GIS Role in Land-Use and Transportation Planning
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Transcript of GIS Role in Land-Use and Transportation Planning
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GIS Role in Land-Use
and TransportationPlanning
Andres RabinowiczCaliper Corporation
Newton, MA, USA
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GIS Intro
Essential technology for land-use andtransportation planning
GIS became widespread with arrival
of powerful and low cost programs
Applicable on standard computerplatforms
GIS adopted by planning entities andconsultants
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Maps in Planning
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GIS Systems
Autodesk Intergraph
ArcInfo
ArcView
IDRISI
GeoMedia
MapInfo
Maptitude TransCAD
TransportationPlanning
TranPlan MinUTP
TP+
Cube, TRIPS
Emme 2/3
Tmodel
Visum
QRS
Omnitrans ESTRAUSS
Land UseModels
DRAM/EMPAL
POLIS
TRANUS
UrbanSim
MEPlan
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GIS as Data Integrator
GIS
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Planning Models - GIS
Examples
ArcInfo Tranplan,EMME2
ArcView VISSUM
ArcView CUBE
ArcView EMME2
Drawback
Different Data Models
Data Accuracy
Oversimplistic
Lack of common
programming language Inefficiency
GIS TDM
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Many Dialects
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Non Geographic EngineGeographic Engine
Point AreaLine
LRSRoutes
Tables Matrix Network
Transportation Planning and Land Use Models
Simulation ExtensionsDynamic Components
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Land Use Models and GIS Most land use models do not exploit
power of GIS Linked vs. Integrated
This may be temporary as inTransportation Planning
GIS tools important for LU modelsaccessible only in integrated environment Spatial Queries
Adjacency, proximity
Accessibility, visibility
Spatial Autocorrelation
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Problems in Land UseTransportation Modeling
Convergence Old Data
Aggregate vs. Disaggregate
Data Aging Incorrect Models and/or practices
Inaccurate datasets
Tricks to increase models (cut off valuesof functions)
Consistency
Lack of dynamic data
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Land Use Evolution
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Typical Planning Model
TripGeneration
Trip
Distribution
ModeChoice
Assignment
Convergence
ErrorPropagation
TripGeneration
TripDistribution
ModeChoice
Assignment
Converge
nce
U f hi hl d
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Use of highly accurate roadnetworks
Traditional Model GIS Integrated
Model
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Accurate Transit Networks
Traditional Model GIS Integrated
Model
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GIS-T Data Integrator
Complex Spatial relations andcalculations
Accurate networks
Platform for more advanced models:Tour based models
Activity based Models
Population Synthesis
Dynamic Traffic Assignment
GIS-Internet based survey collection
Traffic Simulation
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Error Propagation in Models
Inadequate socio-economic data Inaccurate geographic files
Deficient algorithms
Some algorithmic speedup tricks Algorithms not run to convergence
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Measures of Traffic Assignment Convergence: GAP
Change in the objective function
(LeBlanc, Sheffi)
z = Objective function
Maximum flow change x flow, i link, n iteration
Ortuzar / Willumsen x flow, t time
(Average Excess Cost)
Bar-Gera / Boyce
x flow, OD = demand fromi toj
Relative Gap (Rose et al.) x flow, t travel time
%100z
1n
n
n
z
z
n
i
n
i
n
i
x
xx1
max
( )
*
*
ijij
ijr
ijijrijr
Cx
ttx
tx
txtx
UE
aonUE
OD
txtxaonUE
Many different measures of convergence usedMany are poor indicators (Rose et al. 1988)
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Some convergence criteria are poor measures
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Washington Regional NetworkNodes 20343
Links 57374
Zones 2523
Trips 2977171
Extent 92 x 109 mi
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project
Doubled Capacity on 2links
Increased Demand 5%
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Flow changes with and without project(links with a flow change > 50)
Gap0.1
Gap0.01
Gap 0.001 Gap0.0001
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Feedback ConvergenceMotivation
Required for model consistency
Use of the proper congested
travel times
Fuller evaluation of projectimpacts
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Feedback
TripGeneration
TripDistribution
ModeChoice
Assignment
Convergence
Feedback Convergence
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Feedback ConvergenceQuestions
How should we measure feedbackconvergence?
How much is enough?
What is the best way to compute it?
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G 0 01 5% h Diff 200
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Gap 0.01 5% change, Diff > 200
G 0 01 5% h Diff 200
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Gap 0.01 5% change, Diff > 200
G 0 00001 5% h Diff 200
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Gap 0.00001 5% change, Diff > 200
Gap 0 00001 5% change Diff > 200
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Gap 0.00001 5% change, Diff > 200
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Assignment Runs
Convergence
RMSE #Links VHTBase
VHT Proj VHT Savings
0.01 140.7 3421 1089900
1091640
-1740
0.00001 103.4 1196 1089900
1078800
11100
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Conclusions GIS based Integrated Land Use/Planning is necessary for
modeling advanced modeling
Accurate models need to be supported by accurate data
Models need to be run to proper convergence
Speed up trick have to be avoided and prohibited
Dynamic modeling is necessary for analysis of transientbehavior (traffic signals, incidents, evacuation plans.