[gkn, vkH uoBihs f;zx BkGk dk fbfynk

j?. fJ;/ soQK Xos dk gqd{PD (wBihs fJzdo f;zx ;Zr{), P'o gqd{PD (vhH ghH f;zx),

fpib^u[zpeh gqd{PD (;hH ghH ezp'i), o/vhU^n?efNt gqd{PD (ftdtkB f;zx ;'Bh ), gbhs

Bk eo' fBowb nzpo B{z (e[bdhg f;zx Xho), s/Ikph whAj (ifszdogkb f;zx), Xosh dh

b[gs j' ojh UI'B gos (ftdtkB f;zx ;'Bh), Xosh ‟s/ tX ojh sgP dk efjo (rb'pb

tkofwzr) niw/o f;ZX{ j'oK d/ b/y tZy^tZy fe;w d/ gqd{[PDK pko/ ikD{z eokT[D d/ Bkb fJBQK

s'A puD d/ T[gkn th dZ;d/ jB.

„nb'g j' fojk iht irs‟ ftZu vkH d/ftzdo f;zx B/ tZy^tZy iht ikshnK d/ Xosh

s'A nb'g j' ikD B{z fuzsk ti'A T[Gkfonk j?. T[BQK nB[;ko „„fJ; Xosh s/ ihtB dh j'Ad d/

bzp/ ;w/A d"okB gzi tko ikBtoK dk ;w{je ftBkP j'fJnk j?. ;G s'A nyhobk ;w{je

ftBkP bZrGr ;kY/ S/ eo'V ;kb gfjbK j'fJnk fi; ftu nZi sZe d/ IwhB s/ g?dk j'J/ ;G

s'A tZv/ ikBto vkJhB';'oI dk Xosh s'A ;ckfJnk j'fJnk. PkfJd n;hA nkgDh fgnkoh

Xosh B{z s/Ih Bkb S/t/A ;w{je BkP tZb Xe/b oj/ jK. |oe f;o| fJj j't/rk fe gfjbK

fJj ftBkP e[dosh nk|sK fit/A fe tksktoD ftu n;kXkoD spdhbh, T[bek^fgzvK dk

Xosh Bkb NeokT[Dk s/ itkbk w[yh cND nkfd eoe/ j'J/ idfe S/tK ftBkP wB[Zy dh

nkgDh T[gi Bkb j't/rk.”18

fiZE/ nfXnkfJ o[Zy, wB[Zy ns/ tksktoD (r[bihs f;zx uZmk) ftZu wB[Zy dh o[ZyK

ns/ tksktoD Bkb ;KM B{z fpnkBdk j? TZ[E/ vhH ghH f;zx ibrkjK dh ;KG ;zGkb nfXnkfJ

ftZu ibrkjK d/ wjZst pko/ dZ;fdnK eKibh, johe/, o'gV nkfd gzikp ftubhnK ibrkjK

bJh g?dk j' oj/ \sfonK s'A ;[u/s eokT[Adk j?. „tksktoDh gqd{PD ns/ ekB{zB nfXnkfJ‟

tZy^tZy fe;w d/ tksktoD ;zpzXh ekBz{B fit/A gkDh dh ;zGk+ ;zpzXh ekB{zB, jtk gqd{PD

;zpzXh ekB{zB, m'; e{Vk eoeN ;zpzXh ekB{zB ns/ P'o gqd{PD ;zpzXh ekB{zBK dh tZvw[bh

ikDekoh fdzdk j?.

226

tksktoD u/sBk g[;se d/ gfjb/ nfXnkfJ „wB[Zy d/ e[dos Bkb T[gGkth ;pzX‟

ftZu vkH ;[oihs f;zx fYZb'A B/ wB[Zy d/ e[dos Bkb ;pzXK B{z ftfrnkBe BIohJ/ d/ Bkb Bkb

;wkfie BIohJ/ s'A th gVu'fbnk j?. b/ye B/ wB[Zy B{z b'VK ns/ bkb;ktK ftZu fBy/Vk eoB

skehd ehsh j?. b/ye nB[;ko „„e[dos wB[Zy dhnK b'VK sK j[D th g{ohnK eo ;edh j?

go fJ; dhnK b'Gh bkb;ktK Bkb fBgND d/ fJj edh th ;woZE BjhA ;h.‟‟19 vkH fYZb'A dk

b/y ;wkfie nNZb ;ukJhnK B{z fpnkBdk j'fJnk jok rqfj gqGkt, ftek; dh gqfefonk,

s/Ikph toyk ns/ j'o tXd/ gqd{PD dhnK ;wZf;nktK dh frnkB Gog{o ikDekoh fdzdk j?.

b/ye wB[Zy B{z gdkoEe \[PhnK B{z GkbD dh EK nkswe \[PhnK GkbD dk ;[B/jk fdzdk j? ns/

vkfJB'^feob/ dh T[dkjoB Bkb wB[Zy B{z ;[u/s eodk j? fe nZi b[gs j'J/ fJBQK feofbnK dk

fgqEth T[~go T[;/ gqeko dk dpdpk ;h fijk nZi wB[Zy dk j? ns/ T[BQK d/ w[ekpb/ s[ZS ihtB

G'rd/ fJBQK d/ jh ;wekbh wZeVh, e/eV/ fij/ iht nZi th fizdk jB. wB[Zy dh wkVh ;'u

ekoB jh fgqEth uzr/ s'A ;G s'A p[o/ sZe gj[zu rJh j?.

„Bhbh Ssoh dh fSZi ojh UI'B gos‟ b/y ftZu vkH ftdtkB f;zx ;'Bh B/ S'N/ go

Gkt g{os b/y ftZu UI'B gos d/ \sw j'D tor/ wjZstg{oB ftP/ B{z pk\{ph fusfonk j?.

fJ; b/y ftZu vkH ;'Bh B/ w[ZY edhw s'A P[o{ eoe/, BkfJNo'iBh tksktoD s'A j[zfdnK j'fJnk

nZi d/ nke;h ihtK dk toDB ehsk j?. UI'B gos dk pDBk, T[ukJh, ;zxBsk s'A b? e/ T[;

ftZu wx'o/ j'D dk g{oB toDB j?. UI'B d/ d[PwD fit/A o?|ohio/No, gq'gb?o, ;hH n?cH ;hH

ns/ whEkJhb po'wkJhv fij/ ok;kfJDK d/ toDB Bkb ftP/ B{z g{oh soQK ftfrnkBe S'j

fdZsh j?. UI'B d/ \sw j'D s/ g?dk j'D tkb/ \sfonK ns/ wB[Zy d/ T[gokfbnK fit/A

wKNohnb go'N'e'b nkfd dk th toDB j?.

fJ; g[;se ftZu shik b/y „yfjVk Bk SZvD tkbk ezpbL o/fvU n?efNt gqd{PD‟ vkH

e[bdhg f;zx Xho d[nkok fbfynk frnk j?. b/ye B/ b'e ejkDh s'A P[o{ eoe/ ftfrnkBe

frnkB dh tos'A eoe/ o/fvUn?efNtsk d/ wko{ gqGktK dh ikDekoh fdZsh j?. nbck, phNk,

rkwk feoBK dh gSkD, r[D, ns/ wkV/ gqGktK s'A fJbktk jho'fPwk^ Bkrk;keh tor/ wjK

d[yKs B{z :kd eofdnK, fJBQK feoBK d/ wkV/ gqGktK dh ft;Ekog{ote ikDekoh fdZsh j?.

fBT{ebh gkto gbKN d/ |kfJd/ d/ Bkb^Bkb jkBh tkb/ gk;/ d/ th doPB eokJ/ jB fe i/

n;hA nkg jh n;XkoB, ngzr, ftzr sfVzr/, pKM j'J/ sK T{oik dk eh eoKr/< b/y d/ nzs

ftZu fJBQK \sfonK s'A puD d/ okj th dZ;/ jB pPos/ wB[Zy T[BQK o;fsnK s/ uZbDk ukjt/.

T[j fbyd/ jB

„„ok;s/ s' eJh y[b/ j?A whnK

227

jw jh e[S pzd j' u[e/ j?A whnK.‟‟20

„tksktoDe ftrkV ns/ ;wkfie ftjko‟ b/y vkH Bfozdo eg{o dh nkgDh P?bh ftZu

fbfynk b/y j? fi; ftZu vkH eg{o tksktoD ftrkV d/ ;wki T[Zgo g?Ad/ wko{ n;o B{z

ft;Eko ;fjs fpnkB eod/ jB. vkH eg{o fBZehnK fBZehnK tke pDsoK ns/ nNZb

;ukJhnK Bkb wB[Zy dh wko{ o[uh dk toDB eod/ jB. T[BQK nB[;ko tksktoD rzXbk j'D

Bkb wB[Zy gkrb j'Dr/, sbke tXDr/, tX/o/ w[eZdw/pkih j't/rh, fjz;k tX/rh, BfPnK dk

o[MkB tX/rk, ;KMK N[ZNDrhnK, gfotko fyboDr/, nkswxks tXDr/, e'Jh ftPtkP BjhA

oj/rk, ;G ;[nkoEh j'Dr/ go fJ; ;G dk ekoB p/o'e tXdh t;'A j?. wB[Zy sBknrq;s j?

fi; ekoB e[Zy s'A epo sZe, ;zX{o s'A ;[nkj sZe ns/ febeoh s'A ehoB/ sZe dk ck;bk

;[zrV fojk j?. fJ; ;KMh ;wZf;nk s/ ekp{ gkT[D bJh ftneshrs :sBK dh b'V j?.

„uzB B{z nkpkd eoB tkfbU, Xosh B{z popkdh s'A o'e'‟ b/y ftZu vkH pbftzdo e"o

pokV „nZrk d"V fgZSk u"V‟ dh ;fEsh dk toDB ehsk j? fe wB[Zy nopK o[gJ/ bk e/ uzB s/

ihtB bZGDk ukj[zdk j? go Xosh s/ ihtK dh ;zGk+ BjhA. b/fyek B/ pkjoh gqd{PD s'A nZr/

tXfdnK wB[Zyh foPfsnK ftub/ gqd{PD dh rZb ehsh j?. nZi dh sBknGoh fIzdrh ‟u

c'ehnK uhIK, c'e/ NhH thH ;hohnbK ns/ w'j ftot/ foPfsnK u'A wB[Zy nkgDh j'Ad sbkP

fojk j?. b/fyek tko^tko wB[Zy B{z gqPB eodh j? fe T[j fej' fijk GftZy f;oi fojk j?,

fej' fijh fBZx ftoth gBhoh phi fojk j? < eh T[;d/ pZu/ fJzB/ BkbkfJe j'Dr/ fe T[j gP{

gzShnK tKr nkgDk gkbD g'PD BjhA eo ;eDr/ < b/fyek dh gqPB'soh P?bh gkme d/ fjod/

B{z Mzi'VB dk \{p :sB eodh j?. Bkoh b/ye j'D Bks/ vkH pokV Go{D jZfsnk dk fto'X

eoB'A th BjhA ofj ;eh .T[j nkgD/ fJ; b/y ftZu n"os iksh dk gZy g{odh j?.

„np :/j d/P j{nk p/rkBk‟ b/y ftZu vkH wbehns f;zx ;?Dh Xosh s/ wB[Zy s'A

fJbktk j'o ihtK dh rZb eodk j? i' nkdwh dhnK nkgj[dohnK, wBwkBhnK s/ p/ofjwhnK

eoe/ wB[Zy s'A fIzdrh dh Ghy wzrd/ BIo nk oj/ jB. vkH ;?Dh nB[;ko wB[Zy B{z ;{MtkB

j'D Bks/ d{i/ ihtK dk oZfyne j'Dk ukjhdk ;h, Bk fe BkPe. vkH ;?Dh nb'g j' ojhnK

ikshnK, \so/ d/ erko s/ gj[zuhnK ikshnK dh ft;Ekog{ote ikDekoh fdzfdnK j'fJnK

fbydk j? fe „„wB[Zy dh nkwd jh T[BQK dh nbw;s fIzdrh ftZu fJe ybb ;h.‟‟21 T[BQK dk

g{ok b/y w[Zy s"o s/ gzikphnK B{z ;zp'fXs j? ns/ gzikp ftub/ tksktoD dh rZb eod/ jB.

„jtktK ftu Ifjo‟ vkH vhH ghH f;zx dk jtk gqd{PD pko/ fbfynk pVk ;gPN b/y

j?. b/y jtk dh ouBk, jtk gqd{PD, jtk gqd{PD d/ ;q's, fe;wK, gqd{PD dh gSkD, gqd{PD

d/ gqGkt (wB[ZyK s/, ihtK s/, g"fdnK s/, fBoihtK s/ nkfd) ns/ o'eEkw T[gftfPnK nXhB

228

ftT[AspX sohe/ Bkb fbfynk frnk j?. fJj b/y ftfrnkBe s"o s/ ikDekoh Gog{o j? fi;

ftZu nzefVnK dh tos'A eoe/ s/Ikph toyk, UI'B gos ns/ rb'pb tkofwzr tor/ ftfPnK

B{z ft;sko fdZsk j?. nzs ftZu b/ye tZy^tZy fe;w d/ tksktoD ;zpzXh ekB{zBK dh th

ikDekoh fdzdk j? i' wB[Zy dhnK rshftXhnK B{z brkw d/D bJh pD/ jB.

okigkb f;zx B/ „y/sh bkJh nZr p;zso BjhA‟ b/y ftZu fe;kBK tZb'A y/sK ftZu gokbh

d/ BkV ;kVB d/ e[^gqGktK dh ikDekoh d/D dk T[gokbk ehsk j?. b/ye BkV ;kVB s'A j'D

tkb/ B[e;kBK B{z fszB torK ‟u tzvdk j?^ IwhB B{z B[e;kB, tk:{wzvb dk gqd{PD ns/

e[dosh ;zs[bB dk ykswk. fJ; soQK b/ye BkV ;kVB s'A g?dk j'D tkb/ \sfonK B{z pk\{ph

fusodk j? ns/ o'eEkw d/ jZb th ;[MkT[Adk j?.

„wksk Xofs wjs[‟ b/y ftZu vkH uoBihs e"o B/ wB[Zy d[nkok e[dos dh j' ojh b[ZN

B{z Bkohtkdh fdqPNhe'D s'A fusfonk j?. b/yek fbydh j? fe b[ZN y;[ZN, w[Bk|ky'oh,

T[Eb^g[Eb wukT[D dh gqftosh wodkthA j? ns/ id'A s'A pqfjwzv ftZu fJj gqftosh Gko{ j'Jh

j? T[d'A s'A jh e[dos dk ;ws'b ftrfVnk j?. gqfeosh dh wB[Zy Bkb ;KM B{z b'e rhsK d/

wkfXnw okjhA gqgZe eoe/ T[ikro ehsk j?. tZy^tZy b'e rhsK okjhA wodkthA ;'u dk

fsnkr eoe/ Xosh tKr wwskwJh o[uh g?dk eoB dh ;bkj fdZsh j?.

„;cfbU fpo\ johnktbk‟ i;tzs I|o dk r[opkDh d/ jtkb/ Bkb fbfynk

wjZstg{oB b/y j?. b/ye B/ tZy^tZy pkDhekoK fit/A r[o{ BkBe d/t ih, r[o{ nzrd d/t ih,

r[o{ noiB d/t ih, pkpk P/y |ohd ih, Grs epho ih, r[o{ nwodk; ih d[nkok ofus

pkDh u'A gqwkD b? e/ wB[Zy B{z nebwzdh tosD dh skehd ehsh j?. |ohd ih d/ eEB

nB[;ko o[Zy pdbky'o BjhA j[zd/ ;r'A fJj sK tZYD tkbhnK e[jkVhnK s/ nkohnK B{z th d;s/

gqdkB eod/ jB. fJ; soQK nkgD/ b/y ftZu b/ye B/ wB[Zy B{z nkgD/ tZv/^tv/fonK s'A e[M

f;ZyD dh ;bkj fdZsh j? fe fe; soQK r[opkDh e[dos dh f;|s^;bkj eodh j? go nZi dk

w{oy wB[Zy fJ;B{z popkd eoB d/ okj s[fonk j'fJnk j?.

„e[dos dh b[ZN‟ b/y ftZu niw/o f;ZX{ B/ wB[Zy d/ G'rtkdh BIohJ/ B{z g/P ehsk j?.

wB[Zy dh BthA ;'u sfjs pqfjwzv dk wkbe pDB d/ ;[gB/ B{z fusfonk j?. nZi d/ wB[Zy dk

w[Zy fBPkBk seBkb'ih okjhA e[dos s/ fiZs gqkgs eoBk j?. gozs{ fJ; seBkb'ih ikb ftZu

nkg jh c; frnk j? ns/ nkT[D tkbhnK ghVQhnK bJh th ezv/ phi fdZs/ jB. fJ; b/y ftZu

b/ye B/ tZy^tZy e[dosh ;kXBK fit/A izrb, gkDh, gEokN, fwZNh, iht izs{nK, ibrkjK

nkfd dh wB[Zy d[nkok ehsh b[ZN B{z tZyo/^tZyo/ fjZf;nK ftZu ftukfonk j?. ftfrnkB

„d[PwD fe d';s‟ T[g ftP/ sfjs ftfrnkB d/ bkG dZ; e/ wB[ZyK dh tZX w[Bkc/ dh j'V,

229

tXdh nkpkdh, u/sBsk dh xkN, }ohph, wkV/ wB[Zy dh seV/ d[nkok b[ZN, nokw gq;sh s/

bkgotkjh B{z ;G ek;/ bJh fizw/tko mfjokfJnk j?. nzs ftZu fJ; b[ZN B{z o'eD bJh e[ZM

wjZstg{oD ;[Mkn th fdZs/ jB.

tksktoD f;Zfynk d/ gkmeqw d/ ftPb/PD s'A fJj f;ZNk fBebdk j? fe fJ; Xosh

rqfj B{z ihtzs rqfj pDkT[D tkb/ pj[s ;ko/ ekoe jB gozs{ wB[Zy dhnK nkgj[dohnK ekoB

fJ; rqfj T[Zgo ihtK d/ fBtk; d/ gqfse{b jkbsK fdB' fdB tX ojhnK jB. fJBQK gqfse{b

gq;fEshnK dk Nkeok eoB ns/ fJ; :[Zr d/ wPhBh ftek; B{z fNekT{ ftek; ftZu pdbD

bJh tksktoD f;Zfynk fJZe nfjw eVh j?, fJ; bJh fJj ftPk ftfdnkoEhnK B{z Io{o

gVQkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j? Gkt/A T[j tZy tZy ftfPnK dhnK g[;seK ftZu Pkwb j't/ iK fJZe

g{o/ tZyo/ ftP/ ti'A.

230

jtkb/ ns/ fNZgDhnK

1 Environmental Education, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Environmental_ education as accessed on june 23, 2011 2 Ibid.

3 K.K. Shrivastava, Environmental Education (Principles, Concepts &

Management), Kanishka Publishers, New Delhi, 2004, p 91

4 Environmental Education, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Environmental_education#History as accessed on june 23, 2011 5 f;b/p;, phHJ/H Gkr shik, 2011 gqhfynk, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,

gfNnkbk, gzBk 118

6 f;b/p;, phHJ/H Gkr gfjbk, 2011 gqhfynk, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,

gfNnkbk, gzBk 36

7 f;b/p;, phHJ/H Gkr d{ik, 2011 gqhfynk, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh,

gfNnkbk, gzBk 166

8 gkmeqw, tksktoD f;Zfynk (;ko/ e'o; n?bHn?bHphH fszB ;kbk s'A fpBK) 2010,

gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, bVh BzH 371 9 n?wH J/H (gzikph) Gkr d{ik (;w?;No shik ns/ u"Ek) 2009^10 ns/ 2010^11

P?PB, nfXnkd/P ns/ gkmeqw, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk,

gzBk 10

10 gzikph gkm g[;se, iwks S/thA, gzikp ;e{b f;Zfynk p'ov, ;kfjpikdk nihs f;zx

Bro, 2008, gzBk 14 11 T[jh, gzBk 56

12 gzikph gkm g[;se, iwks ;ZsthA, gzikp ;e{b f;Zfynk p'ov, ;kfjpikdk nihs

f;zx Bro, 2008, gzBk 70

13 gzikph gkm g[;se, iwks nZmthA, gzikp ;e{b f;Zfynk p'ov, ;kfjpikdk nihs

f;zx Bro, 2007, gzBk 52

14 T[jh, gzBk 88

15 T[jh, gzBk 25

231

16 pbd/t f;zx uhwk, vhH ghH f;zx (;zgkH), tksktoDh w;b/ s/ ;wkXkB, gpbhe/PB

fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, 2008, gzBk 6

17 T[jh, gzBk 19

18 T[jh, gzBk 71

19 vkH ;[oihs f;zx fYZb'A, „wB[Zy d/ e[dos Bkb T[gGkth ;pzX‟, (w[Zy ;zgkH ;shP

e[wko towk, ;zgkH pbftzdo e"o pokV, okfizdo gkb f;zx pokV), tksktoD

u/sBk, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, 2006, gzBk 2

20 vkH e[bdhg f;zx Xho, „yfjVk Bk SZvD tkbk ezpbL o/fvU n?efNt gqd{PD‟

tksktoD u/sBk, gzBk 18

21 vkH wbehns f;zx ;?Dh ,„np :/j d/P j{nk p/rkBk‟, tksktoD u/sBk, gzBk

35