1presented by:Tim Haithcoat

University of MissouriColumbia

GISIntroduction& Overview

2GIS is BIG Business NowGIS is BIG Business Now GIS is the primary driver for its very own, ever

greater, acceptability and use. Everyone likes maps and graphics and the computer

makes it easier for you to visualize your data. GIS growth feeds on its own successes and builds

new and more complex applications as it permeatessociety.

It is projected that $75 to $95 BILLION dollars willbe spent in the United States alone on GISimplementations through the year 2000.

The market has grown over 40% per year with nostopping for several years now.

3Most common practical applications:Most common practical applications: Analyze how the environment is affected by man

Mapping out environmental layers to characterize a siteand predict site potential

Routing of roads, transmission lines, pipelines, sewer,and network analysis / flow analysis through thesetransportation routes.

Mapping and managing urban infrastructure includingbase maps, tax, curbs, water supply, drainage,electricity, telephone, and gas.

Spatially examining socio and economic indicators ofthe population and their use in planning and growthmanagement.

4There are literally thousands ofThere are literally thousands ofapplications of GIS!!applications of GIS!!

Because no project is everstarted without first asking:

Where??

5Who benefits from the GIS Application?

People responsible for the infrastructure -whether you watch it, study it, design it,repair it, sell it, own it, manage it, defend it,or just use it.

GIS, once installed to serve a localgovernment, can act as a magnet pullinglocal citizens back to an appreciation oflocal political leadership.

6VISIONVISION

Create and promote anefficient GIS environmentthat fosters cooperation

and data sharing.

7GOALSGOALS Provide access to documented GIS data

(base, current, and historical) whileensuring privacy.

Provide GIS training and education acrossall levels of users and management.

Provide access to and information on GIStechnology (hardware and software).

Facilitate coordination of GIS technologyefforts to eliminate redundancy.

8GoalGoal

Conversion of existing data is labor-intensive. Undefined accuracies and extents of data

collection and usage. Data transfer standards. Data update. Storage and maintenance planning. Need for technical assistance within

their own office. Policies to ensure privacy. GIS law issues.

Provide access to documented GIS data (base,current, and historical) while ensuring privacy.

Potential Problems:Potential Problems:

9GoalGoal

Lack of trained personnel. Debate over centralized or decentralized system. Lack of application knowledge. Lack of understanding of importance and

usefulness of this technology by policymakers and the general public.

Provide GIS training and education across alllevels of users and management.

Potential Problems:Potential Problems:

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GoalGoal Provide access to and information on GIStechnology (hardware and software).

Potential Problems:Potential Problems:

Expense of hardware and software. Lack of knowledge about equipment options. Lack of funding. Bandwidth and connectivity restraints. Resistance to change.

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GoalGoal Facilitate coordination of GIS technologyefforts to eliminate redundancy.

Potential Problems:Potential Problems:

Incompatibility of systems. Unwilling to share. What is useful/priority is not shared or coordinated. No existing GIS entity to address these issues and

facilitate cooperation. Staff turnover. No assigned individual responsible

for data. Lack of formal, on-going planning. Utilization of other agencies

data lacking.

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A system of hardware, software, andprocedures

designed to support the capture,management, manipulation, analysis,modeling, and display of spatiallyreferenced data

for solving complex planning andmanagement problems.

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While accurate,comprehensive, andwidely accepted

this definition is verycryptic to a GISnewcomer.

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A computer system whichcan hold and use data

describing places on theearth's surface.

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This definition also leaves out themost important component of the

GISthe people who administrate,use, and manage the GIS.

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Components of GISComponents of GIS

Database

Computer Hardware & Software

Organizational Structure & People

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Geographic Features

Geographic features are represented by two types of data.

SPATIAL DATA ATTRIBUTE DATA

Street NameAddress range on leftAddress range on rightLength to travelDirections to travel

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The Geographic Database

Spatial and attribute data types arelinked together by a commonidentifier.

Geographic Database

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Other Terms Used forOther Terms Used forGeographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems

Multipurpose Geographic DataSystem

Multipurpose Land Use System Computerized GIS

System for Handling NaturalResources Inventory Data

Image Based InformationSystem

Land Resources InformationSystem

Spatial Data Management &Comprehensive AnalysisSystem

Planning Information System

Resource Information System Natural Resource Management

Information System Spatial Data Handling System

Geographically ReferencedInformation System

Geo-Information System Spatial Information System Environment Information System

AGIS - Automated GIS Multipurpose Cadastre Land Information System (LIS) AM/FM - Automated Mapping

and Facilities Management

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Major Areas of PracticalMajor Areas of PracticalApplication of GIS TechnologyApplication of GIS Technology

Street Network-Based

address matching vehicle routing and

scheduling location analysis,

site selection development of

evacuation plans

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Major Areas of PracticalMajor Areas of PracticalApplication of Application of GISGIS Technology Technology

Facilities Management

locating underground pipes,cables

balancing loads in electricalnetworks

planning facility maintenance tracking energy use

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Major Areas of PracticalMajor Areas of PracticalApplication of Application of GISGIS Technology Technology

Land Parcel-Based

zoning, subdivision plan review land acquisition environmental impact statements water quality management ownership of maintenance

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Major Areas of PracticalMajor Areas of PracticalApplication of GIS TechnologyApplication of GIS Technology

Natural Resource-Based forest management wildlife habitat, migration routes management wild and scenic rivers preservation recreation resources planning floodplain management wetland preservation agricultural lands management groundwater modeling and

contamination tracking environmental impact analysis viewshed analysis

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Spatial OperationsSpatial OperationsASPATIAL QUERIES:

Queries that in beinganswered do not use thestored X & Y location of thefeature, nor does it describewhere the places are inrelation to each other.

SPATIAL QUERIES:Queries that can only beanswered using the stored X & Ylocation of the feature and itsrelationship to other features onthe earth's surface. Spatialqueries can not be answeredwithout geography and topology.

Example: How many people are working with GIS in Missouri?

Examples: How many people are working withGIS in the major population centers inMissouri?Which centers are within 100 miles ofeach other?What is the shortest route that passesthrough all of these centers?

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Data LinkageData Linkage

A GIS typically links different data setstogether.

This may seem trivial but can prove to be theanalytical backbone of the GIS as well as itsgreatest selling point.

Consider the different ways in which data setsmay need to be linked together.

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Exact MatchingExact Matching

Occurs when you havesome information inone file about lots ofgeographic features(i.e. counties) and

additional informationin another file about

the same set offeatures.

State Region Population

Michigan MidwestMississippi SouthMissouri MidwestMontana West

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HierarchicalHierarchicalMatchingMatching

Occurs when you havetwo data sets collected atdifferent levels of detail.If the smaller areas nest(fit exactly) within the

larger ones, you can usehierarchical matching tolink the two data sets byadding the data for the

small areas together untilthe grouped areas match

the bigger ones.

Region State Park Area

Ozarks Lake of the Ozarks

Ozarks Ha Ha Tonka

Ozarks Bennett Spring

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Fuzzy MatchingFuzzy Matching

On many occasions the smallareas do not match the largerones. This is especially true

when dealing withenvironmental data (i.e.. soiland land cover data sets). Ifwe wanted to determine thesoils most productive for

each crop, we would need tooverlay the 2 data sets &

compute crop productivityfor each soil type.

Ownership

Soils

Owner Assessed ValueC. Baker $200,000M. Jones $150,000E. Smith $300,000

D. McCarthy $275,000

Soil ID Prime Farm Land01B Yes01C Yes01C2 No03A No

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Questions a GIS ca