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Transcript of GJRMI - Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2016
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INDEX – GJRMI - Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2016
INDIGENOUS MEDICINE
Ayurveda – Kaya Chikitsa
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL ASSAY OF GOMUTRA HARITAKI WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THREE DIFFERENT SAMSKARAS (KLINNA, SWEDANA AND
BHAVANA)
Shivam Joshi*, Mandip Goyal, Harisha CR, VJ Sukla 146–157
Ayurveda – Dravya Guna
A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL TO ASSESS THE ADD ON EFFECT OF ASVAGANDHA
[WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) DUNAL] IN MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF CHILDREN WITH MOTOR
DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Preethy AS*, Dinesh KS, R Remadevi 158–172
Ayurveda – Moulika Siddhanta – Review
CONCEPT OF NITYA SEVANIYA AAHARA DRAVYA
Saylee Deshmukh*, M K Vyas 173–182
Cover Page Photography: Dr. Hari Venkatesh K.R.
Plant ID: tender branch of Karamarda (Carissa carandas L.)* of the family
Apocynaceae; Place: Koppa, Chikkamagalur District, Karnataka, India
*Botanical Name validated from www.theplantlist.org as on 31/05/2016
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL ASSAY OF
GOMUTRA HARITAKI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THREE
DIFFERENT SAMSKARAS (KLINNA, SWEDANA AND BHAVANA)
Shivam Joshi1*, Mandip Goyal
2, Harisha CR
3, VJ Sukla
4
1Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
2Assistant professor, Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
3Head, Pharmacognosy laboratory, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
4Head, Pharmaceutical chemistry, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
*Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected]; Mobile: +919427230432
Received: 14/03/2016; Revised: 08/05/2016; Accepted: 10/05/2016
ABSTRACT
Samskara is defined as Gunantaradhanam (transformation) of the Swabhavika Guna (inherent
attributes) of a substance which leads to the addition of new properties. The changes in finished
product because of Samskara can be perceived at pharmacognostical, phytochemical levels. Present
study was aimed to assess the role of Klinna (soaked), Swedana (boiled) and Bhavana (trituration)
Samskara on Gomutra Haritaki, on basis of Phyto-Pharmacognostical, HPTLC and UV-VIS-NIR
Reflectance (180–2500 nm) study. Total 3 samples were prepared of Haritaki with Gomutra viz.
Klinna Gomutra Haritaki (GH-2), Swedita Gomutra Haritaki (GH-3), Bhavita Gomutra Haritaki
(GH-4). All the samples showed changes at pharmacognostical, pharmaceutical, HPTLC
densitogram and UV-VIS-NIR Reflectance study level. Swedita Gomutra Haritaki (GH-3) had
highest variation in all study level. Powder microscopy of GH-3 showed presence of clumped
epicarp cells, squashed mesocarp cells (not clear), parenchyma cells with brown content with dark
cellular content and crystalline material etc. Phytochemical parameters showed pH of 7.0, loss on
drying value of 9.303% w/w, ash value 15.84% w/w, water soluble extract 57.2% w/w and alcohol
soluble extract 43.5% w/w. HPTLC showed eight peaks at 256 nm and 366 nm. In UV-VIS-NIR
reflectance also, GH-3 had higher variation and different profile from GH-2, GH-4. It indicates that
both Swedana Samskara and Gomutra as media had unique role in preparation of Gomutra Haritaki.
KEY WORDS: Bhavana, Gomutra Haritaki, Haritaki, HPTLC, Klinna, Pharmacognosy,
Phytochemical, Samskara, Swedana, UV-VIS-NIR
Research article
Cite this article: Shivam Joshi, Mandip Goyal, Harisha C R, VJ Sukla (2016), PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND
PHARMACEUTICAL ASSAY OF GOMUTRA HARITAKI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THREE
DIFFERENT SAMSKARAS (KLINNA, SWEDANA AND BHAVANA),
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(5): 146–157
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION:
Paradi Gunas are a group of Guna which
are regarded as key to successful treatment
(Acharya Y.T. 2009). Among Paradi Gunas,
Samskara (transformation) and Samyoga
(combination) play important role in
pharmaceutics. Kalpanas (formulations) of
medicinal drugs as to ensemble the desired
condition of patient and disease can be
produced as and when required on the basis of
various Samyoga and Samskaras (Acharya
Y.T., 2009). Samskara is defined as
Gunantaradhanam (transformation) of the
Swabhavika Guna (inherent attributes) of a
substance which leads to the addition of new
properties. Various methods of Samskaras
(Acharya Y.T., 2009) are mentioned in
Ayurveda pharmaceutics such as
Toyasannikarsa (Dilution), Agnisannikarsa
(heat application), Saucha (cleaning),
Manthana (churning), Desha (storing in a
specific place), Kala (maturing), Vasana
(container or preservation), Bhavana
(impregnation) etc. Bhavana is one of the
important Samskara mentioned in classics
which is a wet trituration process frequently
used in Rasaushadhi Kalpana as well as
Kasthaaushadhi Kalpana. It has multi-
dimensional pharmaceutical and therapeutic
implications as stated in Charaka Samhita, this
preparation results in quicker and amplified
action with minimum dosage.
Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.), one
among the most commonly used herbs, is
extensively used in preparation of Ayurveda
medicine either for preventive or curative
aspect. Gomutra Haritaki is a multidimensional
formulation among combined formulations of
Haritaki described in various contexts, In
Charaka Samhita, Gomutra Haritaki is referred
mainly in Kaphaja Shotha (odema having
Kapha dominance), Kaphaja Arsha
(Hemorrhoids having Kapha dominance) and
Kaphaja Pandu (Anemia having Kapha
dominance) (Acharya Y.T., 2009). In Sushruta
Samhita, it is used mainly in Sushka Arsha
Chikitsa (Acharya Y.T. 2012). Dalhana has
indicated that Gomutra Haritaki should be used
constipated bowel and diminished status of
Agni (Gadhavitaksya Mandagni). In
Ashtangahridaya, it is described in Kaphaja
Pandu, Kaphaja Shotha, Mukharoga (oral
cavity disorder) (Hari Sadasiva Sastri
Paradakara Bhisagacharya, 2014).
From above mentioned classical references,
it can classified that Gomutra Haritaki can be
prepared mainly with 3 Samskaras i.e.,
1. Gomutra Klinnita (saturated-soaked)
Haritaki
2. Gomutra Swedita (boiled) Haritaki
3. Gomutra Bhavita (triturated) Haritaki
Samskara Guna is of three types, Vega
(velocity), Bhavana (trituration) and
Sthitisthapakatva (capacity of a drug to
maintain its original form) (Dhundhiraj
Shashtri 2007). Swedana is Agni Sannikarsa
(processing with fire) while Bhavita and Klinna
is Niragni Sannikarsa Samskara (processing
without fire). Among the three Guna of
Samskara, it can be stated that Vega, Bhavana
and Sthitisthapakata is related with
pharmaceutical process of Swedana, Bhavita
and Klinna respectively.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection and Authentication of Raw Drugs
Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) was
collected from raw drug market, Jamnagar
(Gujarat). Pharmacognostical authentication of
drug was done in Pharmacognosy laboratory
attached with institute while Gomutra (cow
urine) was collected from Gaushala located in
Dared village (Di. Jamnagar).
Method of Preparation of 6 Samples
Total 6 samples of Haritaki were prepared
with different media i.e., [Jala (water),
Gomutra (cow urine) and Eranda Taila (castor
oil)] by different method of preparation i.e.,
(Samskara-Klinna, Swedana, Bhavana). The
details of method of preparation of these six
samples are;
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
1. GH-1: The fruits of Haritaki (without
seeds) was powdered.
2. GH-2: Haritaki (whole fruit) was soaked in
Gomutra for 24 hrs and then seeds were
removed from soaked Haritaki, dried and
powdered.
3. GH-3: Haritaki (whole fruit-1 part) was
boiled with cow urine until cow urine (2.5
part) evaporated. Seed was removed, pulp
was dried and powdered.
4. GH-4: Haritaki Churna was given Bhavana
of Gomutra for 6 hrs and Bhavita Gomutra
Haritaki was dried and powdered.
5. GH-5: Haritaki (whole fruit-1 part) was
boiled with mineral water until water (2.5
part) evaporated. Seeds were removed, pulp
was dried and powdered.
6. GH-6: Haritaki (without seeds) was roasted
in Eranda Taila and thereafter powder was
prepared.
All the samples were sieved through 80 mesh
and preserved in an air-tight glass vessel.
Though, all the six samples were analyzed
but for the present paper, the results of only
three samples viz. GH-2 (Klinna Samskarita
Gomutra Haritaki), GH-3 (Swedana
Samskarita Gomutra Haritaki) and GH-4
(Bhavana Samskarita Gomutra Haritaki) are
discussed. Samples were subjected to
pharmacognostical, pharmaceutical, HPTLC
and UV-VIS-NIR Reflectance analysis to
compare the different implications the various
methods (samskaras) show up on the final
product.
Pharmacognostical Analysis
Pharmacognostical analysis of GH-2, GH-3
and GH-4 based on organoleptic characters,
i.e., colour, odour, taste and texture were
recorded. Microscopic studies was carried out
dissolving drug (powder) in small quantity of
distilled water, filtering through filter paper and
then precipitated and then was studied with and
without stain to find out the lignified materials
along with other cellular constituents. The
micro photographs were taken under Carl Zeiss
Trinocular microscope attached with camera
(Khandelwal K.R., 2008).
Pharmaceutical Analysis
All the three samples were analysed with
appropriate protocols for standard
physicochemical parameters such as aqueous
extractive, alcohol extractive, pH, total ash,
loss on drying at the Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Lab, I.P.G.T. & R.A., Jamnagar. In the HPTLC
study samples, Methanol extract of drugs were
spotted on pre-coated silica gel GF 60254
aluminium plates by means of Camang
Linomate V sample applicator fitted with a
100 µL Hamilton syringe. The mobile phase
consisted of Chloroform: Methanolin a ratio of
9:1 v/v. After development, densitometric scan
was performed with a Camag T. L. C. scanner
III in reflectance absorbance mode at 254 and
366 nm under control of Win CATS Software
(V 1.2.1. Camag). Then, the plate was sprayed
with Vanillin sulphuric acid followed by
heating and then visualised in daylight (Stahl E,
1969).
UV-VIS-NIR
UV-VIS-NIR (180–2500) reflectance was
carried out at SICART, Vallabh Vidhyanagar,
Gujarat, India. Study was conducted with
instrument model λ 19 UV/VIS/NIR, data
interval 1.0000 nm, slit width 5.0000 nm, scan
speed 240 nm/min and smooth bandwidth 8
nm. The unscramble software 9.7 used for
calculation.
RESULT OF PHARMACOGNOSTICAL
STUDY:
Organoleptic Characters
The sample GH-2 was yellowish brown
with predominant Kashaya (Astringent) taste
and Gomutra Gandhi (cow urine smell). The
sample GH-3 was brownish with pungent with
piercing taste and Gomutra Gandhi. The
sample GH-4 was brownish yellow with
predominant Kashaya (Astringent) taste and
Gomutra Gandhi [Table-1].
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Table 1: Organoleptic characters of the samples - GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4
Organoleptic
characters
GH-2 GH-3 GH-4
Colour Yellowish brown Brownish Brownish yellow
Odour Gomutra Gandhi Gomutra Gandhi Gomutra Gandhi
Taste Astringent pungent with piercing Astringent
Touch Fine coarse Fine coarse Fine coarse
Microscopic Characters
Powder microscopy of GH-2 showed
epicarp cell with tannin content (loosened),
mesocarp cell wall ruptured, mesocarp cells
with tannin content (loosened as compared to
raw Haritaki), fibers with wide lumen
(undisturbed), sclereids with wide lumen, group
of sclereids, pitted sclereids with wide lumen,
starch grains (unchanged), fragment of pitted
vessels, pitted stone cells with wide lumen and
parenchyma cells with starch grains. Powder
microscopy of GH-3 showed epicarp cells,
among them some of epicarp cells were found
clumped, mesocarp cells were more squashed
(not clear), fibers with lumen, pitted sclereids
with wide lumen, simple starch grains with
hilum, parenchyma cells with brown content,
fragment of pitted vessels, pitted stone cells,
cellular content was darker (brown) and
crystalline material. Powder microscopy of
GH-4 showed collapsed epicarp cells, disturbed
mesocarp cells, disturbed wall of fibers,
sclereids were ruptured and opened, simple
starch grains with hilum, opened pitted stone
cell (walls are opened) and crystalline material
(body) was less in amount [Plate 1 to 9].
Pharmaceutical Analysis
All the three samples were analysed using
various standard physicochemical parameters at
the pharmaceutical chemistry lab. The
pharmaceutical parameters such as aqueous
extractive, alcohol extractive, pH, total ash and
loss on drying were presented in Table 2.
HPTLC
On performing HPTLC, the chromatogram of
samples GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4 showed peaks
with Rf values at 254 nm and 366 nm. [Table 3,
Plate 10]
Table 2: Phytochemical parameters of the samples - GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4
Investigation GH-2 GH-3 GH-4
pH 7.0 7.0 7.0
Loss on drying 1.086% w/w 9.303% w/w 7.196% w/w
Ash value 4.90% w/w 15.84% w/w 8.82% w/w
Water soluble extract 64.3% w/w 57.2% w/w 67.1% w/w
Alcohol soluble extract 54.8% w/w 43.5% w/w 44.8% w/w
Table 3: Rf value at 254nm and 366nm of samples - GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4
Samples- HPTLC Rf value at 254 nm Rf value at 366 nm
1. Haritaki soaked with
Gomutra (GH-2)
0.04, 0.26, 0.35, 0.41, 0.50,
0.66, 0.89, 0.95
0.17, 0.35, 0.43, 0.56, 82, 0.88
2. Haritaki Boiled with
Gomutra (GH-3)
0.09, 0.36, 0.42, 0.48, 0.56,
0.68, 0.80, 0.93
0.11, 0.21, 0.36, 0.42, 0.49,
0.57, 0.79, 0.86
3. Haritaki Bhavana with
Gomutra (GH-4)
0.14, 0.26, 036, 0.42, 0.60,
0.67, 0.80, 0.90, 0.97
0.14, 0.36, 0.42, 0.56, 0.77,
0.89
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Plate 1 to 9: Comparison of Microphotographs of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4
Plate 1: Epicarp cell of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4
(a) Epicarp cell with tannin content
and loosened wall of GH-2
(b) Clumped epicarp cell of
GH-3
(c) Collapsed epicarp cell of GH-4
Plate 2: Mesocarp cell of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4
(a) Mesocarp cell ruptured of GH-2
(a) Mesocarp cell more squeezed of
GH-3
(b) Disturbed mesocarp cell of GH-
4
Plate 3: Fibers of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4
(a) Fiber unchanged as Haritaki
(b) Fiber with narrow lumen of GH-3
(c) Disturbed wall of fiber of GH-4
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Plate 4: Sclereids of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4
(a) Sclereids with wide lumen of
GH-2
(b) Groups of sclereids of GH-3
(c) Sclereids ruptured and opened in
GH-5
Plate 5: Pitted vessels of GH-2 and GH-3
(a) Pitted vessels of GH-2
(b) Fragment of pitted vessels of GH-3
Plate 6: Simple starch grains of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4
(a) Simple starch grains unchanged as
Haritaki of GH-2
(b) Simple starch grains with hilum of
GH-3
(c) Simple starch grains with hilum
of GH-4
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Plate 7: Stone cell of GH-2, GH-3 and GH-4
(d) Pitted stone cell with wide
lumen of GH-2
(e) Pitted stone cell of GH-3
(c) Disturbed stone cell of GH-4
Plate 8: Paranchyma cell of GH-2 and GH-3
(a) Paranchyma cell with starch grains of GH-2
(b) Paranchyma cell with brown content of GH-3
Plate 9: Crystalline Material of GH-3 and GH-4
(a) Crystalline material of GH-3
(may be from Gomutra)
(b) Crystalline material of GH-4
(less compare to GH-3)
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Plate 10 : Peak display of Rf value GH-2 GH-3 and GH-4 at 254nm and 366nm
figure a: Peak display of Rf value GH-2 at 254nm and 366nm
figure b: Peak display of Rf value GH-3 at 254nm and 366nm
figure c: Peak display of Rf value GH-4 at 254nm and 366nm
UV-VIS-NIR
All the 6 samples were used for UV-VIS-
NIR reflectance study with different media and
different preparation methods. Results of three
samples GH-2, GH-3, GH-4 are discussed in
the present article. In principal component
analysis (PCA), PC-I- 92.6%, PC-II – 98.25%,
PC-III – 99.84% data was obtained. GH-2 and
GH-4 samples appeared similar. GH-2 and GH-
4 were similar in Near IR region but they were
different from all other samples. GH-3 was
totally different from other samples and overall
spectrum intensity was lower. GH-3 had higher
variation while other sample had higher
leverage. Chemical profile of GH-3 was
changed. Plate-11 [Figure (a), (b) and (c)]
shows raw spectrum of NIR reflectance of
spectra, 1st difference NIR reflectance of all
samples after conversion into log [1/% R]
preprocessing and NIR UNSCR respectively.
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Plate 11: UV VIS NIR Reflectance of the samples
Figure (a) : raw spectrum of NIR reflectance of spectra
Figure (b): NIR PCA score plot
[GH-1: Haritaki Churna, GH-2: Klinna Sankarita Gomutra Haritaki, GH-3: Gomutra Swedita Haritaki
GH-4: Gomutra Bhavita Haritaki, GH-5: Jala Swedita Haritaki, GH-6: Eranda Bhrista Haritaki]
DISCUSSION:
Organoleptic characters
Rupa (Colour) is Guna of Agni Mahabhuta
(fire element). Colour of raw Haritaki was
golden yellow which was changed as brown
after Swedana process with Gomutra (GH-3)
while yellowish brown and brownish yellow
was observed in Klinna (GH-2) and Bhavana
(GH-4) samples respectively. It indicates that
Agni Mahabhuta was increased in all three
Samsakarita Gomutra Haritaki samples. It
suggests that Agni Tatwa (Ushna-hot, Tikshna-
penetrating, Ruksha-dry, Vishada-cleansing,
Sukshma-micro Guna) (Acharya Y.T., 2012)
increase during process of Klinna, Bhavita and
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 146–157
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Swedita Gomutra Haritaki. Gandha (Odour) is
Guna of Prithvi Mahabhuta (earth element).
Odour of Haritaki was characteristic which was
changed as Gomutra Gandhi GH-2, GH-3, GH-
4 samples but GH-3 sample had most Tikshna
Gomutra Gandha. Due to Ushna, Sukshma
Guna of Swedana Karma and Ushna, Tikshna,
Drava Guna of Gomutra, it may have
decreased the qualities of Parthiva Ghataka of
Haritaki and increased Mriduta (Dravata) and
Sukshmata in Gomutra Haritaki leading to
Gomutra Gandhi character. Rasa (Taste) is
Guna of Jala Mahabhuta (water element).
Taste of raw Haritaki was Kashaya
(Astringent) which was changed as pungent
with piercing taste in GH-3 sample. Taste was
changed in only Swedita Gomutra Haritaki
(GH-3). It is due to Ushna and Tikshna
(penetrating) Guna of Swedana and Bhedana
(piercing) Karma of Gomutra. Klinna (GH-2)
and Bhavita Gomutra Haritaki (GH-4) were
Kashaya as simple Haritaki (GH-1). Sparsha
(Touch) is Guna of Vayu Mahabhuta (air
element). Touch of GH-2, 3, 4 samples were
fine coarse but fineness was most increased in
GH-3 which may be due to boiling effect of
Gomutra on Haritaki.
Pharmacognostical
Epicarp cells were changed as loosened
epicarp cells (GH-2), clumped epicarp cell
(GH-3) and collapsed epicarp cells in
comparison with normal Haritaki. Mesocarp
cell in GH-2, GH-3, GH-4 samples were
changed as ruptured mesocarp cells (cluster
crystal are not observed), squeezed mesocarp
cells and disturbed mesocarp cells respectively.
In GH-2 sample, due to only soaking, wall of
epicarp cell were loosened and mesocarp cells
were ruptured. In GH-3, due to Swedana
Samskara, Ushna-Tikshna Guna and Bhedana
(Shivprasad Sharma, 2012) Karma of Gomutra,
epicarp cells were clumped and mesocarp cells
were squeezed. In GH-4 may be due to
mechanical pressure of Bhavana Samskara,
epicarp cells were collapsed and mesocarp cells
were disturbed. In GH-2, fibers of simple
Haritaki were unchanged while GH-3 and GH-
4 were changed as disturbed wall fibers. In GH-
4 sample, sclereids were ruptured and disturbed
due to Bhavana Samskara. All samples were
found with pitted stone cells but GH-4 was
found with opened wall stone cells. GH-3 had
changed parenchyma cells with brown content.
Probably, it may be due to Pittala Guna
(Acharya Y.T., 2012) and Dipana, Pachana
and Bhedana Karma of Gomutra (Shivprasad
Sharma, 2012). GH-3 and GH-4 were found
with crystalline material but it was less in
Bhvana Samskarita Gomutra Haritaki (GH-4)
in comparison to Swedana Samskarita Gomutra
Haritaki (GH-3). Presence of crystalline
material may be due to Saksharatvata
of
Gomutra (SS, Sutra Sthana 45/220-221, pp
213) (Acharya Y.T., 2012). Changes in the
intra cellular structures were also found which
may be due to increase bio-availability of intra
cell nutrients due to Swedana Samskara of
Gomutra. This finding also indicates that
Gomutra is bio-availability enhancer (Gurpreet
Kaur Randhawa, 2010).
Pharmaceutical
Loss on drying in Klinna (soaked) Gomutra
Haritaki (GH-2) was on lower side (1.086%
w/w) while Swedita Gomutra Haritaki (GH-3)
was on higher value (9.303% w/w). It suggests
moisture content was more in GH-3. It can be
stated that Haritaki absorbs Gomutra materials
highest in Swedana followed by Bhavana and
Klinna Gomutra Haritaki. Total Ash value of
GH-3 was 15.84% w/w which was more from
other samples. Ash value indicates inorganic
component of drug. While comparing GH-2,
GH-3, GH-4, Ash values were higher side in
GH-3 (15.84% w/w) followed by GH-4 (8.82%
w/w) and GH-2 (4.90% w/w) samples. It means
that after Swedana Samskara, Gomutra
Haritaki had highest Gomutra Ksharabha
Tatwa while Klinna Gomutra Haritaki had
lower. Values of samples indicate that role of
Gomutra in Swedana effect over Haritaki. pH
was 3.0 in samples GH-1 i.e., plain Haritaki.
After Gomutra processed Haritaki GH-2, GH-3
and GH-4, pH were changed to 7.0. Average
pH value of Gomutra is near by 7.6 to 8.2.
Haritaki is Kashaya Rasa (dominant of
astringent taste) Pradhana Dravya (Prithvi and
Vayu Mahabhuta Pradhanya) and Gomutra is
Katu Rasa (dominant of pungent taste)
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Pradhana Dravya (Vayu and Agni Mahabhuta
Pradhana). Haritaki is Amla Pradhana Dravya
(dominant of sour) while Gomutra is Kshara
Pradhana Dravya (dominant of caustic). Amla
and Kshara Samyoga creates Madhuryama
(Acharya Y.T. 2009). After process with
Gomutra, all three Samskarita sample had
similar pH. Variation in pH value in plain
Haritaki and Samskarita Haritaki indicate
Madhurikarana process. Water soluble extract
GH-2 (64.3% w/w), GH-3 (57.2% w/w), GH-4
(67.1% w/w) were increased in comparison to
plain Haritaki (49.2% w/w). The water soluble
extractive of GH-3 was less in comparison to
GH-2 and GH-4 samples. The water soluble
contents dissolve and separate from the raw
Haritaki during Samskara, this phenomenon
occurs by molecular diffusion mechanism
(Carter SJ, 2000), and follows the principles of
mass transfer. Mass transfer increases as the
viscosity of the liquid decrease. The alcohol
soluble extractives were 54.8% w/w in GH-2,
43.5% w/w in GH-3 and 44.8% w/w in GH-4.
Comparison showed that Klinna Gomutra
Haritaki (GH-2) had high value than GH-3,
GH-4. This indicates removal of the content
during the procedure of Swedana and Bhavana.
HPTLC
HPTLC study of the GH-2 has yielded a
standard fingerprint of the formulation
consisting of 8 and six peaks on short and long
UV, respectively with common Rf value of
0.35. HPTLC study of the GH-3 has yielded a
standard fingerprint of the formulation
consisting of 8 and eight peaks on short and
long UV, respectively with common Rf value
of 0.36, 0.42. HPTLC study of the GH-4 has
yielded a standard fingerprint of the
formulation consisting of 9 and six peaks on
short and long UV, respectively with common
Rf value of 0.14, 0.36, 0.42. In GH-2, 0.64 Rf
value had high absorbance and 0.82 Rf value
was common in GH-2, 3, 4 samples. [Table 3,
Plate 10]
UV-VIS-NIR
Considering all UV-VIS-NIR, total 2302
data points were found (UV 200–400 λ, VIS
401–800 λ, NIR 801–2500 λ), 99.84% data was
found in 3 PC. Samples GH-2 and GH-4 were
similar on basis of spectrum performance and
had similar types of chemical profile but low
level of soaking generate shift of quadrate
among two samples. GH-3 had higher variation
while other sample had higher leverage.
Gomutra Swedita Haritaki (GH-3) had
apparent different profile from Klinna (Soaked)
Gomutra Haritaki (GH-2) and Bhavita
Gomutra Haritaki (GH-4). It clears that
Swedana with Gomutra of Haritaki had
different effect over Haritaki. Hence, it may
have higher potency and also penetration than
other two preparation methods.
CONCLUSION:
Changes in pharmacognostical,
pharmaceutical and UV-VIS-NIR reflectance
(180–2500 nm) findings of Gomutra Swedita
Haritaki (GH-3) had highest variation as
compared to plain Haritaki sample. Among
three methods of Gomutra Haritaki
preparation, Swedana Samskrita Gomutra
Haritaki had highest potency, Sharira Dhatu
Samanyatwa and Anabhishyandi property due
to Ushna, Tikshna, Sukshma, Pittala Guna and
Dipana, Pachana, Bhedana, Ksharana Karma
of Gomutra. Changes reported in intra cellular
structures indicate towards increased bio-
availability of intra cell nutrients due to
Swedana Samskara. This finding also indicates
that Gomutra is a bio-availability enhancer.
Ultimately, it proves that Agni Mahabhuta
increases after Swedana process with Gomutra
and Haritaki. However correlation between
these changes in all three samples (GH-2, GH-
3, GH-4) and clinical efficacy need to be
assessed independently.
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REFERENCES:
Acharya YT (2009), Charaka Samhita, with
Ayurveda Dipika commentary by
Chakrapani, Chaukhambha Surbharati
Prakashana, Varanasi.
Acharya YT (2012), Sushruta Samhita, with
Nibandhasamgraha commentary by
Dalhana, Chaukhambha Surbharati
Prakashana, Varanasi.
Carter SJ (Ed.) (2000), Cooper and Gunn’s
Tutorial Pharmacy. New Delhi: CBS
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Dhundhiraj Shastri (Ed.) (2007), Prashtapada-
Padartha dharmasangraha, Varanasi:
Chowkhamba Publications.
Gurupreet Kaur Randhawa (2010), Cow urine
distillate as bio enhancer. J Ayurveda
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Hari Sadasiva Sastri Paradakara Bhisagacharya
(2014), Astanga Hridaya with
Sarvangasundari and Ayurveda
Rasayana commentary by Arunadatta
and Hemadri, Chaukhambha Surbharati
Prakashana, Varanasi.
Khandelwal K.R. (Ed.) (2008), Practical
Pharmacognosy techniques and
experiments. Pune: Nirali Prakashan.
Shivprasad Sharma, Astanga Samgrah, with
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Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL TO ASSESS THE ADD ON EFFECT
OF ASVAGANDHA [WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) DUNAL] IN MOTOR
FUNCTIONS OF CHILDREN WITH MOTOR DEVELOPMENTAL
DISORDERS
Preethy AS1*
, Dinesh KS2, R Remadevi
3
1MD. Holder, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, V.P.S.V. Ayurveda College, Kottakkal, Kerala, India
2Associate Professor & Head, Department of Kaumarabhritya, V.P.S.V. Ayurveda College, Kottakkal, Kerala,
India 3Retd. Professor & Head, Dept. of Dravyaguna Vijnana, V.P.S.V. Ayurveda College, Kottakkal, Kerala, India
*Corresponding Author: E-mail address: [email protected]
Received: 10/04/2016; Revised: 30/04/2016; Accepted: 20/05/2016
ABSTRACT
Motor Developmental Disorders are caused by an impairment or interruption in the normal
growth and development of a child in motor grounds. Asvagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal].
was found to be an apt drug in this condition theoretically, which is balya (strengthening), brmhana
(nourishing), rasayana (rejuvenating), medhya (brain stimulant) and also proved to have effect in the
neuromuscular level. The study was planned as a Comparative Clinical Trial to assess the add on
effect of Asvagandha along with the conventional treatment adopted by the Department of
Kaumarabhritya (Paediatrics) at V.P.S.V. Ayurveda College Hospital, Kottakkal, Kerala, India.
Twenty participants diagnosed with motor developmental disorders were selected and were divided
into study and control groups. Duration of drug administration was three months. Assessment of
both the groups was carried on the basis of four subjective parameters such as muscle bulk, power,
tone and deep tendon reflexes. Statistical procedure used was R M ANOVA. Study group had an
upper hand over the control in most of the parameters especially in the field of ‘power’ and ‘tone’.
But statistically the result was not significant.
KEY WORDS: Asvagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal], Motor developmental disorders,
Comparative clinical Trial, Power, Tone
Research article
Cite this article: Preethy AS, Dinesh KS, R Remadevi (2016), A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL TRIAL TO ASSESS
THE ADD ON EFFECT OF ASVAGANDHA [WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) DUNAL] IN MOTOR
FUNCTIONS OF CHILDREN WITH MOTOR DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS,
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(5): 158–172
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 158–172
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
INTRODUCTION
Developmental disorders are those which
are caused by an impairment or interruption in
the normal growth and development of a child.
All these conditions are encephalopathies and
cerebral palsy can be an umbrella term which
comprises of all the symptoms of these
disorders. The underlying reason may be due to
a defect at the levels of axonal and dendritic
development, the rate of pruning (neurological
regulatory processes), synaptogenesis, the
quality of neuro transmission or myelination
(Sara.J.Webb and Christopher S.Monk, 2001).
These are very prevalent nowadays, estimated
to be 1.5–2.5 per 1000 live births (Forfar and
Arneils, 2008). The common clinical features
include a defect in gross motor development,
defect in fine motor development, a decrease in
muscle bulk, a decrease in muscle power, an
increase or decrease in muscle tone, co
ordination of movement will be impaired, deep
tendon reflexes will be exaggerated or
diminished, abnormal movements will be
usually present.
Recent advances in the modern
management of the cerebral palsy include
intrathecal baclofen pump, multilevel
orthopedic bony and soft tissue surgery and
direct injection of botulinum toxin (Botox) into
the affected muscles for decreasing the muscle
spasticity (Odle, Teresa, 2006). They may also
trigger significant side effects, such as
drowsiness, and their enduring effects on the
developing nervous system are largely
unknown.
It is seen that good outcome is obtained by
ayurvedic management in the motor
developmental disorders (Roshni Anirudhan,
2009). The query to find out better medicines
for existing disease paved way to the drug
Asvagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal]
which is specifically mentioned as a rasayana
(rejuvenating) drug for children along with its
brmhana (nourishing),balya (strengthening)
and medhya (brain stimulant) (Hari Sadasiva
Sastri Paradakara, 2011) properties. But the
drug has not been tried in the motor
developmental disorders yet.
Therefore keeping in mind aforesaid things,
present study was planned with the following
objective:
To reveal the unknown pharmacological
effect of Asvagandha [Withania somnifera (L.)
Dunal] in motor functions of children with
motor developmental disorder.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was approved by Institutional
Ethics Committee. Approval no:
IEC/Cl/009/11 dated 07.04.11
The study design was a comparative
clinical trial. The trial drug Asvagandha curna
[powder of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal]
was obtained from Arya Vaidya Sala,
Kottakkal (a GMP certified company).
Twenty participants diagnosed with motor
developmental disorders were selected and
were divided into two groups, study and
control by randomization, using random
number table. Here the investigator was kept
blind. Both the groups received conventional
treatment adopted by the Department of
Kaumarabhritya (Paediatrics). In addition
study group received Asvagandha curna
[powder of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] for
a period of three months.
Time of administration was morning and
evening with cow’s milk as adjuvant which
was provided readily in the hospital for all
patients and the subjects were strictly asked to
follow the same way for the next two months
also.
The dose was decided according to
Cowlings rule. [child dose = adult dose ×
(age+1)/12 ]. adult dose is 3–6 g (API, 2001).
Assessment of both the groups was carried out
at before treatment period, after treatment and
during monthly follow ups for five months.
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Setting for study
I.P.D of Dept. of Kaumarabhrtya, V.P.S.V
Ayurveda College Hospital, Kottakkal, Kerala,
India
Study Population
Selection of participants was done
irrespective of gender, caste, religion and
economic status from population between ages
2 to 12 years.
Participant’s recruitment and screening
Participants were selected according to the
inclusion and exclusion criteria.
a) Inclusion criteria
Diagnosed patients as per the modified
Denver developmental screening test for gross
& fine motor functions within the age group
2–12 years with proper consent from the
parent.
b) Exclusion criteria
The children in whom oral administration
of the drug was difficult, with other associated
degenerative diseases, above 10 years of age
and has not taken any treatments so far and
with contractures were also excluded.
Common clinical features found in motor
developmental disorders are a defect in gross
motor development, defect in fine motor
development, a decrease in muscle bulk, a
decrease in muscle power, an increase or
decrease in muscle tone, impaired co
ordination, exaggerated or diminished deep
tendon reflexes (Kenneth F.Swaiman, 2007).
So for the research purpose, changes in
muscle bulk, muscle power, muscle tone and in
deep tendon reflexes were selected as criteria
for assessment (Dinesh.K.S.,
Associate
Professor & Head, Department of
Kaumarabhritya, V.P.S.V. Ayurveda College,
Kottakkal, personal communication).
OBSERVATION
In the criteria muscle bulk, that of bilateral
arm, fore arm, thigh and calf was measured.
The criteria power covered that of bilateral
upper and lower limbs. In deep tendon reflexes,
those of bilateral biceps tendon, triceps tendon,
patellar tendon (knee) and achilles tendon
(ankle) were elicited. In the criteria tone, that
of bilateral shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee
and ankle were assessed.
DATA ANALYSIS
Data outcome were tabulated. Repeated
Measures of ANOVA was performed using the
statistical package (SPSS) version 16.0 to find
out level of significance for all the scales.
within-the subjects effects, between-the
subjects effects and estimates were calculated
for the criteria muscle bulk, power and tone.
Here, for the easy comparison of estimates, the
rate of change is calculated, making the
baseline data ‘zero’. And the statistical analysis
was done on this data. In the case of deep
tendon reflexes One sample ‘t’ test was
performed for the comparison of the variable
with the specific value. Then repeated
measures of ANOVA were performed to
calculate between-the subject’s effects and
estimates.
In the case of ‘power’ the degrees of
freedom are adjusted to attain sphericity
(sphericity is an assumption of an ANOVA
with a repeated measures factor and violation
of this assumption can invalidate the analysis’
conclusions. Sphericity relates to the equality
of the variances of the differences between the
levels of the Repeated Measures Factor).
RESULTS
Results can be explained well with the help
of graphs obtained from statistical package
(SPSS) version 16.0 and the tabulated data
generated by Repeated Measures of ANOVA.
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MUSCLE BULK
Table No 1: comparison of 20 participants on the rate of change of circumference of arm,
fore arm, thigh and calf (R M ANOVA)
The table (Table No: 1) shows that, in the
rate of change of circumference of right and
left arm, both the Study and control groups
have all the p values (both Within –the subjects
effects and between the subjects- effects)
>0.05, which means that they are insignificant.
The Table No: 1 shows that, in the rate of
change of circumference of right and left fore
arm, both the study and control groups have all
the p values >0.05, which means that they are
not significant.
The Table No: 1 shows that, in the rate of
change of circumference of right and left thigh,
both the study and control groups have all the p
values >0.05, which means that they are not
significant.
The table No: 1 shows that, in the rate of
change of circumference of right and left calf,
both the study and control groups have all the p
values >0.05, which means that they are
insignificant.
Graph No 1: comparison of 20 participants on the rate of change of circumference of arm
Within –the subjects effects Between the subjects- effects Estimates
Parameter Group F(6,54) p F(1,18) p Mean effect SE
case control
Rt.arm Study 0.497 >0.05 0.313 >0.05 0.035 0.017 0
Control 0.443 >0.05
Lt.arm Study 0.816 >0.05 0.198 >0.05 0004 -0.003 0.012
Control 0.548 >0.05
Rt.
fore arm
Study 0.469 >0.05 0.056 >0.05 0.026 0.030 0.014
Control 0.325 >0.05
Lt.
fore arm
Study 0 >0.05 2.094 >0.05 -0.0017 0.035 0.012
Control 1.325 >0.05
Rt.thigh Study 2.528 >0.05 0.313 >0.05 0.029 0.026 0.016
Control 1.695 >0.05
Lt.thigh Study 2.528 >0.05 0.198 >.05 0.037 0.008 0.019
Control 1.695 >0.05
Rt.calf Study 0.595 >0.05 0.416 >0.05 0.015 0.032 0.018
Control 2.062 >0.05
Lt.calf Study 1.425 >0.05 0.590 >0.05 0.037 0.015 0.021
Control 0.333 >0.05
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Graph No 2: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of circumference of fore arm
Graph No 3: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of circumference of thigh
Graph No 4: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of circumference of calf
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POWER
Table No 2: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of power of upper limb and
lower limb (R M ANOVA)
[df - degrees of freedom,F-Fisher’s co-efficient, Rt.UL- Right Upper Limb, Lt.UL- Left Upper Limb,
Rt. LL – Right Lower Limb
Graph No 5: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of power of upper limb
Graph No 6: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of power of lower limb
Within -subjects Effect Between - subjects effects Estimates
Parameter Group df F p F(1,18) p Mean effect SE
Study control
Rt.UL Study (5,35) 4.590 <0.01 0.436 >0.05 0.220 0.158 0.067
Control (6,42) 4.009 <0.01
Lt.UL Study (6,54) 4.522 <0.001 0.034 >0.05 0.135 0.122 0.053
Control (6,54) 4.402 <0.001
Rt.LL Study (5,35) 2.758 <0.05 1.428 >0.05 0.030 0.083 0.032
Control (5,35) 2.625 <0.05
Lt.LL Study (5,35) 4.590 <0.01 3.836 >0.05 0.036 0.118 0.029
Control (6,36) 1.233 <0.01
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The above table (Table No: 2) shows that
in the parameters of the rate of change of
power of right upper limb and left upper limb,
all the p values of within- subjects effects were
<0.05,indicating that there was significant
change in the power of upper limbs in both
groups. But in the case of between - subjects
effects, the p values were >0.05, indicating
insignificance.
The Table No: 2 suggests that, for the
parameter rate of change of power of a
significant change in the power of right lower
limb in both groups in within the - right lower
limb, both the study and control groups shows
p <0.05,which means that, there is subjects
effects. On the contrary, in the case of power of
left lower limb, the study group only showed p
<0.05 (in within the -subjects effects), which
means that there is a significant change in the
power of left lower limb in this group. But in
the case of rate of change of power of left
lower limb, control group showed p >0.05,
which indicates that, there is no significant
change, in within the subjects – effects. In the
case of between the subjects- effects, the p
values were >0.05, which implies that, there is
no significant change in power of lower limbs
in both the groups on comparison.
TONE
Table No 3: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of shoulders, elbow
and wrist (R M ANOVA)
Within –the subjects effects Between- the subjects
effects
Estimates
Parameter df F P F(1,18) p Mean effect SE
Study control
Rt.
shoulder
Study (6,42) 2.493 <0.05 0.111 >0.05 -0.271 -0.330 0.125
Control (6,42) 2.719 <0.05
Lt.
shoulder
Study (6,42) 10.548 <0.001 3.769 >0.05 -0.330 -0.323 0.121
Control (6,42) 2.406 <0.05
Rt.elbow Study (6,42) 0.460 >0.05 0.722 >0.05 0.219 -0.076 0
Control (6,42) 0.518 >0.05
Lt. elbow Study (6,42) 1.197 >0.05 0.016 >0.05 -0.115 -0.156 0
Control (6,42) 2.109 >0.05
Rt.wrist Study (6,42) 1.137 >0.05 0.066 >0.05 -0.146 -0.167 0.195
Control (6,42) 1.124 >0.05
Lt. wrist Study (6,42) 1.137 >0.05 1.116 >0.05 -0.042 -0.302 0.174
Control (6,42) 2.358 <0.05
The output of R M ANOVA shows that, in
the case of rate of change of tone of shoulders,
both the study and control groups have shown
p values <0.05 within-the subjects effects,
which means that there is significant difference
in the rate of change of tone of shoulders in
both the groups . But the p values were >0.05,
in between- the subjects effects, indicating
there was no significant difference between the
two groups in the case of rate of change of tone
of shoulders.
In the case of rate of change of tone of
elbows (Table No: 3), both the study and
control groups were found to have p values
>0.05 in within- the subjects effects, indicating
that there was no significant change in both the
groups. Between- the subjects effects also
shows the p values were >0.05, confirming that
there was no significant difference in the tone
of elbows when the two groups are compared.
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In the case of rate of change of tone of
wrists (Table No: 3), the output of R M
ANOVA indicates that, in within–the subjects
effects, the p values are >0.05, which means
that no significant change has happened in the
rate of change of tone of right wrist, in both
groups. While coming to the rate of change of
tone of left wrist, in within–the subjects effects,
the control group has shown a p<0.05,
indicating statistically significant change. But
when it comes to between- the subjects effects,
both the p values were >0.05, which means that
there is no significant difference in rate of
change of tone, when the groups are compared.
Graph No 7: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of shoulders
Graph No 8: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of elbows
Graph No 9: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of wrists
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Graph No 10: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of hips
Table No 4: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of hip, knee and ankle
(R M ANOVA)
Within–the subjects effects of rate of
change of tone of hip (Table No: 4) suggests
that, since all the p values being >0.05, the
effect of treatment in the rate of change of tone
of right and left hips are not significant.
Between-the subjects effects also suggest the
same, i.e., no statistically significant difference
is seen between the two groups, for the p
values are >0.05.
Within–the subjects effects of the rate of
change of tone of knees (Table No: 4) implies
that, all the p values are >0.05, and so the
effect of treatment is not statistically
significant within the study as well as in the
control group. In between- the subjects effects
too, the p values being >0.05, suggests no
significant change has seen on comparing the
two groups.
Within –the subjects effects Between- the subjects effects Estimates
Parameter df F p F(1,18) P Mean effect SE
Study control
Rt.hip Study (6,54) 1.495 >0.05 0.076 >0.05 0198 -0108 0.231
Control (6,54) 0.510 >0.05
Lt.hip Study (6,54) 0.534 >0.05 0.936 >0.05 -0.104 -0.406 0.221
Control (6,54) 2.101 >0.05
Rt.knee Study (6,42) 2.075 >0.05 0.128 >0.05 -0.212 0.111 0.224
Control (6,42) 0.960 >0.05
Lt.knee Study (6,42) 0.389 >0.05 0.010 >0.05 0.125 0.135 0.210
Control (6,42) 1.467 >0.05
Rt.ankle Study (6,42) 1.556 >0.05 1.388 >0.05 -0.080 0.319 0.240
Control (6,42) 1.890 >0.05
Lt.ankle Study (6,42) 2.064 >0.05 0.895 >0.05 0.205 -0.012 0.144
Control (6,42) 0.715 >0.05
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Within–the subjects effects of rate of
change of tone of ankles (Table No: 4) implies
that, all the p values are >0.05, and so the
effect of treatment is not statistically
significant within the study as well as in the
control group. In between- the subjects effects
too, the p values are >0.05, suggesting no
significant change has happened on
comparison of the two groups.
Graph No 11: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of knees
Graph No 12: comparisons of 20 participants on the rate of change of tone of ankles
DEEP TENDON REFLEXES
Graph No 13: comparisons of 20 participants on the deep tendon reflexes of ankles
0
1
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
grad
e
visit
Right Ankle jerk
case
control
0
1
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
grad
e
visit
Left Ankle Jerk
case
control
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Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Graph No 14: Comparisons of 20 participants on the Deep Tendon Reflexes of Knees
Graph No 15: Comparisons of 20 participants on the Deep Tendon Reflexes of Biceps
Graph No 16: comparisons of 20 participants on the deep tendon reflexes of triceps
Table No 5: comparisons of 20 participants on the deep tendon reflexes (R M ANOVA)
Area of
assessment
Mean
effect
Standard
error
Test of
between -
subjects
effects
Study Control F(1,18) P
Rt. Knee 1.958 2.146 0.236 0.316 >0.05
Lt.knee 1.854 2.062 0.048 0.093 >0.05
Rt.ankle 0.979 1.021 0.058 0.255 >0.05
Lt.ankle 0.937 1.187 0.098 3.252 >0.05
Rt. biceps 1.062 1.042 0.048 0.093 >0.05
Lt.biceps 1.042 1.062 0.048 0.093 >0.05
Rt.triceps 0.958 1.062 0.053 1.923 >0.05
Lt.triceps 0.979 1.062 0.056 1.098 >0.05
0
1
2
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
grad
e
visit
Right Knee Jerk
case
control
0
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
grad
e
visit
Left knee jerk
case
control
0
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
grad
e
visit
right biceps jerk
case
control
0
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7grad
e
visit
left biceps jerk
case
control
0
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
grd
e
visit
left triceps jerk
case
control
0
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
grad
e
visit
right triceps jerk
case
control
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One sample ‘t’ test was performed for
every parameters of deep tendon reflexes
(Graphs 13-16) and it was found that, in
within-the subjects effects all the p values were
>0.05, which denotes that there is no
significant difference between the variable and
the specific constant.
Repeated measures of ANOVA was
applied for the variables of deep tendon
reflexes to test the between-the subjects effects
(Table No: 5). All the p values were >0.05,
which means there was no significant
difference between the study and control
group.
DISCUSSION
Muscle bulk
The estimates of the repeated measures of
ANOVA suggest that study group is having
higher mean effect than the control group in
the case of rate of change of circumference of
arm, thigh and calf (table No:1)
In the case of rate of change of forearm
circumference (graph No: 2), the right forearm
shows a hike in the measurement than the
corresponding side, but it is not so in the case
of circumference of left forearm. So it is
difficult to come to a conclusive statement
about the effect of Asvagandha in the rate of
change of fore arm circumference.
The graphs (graph No: 3) for the rate of
change of circumference of thigh indicate an
increasing tendency of the parameter in both
the groups. Though the p values (Table No: 1)
for within – the subjects effects and between
the subjects effects are >0.05, which indicate
insignificance, the estimates shows that the
study group is having higher mean effect than
the control group.
The graphs (graph No:4) for the rate of
change of circumference of calf, indicates that
there is an increasing tendency in the
circumference of both right and left calf
regions, when the study group is considered.
But the change is not consistent when control
group is judged.
To conclude on muscle bulk, it can be said
that, in 62.5% of assessment areas, study group
showed higher mean effect than the control.
Previous research work on Asvagandha
[Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] also
substantiates this finding (Meena.S.L., 2001).
Power
The graphs (Graph No: 5) for the rate of
change of power imply the increasing tendency
of power of upper limbs in both the groups.
The table (table No: 2) shows that, in within –
the subjects effects for the rate of change of
power of upper limb all the p values are <0.01,
indicating statistical significance. But in
between - the subjects effects, both p values
are >0.05 indicating insignificance, but the
estimates suggest a higher mean effect of study
group than control, which says that, obviously,
there is increase of power in the study group
compared to the control group, but it is not
consistent.
In the case of rate of change of power of
lower limb, the graphs (graph No: 6) indicate
an increasing tendency in both the groups.
Within-the subjects effects of rate of change of
power of lower limbs suggest statistical
significance for both the groups. But study
group only had significance regarding the rate
of change of power of left lower limb (table
No: 2). Both the groups didn’t show any
significance in between - the subjects effects.
In within – the subjects effects of right lower
limb, though both the p values (Table No: 2)
are <0.05, indicating its significance, on
comparison, the control group is having higher
mean effect than the study group.
To conclude on Power, it can be said that,
in 75% of assessment areas, study group
showed a higher mean effect than control. This
can be read along with the effect of
Asvagandha[Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal] in
enhancing locomotor functions (Natsuki
Nakayama et al., 2007).
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Tone
All the participants of this research were
having spastic cerebral palsy. So spasticity or
hyper tonicity was present in every one.
Reduction of tone is the favorable outcome
here.
The graph (graph No:7) for the rate of
change of tone of shoulders illustrates a
decreasing tendency of tone in both the groups;
but the effect is more marked in the case of
study group. On further analysis, it is found
that, both the groups are having, within-the
subjects effects significance for p<0.05 (table
No: 3). In the case of left shoulder, as far as the
study group is concerned, within–the subjects
effects showed p<0.001, which is extremely
significant. But in between-the subjects effects,
both the p values were >0.05, conveying there
is no significant difference between the two
groups on comparison. But the mean effect was
favorable for the control group, when rate of
change of tone of Right shoulder is concerned,
but it was favorable for the study group in the
case of rate of change of tone of left shoulder.
The favorable outcome of the control group
in the case of rate of change of tone of left
shoulder can be due to the fact that, right upper
limb was affected in more participants of the
study group (57.1%) than control (42.9%).
The graph (graph No: 8) illustrating the
rate of change of tone of elbow suggests that
there is a decreasing tendency of tone in both
the groups, but it is more evident in the case of
left elbow may be because of the fact that right
upper limb (58.3%) was more affected by the
disease than the left one (41.7%). Here the
control group showed more favorable mean
effect (Table no: 3) than the study group.
The graphs (Graph No: 9) for the rate of
change of tone of wrist, shows that the rate of
change of tone of wrist is favorable for both
the groups as far as left wrist is concerned.
Compared to right wrist, left wrist got more
outcomes; the reason may be the same as
mentioned above. On analysis, for, within–the
subjects effects of control group showed
p<0.05 (table No: 3), which is significant. Here
also the mean effect is more favorable in the
case of control group.
The graph (graph No: 10) for the rate of
change of tone of hip suggests there is a
decreasing tendency of tone in both the groups.
Though the within–the subjects effects and
between-the subjects effects have all the p
values >0.05 (table No: 4), which are not
significant, the mean effect shows, study group
is having favorable value in the case of rate of
change of tone of right hip while control group
is having favorable value in the case rate of
change of tone of left hip.
The graphs (graph No: 11) for the rate of
change of tone of knee, suggest there is a
decreasing tendency of tone in both the groups.
Within–the subjects effects and between - the
subjects effects have all the p values >0.05
(table No: 4), which are not significant. But in
the estimates, the mean effect shows that study
group is having desirable mean effect than the
control.
The illustrations (graph No: 12) for the rate
of change of tone of ankle suggest that there is
a decreasing tendency for the rate of change of
tone of left ankle for both the groups. But in
the case of rate of change of tone of right
ankle, study group only showed a decreasing
tendency. Anyway, the within–the subjects
effects and between-the subjects effects have
all the p values >0.05 (table No: 3), which
indicates these differences are not statistically
significant. But the mean effect is more
favorable for the study group.
On tone, in 50% of assessment areas, study
group showed favorable mean effect than the
control and this includes the tone of the ankle
joint, the tackling of which has a higher
clinical relevance. The neuroinhibitory effect
especially GABAergic property of the drug can
be accountable for this (Mehta, A.K et al.,
1991).
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Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR)
The results of One sample ‘t’ test for deep
tendon reflexes pointed out that there is no
significant difference between the variable and
the specific constant. This consistency of deep
tendon reflexes can be justified by comparing
these values with that of tone of the
corresponding body part, for tone and reflexes
are inter related and directly proportional
(Guyton and Hall, 2005). For this mean value
of tone and deep tendon reflexes were
calculated and it was found to be comparable.
The graphs (No:13 and No:14) for the deep
tendon reflexes of lower limbs suggests that,
they (right and left knee jerks and right and left
ankle jerks) are somewhat approaching the
desired value. But the between-the subjects
effects shows all the p values are >0.05 (table
No: 5), indicating insignificance. But the R M
ANOVA procedure for between-the subjects
effects shows that, though the p values are
>0.05(table No: 5), the study group shows
favorable mean effect than the control group,
in the case of deep tendon reflexes of right and
left knees and left ankle. The mean effect was
similar for both the groups for the deep tendon
reflex ofr ankle.
The graphs (No: 15 and No: 16) for the
deep tendon reflexes of upper limbs suggests
that the DTR of triceps is approaching
normalcy in due course, while that of biceps is
not showing any tendency towards the desired
value. Tests of between-the subjects effects
showed all the p values are >0.05 (table No: 5),
which implies insignificance, but the mean
effect says that the values are more favorable
in the study group, when the parameters, DTR
of right and left triceps and left biceps are
considered. But it was favorable for the control
group in the case of right biceps jerk.
On DTR in 75% of assessment areas, study
group showed favorable mean effect than the
control. Axon- or dendrite-predominant
outgrowth induced by constituents from
Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal]
is already proved, which goes in hand with the
action of the same in Deep Tendon Reflexes
(Kuboyama T, 2002).
CONCLUSION
The add-on effect of Asvagandha in motor
developmental disorders was measured using
specific tools like muscle bulk, power, tone
and deep tendon reflexes. Since there is a wide
variation among the results, a common
conclusion cannot be drawn. So to conclude on
muscle bulk, it can be said that, in 62.5% of
assessment areas, study group showed higher
mean effect than the control. On power, it can
be said that, in 75% of assessment areas, study
group showed a higher mean effect than
control, but it is statistically not significant. On
tone, in 50% of assessment areas, study group
showed favorable mean effect than the control
and this includes the tone of the Ankle joint,
the tackling of which has a higher clinical
relevance. On DTR in 75% of assessment
areas, study group showed favorable mean
effect than the control.
The inference from the research is that
Asvagandha [Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal]
is having positive effect in motor
developmental disorders. But statistically, it
does not possess add on effect Asvagandha in
the motor functions of children with motor
developmental disorders under the specified
setting. Since the drug shows a positive
inclination in all the parameters, either-dose,
duration, Sample size may be increased and
can be further evaluated for more conclusive
results. The changes happened to other co-
morbid conditions like epilepsy and other
psycho social factors can be monitored in
further studies.
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REFERENCES
Anonymous (2001), API - The Ayurvedic
pharmacopoeia of India reprint 2005;
The controller of publication, New
Delhi, Part 1, Vol. 1, p.15.
Forfar and Arneils, Textbook of Paediatrics, 7th
Edition (2008), Churchill Livingstone
Elsevier Health Science,p-888
Guyton and Hall, (2005).Textbook of Medical
Physiology, 11th Edition, Published by
Elsevier p-678
Hari Sadasiva Sastri Paradakara, (2011).
Vagbhata,‘Astanga hrdaya’ with the
commentaries ‘sarvangasundara’ of
Arunadatta and ‘Ayurveda rasayana’ of
Hemadri, Varanasi: Chaukhambha
Sanskrit Sansthan; Uttara sthana
39/159.
Kenneth F.Swaiman, (2007). Pediatric
Neurology, Principles & Practice,
Volume I, Forth Edition, Publisher :
Mosby
Kuboyama T (2002). Axon- or dendrite-
predominant outgrowth induced by
constituents from Ashwagandha.
Neuroreport. Oct 7; 13(14):1715–20.
Meena.S.L., (2001), Bala sosha rog par
Ashwagandhadi yog ka Chikitsatmak
adhyayan. [M D Dissertation], National
Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur.
Mehta, A.K., P. Binkley, S.S. Gandhi, and
M.K. Ticku. (1991). Pharmacological
effects of Withania somnifera root
extract on GABAA receptor complex.
Indian J Med Res. Aug; 94:312–5
Natsuki Nakayama, Chihiro Tohda, (2007),
Withanoside IV improves hindlimb
function by facilitating axonal growth
and increase in peripheral nervous
system myelin level after spinal cord
injury ,Neuroscience Research, 58 (2):
June, Pages 176–182.
Odle, Teresa (2006), Gale Encyclopedia of
Medicine, 3rd ed. Polzin, Scott;
Cerebral Palsy.
Roshni Anirudhan (2009). A Clinical trial to
study The efficacy of selected
Ayurvedic treatment modalities In
cerebral palsy in children below 8
years. [M D dssertation], University of
Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram; p.17.
Sara.J.Webb and Christopher S.Monk. (2001).
Mechanism of post natal
neurobiological developments,
implications for human development.
Developmental neuropsychology,
Lawrance Erlbaran Associate
Publishers; 19(2): 147–171
Source of Support: NIL Conflict of Interest: None Declared
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ISSN 2277-4289 | www.gjrmi.com | International, Peer reviewed, Open access, Monthly Online Journal
CONCEPT OF NITYA SEVANIYA AAHARA DRAVYA
Saylee Deshmukh1*
, M K Vyas2
1Ph.D.Scholar, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in
Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India 2Professor, Department of Basic Principles, Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda,
Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar- India.
*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]
Received: 10/02/2016; Revised: 05/03/2016; Accepted: 10/05/2016
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda has great potential in the field of Preventive medicine. Diet and Lifestyle plays key role
in preventing many diseases. Among them diet is most important as health depends upon the type of
diet taken by an individual. In Ayurveda, some food items are advised to be taken for a long duration
while some are prohibited which are termed as ‘Nitya sevaniya’ and ‘Nitya asevaniya’ aahara
dravya. It depends on the beneficial and harmful properties present in them. Present study aims to
explain the rationality behind the concept of ‘Nitya sevaniya aahara dravya’ i.e. diet items which
can be consumed for long time.
KEY WORDS: Nitya sevaniya, diet, aahara dravya
Review article
Cite this article: Saylee Deshmukh,
M K Vyas (2016), CONCEPT OF NITYA SEVANIYA AAHARA DRAVYA,
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., Volume 5(5): 173–182
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INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda plays a very important role in
prevention of disease, besides treatment of
diseases which includes aahara (diet), vihara
(lifestyle) and aachara (behavioral pattern).
Amongst them aahara i.e. diet is the most
important part. Saarata of dhatu which is the
reflection of body’s immunity depends on the
nature of diet taken. Therefore Acharyas have
advised to take only those food items which are
helpful to maintain the health (Brahmanand
Tripathi, 2006). Nitya sevaniya and asevaniya
aahara dravya have been enlisted in Charaka
samhita (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006),
Ashtanga Hridaya (Brahmanand Tripathi,
2007), Ashtanga Samgraha (Shivprasad
Sharma, 2012) and Kaiyyadeva Nighantu
(Priyavrata Sharma et al., 2009). While in
Sushruta samhita (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008),
list of ekanta hitakara and ahitakara aahara
dravya has been given. These nitya sevaniya
and ekanta hitakara dravya are those which can
be taken regularly in healthy condition for
maintenance of health because of their specific
properties. According to the dictionary of
Monier William, word Nitya means ‘for long
time’ (Monier Wiliams, 2005)
Charaka has divided dravya in three
categories- doshaprashamana,
dhatupradushana and swasthavrittakara
(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).
Doshaprashamana dravya are those used with
a therapeutic purpose, dhatupradushana dravya
are those which are responsible for disease
pathogenesis by vitiation of dhatu and while
swasthavrittakara dravya are responsible for
maintenance of health by keeping all the three
dosha in equal state. Among that Nitya
sevaniya aahara dravya can be taken under the
third category. Following table shows the list of
Nitya Sevaniya aahara dravya mentioned in
Ayurveda classics. Table.1
Present study aims to explain the rationality
behind the concept of ‘Nitya sevaniya aahara
dravya’ in Ayurveda and researches of modern
science.
Table.1: List of Nitya sevaniya aahara dravya
S. No. Substances English/botanical name
1. Amalaka Phyllanthus emblica L.
2. Antariksha jala Rain water
3. Dadima Punica granatum L.
4. Go Dugdha Cow’s milk
5. Go Ghrita Cow’s Ghee
6. Godhuma Triticum aestivum L.
7. Jangala mamsa Meat of animals in arid climate
8. Jivanti Leptadenia reticulata Retz.
9. Madhu Honey
10. Mridvika Vitis vinifera L.
11. Mudga Vigna radiata L.
12. Mulaka Raphanus sativus L.
13. Pathya/ Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz.
14. Patola Trichosanthes cucumerina L.
15. Saindhava Sodii chloridum
16. Shasthika Shali Oryza sativum L.
17. Sharkara Sugar
18. Sunishannaka Marsilea quadrifolia Linn.
19. Vastuka Chenopodium album L.
20. Yava Hordeum vulgare L.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
A critical review of texts of Ayurveda like
Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga
Hrudaya, Ashtanga Sangraha, Kaiyyadeva
Nighantu and research articles related to this
subject.
DISCUSSION
Nitya sevaniya aahara dravya include
selected entities among each of the categories
like shukadhanya, shamidhanya, shakavarga,
phalavarga and aahara upayogi dravya. They
have been said to be useful for maintenance of
health. Among them mudga (Vigna radiata L.)
has been described best in shamidhanya i.e.
pulses (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) possesses
madhura, kashaya rasa, katu vipaka and sheeta
virya with laghu and vishada guna
(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) have high
nutritional value. 100g of it produces 334 Kcal
of energy. It is rich in carbohydrate
(56.7g/100g) and proteins 23.86g. It is very
good source for minerals like Potassium
(843 mg/100g), Magnesium (127 mg/100g),
calcium (124 mg/100g), phosporous
(326 mg/100g) and iron (4.4 mg/100g).
vitamins like carotene, thiamine, niacin,
riboflavin, ascorbic acid and folic acid are also
present in mudga (Gopalan C et al., 2007).
According to researches antioxidant, anti-
hyperglycemic (Yao Y et al., 2013),
detoxifying (Tran Van Hien et al., 2002), anti-
anemic (Manikandaselvi S et al., 2014), anti-
hyperlipidemic (Nobuhiko Tachibana et al.,
2012) and anti-microbial (Siti Nazrina
Camalxaman et al., 2013) activities have been
found in mudga. Regular consumption of
mudga can regulate enterobacterial flora of
intestine, decrease absorption of toxic
substances, reduce risk of hypercholesterolemia
and coronary heart disease and prevent cancer
(Tang et al., 2014). Mudga extracts were also
found to have a potent scavenging activity
against pro-oxidant species, including reactive
oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species as
well as an inhibitory effect on low-density
lipoprotein oxidation. (Ill Min Chung et al.,
2011)
Shashtika shali (Oryza sativum L.) has been
described as best among shukadhanya i.e.
cereals. It has kashaya, madhura rasa,
madhura vipaka and sheeta veerya
(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). It is a very good
source of carbohydrate, vitamin B complex and
minerals like Iron. (Basu S et al., 2012).
According to modern researches it posses
antioxidant (Priya Gurumoorthy et al., 2014),
cytoprotective (Bunyada Jittorntrum et al.,
2009), immunomodulatory (Yang L C et al.,
2015), hepatoprotective (Sinthorn W et al.,
2015)
Godhuma (Triticum aestivum L.) possesses
madhura rasa, madhura vipaka and sheeta
virya with guru and snigdha guna
(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). It is a very good
source of carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals.
According to the researches, godhuma has been
reported to posses anti-oxidant (Pandey BR et
al., 2012), anti-hyperlipidaemic (Ji-Young Im
et al., 2015), anti-microbial (Athul Sundaresan
et al., 2015) activity, protective to the skin (G.
Balint et al., 2006) and gastric (T Lakshmi
Srinivas et al., 2013), intestinal mucosa (E.
Ben-Arye et al., 2009) and neuro-protective
(Han HS et al., 2010)
Godugdha (cow’s milk) possesses madhura
rasa, madhura vipaka and sheeta virya with
guru and snigdha guna. It has been described
as aajanmasatmya (compatible from the birth),
ojovardhaka (increases vital power of the
body) (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). It is a
source of good quality protein, calcium and
vitamins particularly, vitamin A, riboflavin,
niacin and folic acid. In addition milk contains
several bio-protective molecules that ensure
health security to humans. Godugdha has been
reported to possess anti-oxidant (Santosh
Kumar et al., 2013), immunomodulatory
(Opatha Vithana et al., 2012), gut protective
activity (Bohuslav Dvorak, 2010).
Goghruta (cow’s ghee) has been described
in Ayurveda texts to have many beneficial
properties like it is rejuvenating, bestows luster
and beauty, enhances memory and stamina,
increases the intellect, promotes longevity, is
an aphrodisiac and protects the body from
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various diseases (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).
Ghee has been proved to posses anti-oxidant,
and anti-atherogenic properties (Chinnadurai K
et al., 2013), gastroprotective and adaptogenic
(S M S Samarakoon et al., 2011). It also
potentiates antimicrobial activity (Prasad V et
al., 2006), immunostimulant, antioxidant and
hepatoprotective activity (Fulzele SV et al.,
2002). So Ghee contains omega-3 fatty acids
which have been proved to improve
cardiovascular health and also modulate disease
processes, such as hypertension, coronary
artery disease, and hypertriglyceridemia (Gerry
Schwalfenberg, 2006). Medhya action of
goghruta may be due to ability to penetrate
blood brain barrier and also to facilitate
building or supporting the biochemical
activities of tissues such as neurons (Achliya
GS et al., 2004, 2005).
Saindhava (Rock salt) has been advised to
take daily. It possesses lavana rasa and sheeta
virya (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006). But
worldwide common salt is being taken daily.
Chemical formula of both is same as NaCl but
contents of both differ as rock salt contains
some extra minerals like potassium which are
beneficial to the health (Neelesh Khandelwal et
al., 2012). Contents of rock salt and common
salt are given in Table. 2.
Table.2: Chemical component of rock salt and common salt
Chemical component Rock salt (%) Common salt (%)
Na 39.00 39.34
K 0.12 −
Mg − 0.03
Ca − 0.08
Cl 60.27 60.66
SO4 − 0.27
Total 99.77 100
Sodium has a contractile mechanism while
potassium has proven to have a relaxing effect
on the smooth muscle of the arterioles
(Sunita Inderjit Singh et al., 1955). So intake of
common salt for long time can be one of the
most important causes for essential
hypertension.
Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica L.) has been
described in Ayurveda texts to have
rejuvenating property which promotes
longevity (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006).
Amalaki by its amla rasa, sheeta virya, ruksha
guna do not provoke vata, pitta and kapha
successively and helps for their maintenance.
Antioxidant (Bhattacharya A et al., 1999),
immuno-modulatory (Madhuri S et al., 2011),
hepato-protective (Karadka Ramdas
Thilakchand, 2013) and cyto-protective (M Sai
Ram et al., 2002).
Dadima (Punica granatum L.) is also one
of the Nitya sevaniya Aahara dravya and it is
also mentioned as Pathyatama (Ananta Ram
Sharma, 2008). Anti-oxidant activity and skin
protecting activity against AGEs and UV-A
(Hwa Lee et al., 2014) has been proved.
Hepatoprotective (Kumar AK et al., 2015),
immune-modulatory (Joseph MM et al., 2012),
cytoprotective (Piero Sestili et al., 2007),
embryo-protective (Kishore RK et al., 2009)
Mridvika (Vitis vinifera L.) is also
mentioned as pathyatama fruit by Acharya
Sushruta (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008). It has
been proved to possess antioxidant (G.K.
Jayaprakasha et al., 2001), hepato-protective
(Pirinççioğlu M et al., 2012), immuno-
modulatory (Rajaa k. baker et al., 2014),
vasoprotective (Schneider E et al., 2008),
neuroprotective (Jin HY et al., 2013), anti-
cancer (Kequan Zhou et al., 2012) properties. It
is also protective for heart and kidney against
toxicity (B. V. S. Lakshmi et al., 2014) and
also an effective gastroprotective (V. M.
Cuevas et al., 2011).
Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med. | Volume 5, Issue 5 | May 2016 | 173–182
Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine || GJRMI ||
Madhu (honey) has been proved to have
hepatoprotective (Ateeq M J et al., 2013),
cardio-protective (Md. Ibrahim Khalil et al.,
2015), cyto-protective (Faeza Abdel Mogib El-
Dahtory et al., 2011), immunomodulatory
(Majtan J, 2014), protective against hepato-
toxicity and nephrotoxicity (Wafaa M. Abdel-
Moneim et al., 2007)
Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) has
been described by Acharyas to possess strong
Rasayana i.e. rejuvenating property
(Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) and alleviate all
the three Dosha (Ananta Ram Sharma, 2008). It
has been proved to have anti-oxidant and anti-
microbial (Pai Aruna, Rao et al., 2012), anti-
aging (Manosroi A et al., 2010),
immunomodulatory (H.N. Shivaprasad et al.,
2006), cardio-protective (Suchalatha S et al.,
2004), hepato-protective (Min-Kyung Choi et
al., 2015) activities.
Jivanti (Leptadenia reticulata Retz.) has
been described as best among all the
vegetables. (Brahmanand Tripathi, 2006) due to
its property of ‘sarvadoshaghni’ (Ananta Ram
Sharma, 2008). It is a rich source of vitamin A
(K. Martin et al., 2002) possesses anti-oxidant
and free radical scavenging property
(Mallikarjuna, B et al., 2011), hepatoprotective
(Junapudi Sunil et al., 2015), anti-bacterial
(Irimpan MT et al., 2011) and protection
against inflammation (Louis, C Jelly, 2015).
CONCLUSION
Properties of Nitya sevaniya aahara
dravyas given in texts of Ayurveda are such
that they do not provoke any of the dosha and
keep all the three in equal state. Most of these
drugs are Laghu i.e. easy to digest which
protects the body from formation of aama i.e.
indigested food which is responsible for
pathogenesis of number of diseases. According
to the modern researches all the aahara
dravyas possess anti-oxidant property and most
of them have immuno-modulatory, cyto-
protective, hepato-protective while some
possess vasoprotective, anti-microbial
properties with very good nutritional value
which is beneficial to health.
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