GIS in Water Resources: Lecture 1
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Transcript of GIS in Water Resources: Lecture 1
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GIS in Water Resources: Lecture 1
• In-class and distance learning• Geospatial database of hydrologic features • GIS and HIS• Curved earth and a flat map
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Six Basic Course Elements
• Lectures– Powerpoint slides– Video streaming
• Readings– “Arc Hydro: GIS in Water Resources” and
other materials• Homework
– Computer exercises– Hand exercises
• Term Project– Oral presentation– HTML report
• Class Interaction– Email– Discussion
• Examinations– Midterm, final
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Our ClassroomDr David Tarboton
Students at Utah State University
Dr David Maidment Students at UT Austin
Dr Ayse Irmak Students at University of Nebraska - Lincoln
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University Without Walls
Traditional Classroom CommunityInside and OutsideThe Classroom
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Learning Styles
• Instructor-Centered Presentation• Community-Centered Presentation
Student
Instructor
We learn from the instructors and each other
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GIS in Water Resources: Lecture 1
• In-class and distance learning• Geospatial database of hydrologic features • GIS and HIS• Curved earth and a flat map
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Geographic Data Model• Conceptual Model – a set of concepts that describe
a subject and allow reasoning about it• Mathematical Model – a conceptual model
expressed in symbols and equations• Data Model – a conceptual model expressed in a
data structure (e.g. ascii files, Excel tables, …..)• Geographic Data Model – a conceptual model for
describing and reasoning about the world expressed in a GIS database
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Data Model based on Inventory of data layers
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Spatial Data: Vector format
Point - a pair of x and y coordinates(x1,y1)
Line - a sequence of points
Polygon - a closed set of lines
Node
vertex
Vector data are defined spatially:
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Themes or Data Layers
Vector data: point, line or polygon features
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Kissimmee watershed, Florida
Themes
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Attributes of a Selected Feature
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Raster and Vector Data
Point
Line
Polygon
Vector Raster
Raster data are described by a cell grid, one value per cell
Zone of cells
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http://srtm.usgs.gov/srtmimagegallery/index.html
Santa Barbara, California
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How do we combine these data?
Digital ElevationModels
Watersheds Streams Waterbodies
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An integrated raster-vector
database
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GIS in Water Resources: Lecture 1
• In-class and distance learning• Geospatial database of hydrologic features • GIS and HIS• Curved earth and a flat map
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Linking Geographic Information Systems and Water Resources
GIS WaterResources
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Point Water Observations Time Series
A point location in space A series of values in time
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RainfallWater quantity
Meteorology
Soil water
Groundwater
This System IntegratesMany Types of Water Observations Data
Water quality
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A Key Challenge
GISWater Environment(Watersheds, streams,gages, sampling points)
How to connect water environment with water observations
Time Series Data
Water Observations(Flow, water levelconcentration)
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CUAHSI Member Institutions
122 Universities as of August 2009
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Hydrologic Information System Goals
• Data Access – providing better access to a large volume of high quality hydrologic data;
• Hydrologic Observatories – storing and synthesizing hydrologic data for a region;
• Hydrologic Science – providing a stronger hydrologic information infrastructure;
• Hydrologic Education – bringing more hydrologic data into the classroom.
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This is Enabled by WaterML A Web Language for Water Observations Data
. . .Adopted by USGS, and other agencies for Publishing Some of their Data
GetValues Response in WaterML
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The CUAHSI Data Catalog IntegratesMulti Source Water Data Services
. . . The Worlds Largest Water Data Catalog
• 47 services
• 15,000 variables
• 1.8 million sites
• 9 million series
• 4.3 billion data Values
Map Integrating NWIS, STORET, & Climatic Sites
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Three Basic Internet Components: Catalog, Server, User Linked by HTML
Catalog
UserServerHTML
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CUAHSI HIS Components Linked by WaterML
Catalog
UserServerWaterML
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Organize Water Data Into “Themes” Integrating Water Data Services From Multiple Agencies
. . . Across Groups of Organizations
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Bringing Water Into GIS
Thematic Maps of Water Observations as GIS Layers
Groundwater
Salinity
Streamflow
Unified access to water data in Texas ….
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Arc Hydro: GIS for Water Resources
• Arc Hydro– An ArcGIS data model for water
resources– Arc Hydro toolset for implementation– Framework for linking hydrologic
simulation models
The Arc Hydro data model andapplication tools are in the publicDomain.
Published in 2002, now in revision for Arc Hydro II
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Arc Hydro — HydrographyThe blue lines on maps
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Arc Hydro — HydrologyThe movement of water through the hydrologic system
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Integrating Data Inventory using a Behavioral Model
Relationships betweenobjects linked by tracing pathof water movement
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Flow
Time
Time Series
Hydrography
Hydro Network
Channel System
Drainage System
Arc Hydro Components
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Hydrologic Information System
Analysis, Modeling, Decision Making
Arc Hydro Geodatabase
A synthesis of geospatial and temporal data supporting hydrologic analysis and modeling
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GIS in Water Resources: Lecture 1
• In-class and distance learning• Geospatial database of hydrologic features • GIS and HIS• Curved earth and a flat map
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Origin of Geographic Coordinates
(0,0)Equator
Prime Meridian
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Latitude and Longitude
Longitude line (Meridian)N
S
W E
Range: 180ºW - 0º - 180ºE
Latitude line (Parallel)N
S
W E
Range: 90ºS - 0º - 90ºN(0ºN, 0ºE)
Equator, Prime Meridian
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Latitude and Longitude in North America
90 W120 W 60 W
30 N
0 N
60 NAustin:
Logan:
Lincoln:
(30°18' 22" N, 97°45' 3" W)
(41°44' 24" N, 111°50' 9" W)
40 50 59 96 45 0
(40°50' 59" N, 96°45' 0" W)
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Map Projection
Curved EarthGeographic coordinates: f, l
(Latitude & Longitude)
Flat Map Cartesian coordinates: x,y
(Easting & Northing)
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Earth to Globe to Map
Representative Fraction
Globe distanceEarth distance
=
Map Scale: Map Projection:
Scale Factor
Map distanceGlobe distance =
(e.g. 1:24,000) (e.g. 0.9996)
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Coordinate Systems
(fo,lo)(xo,yo)
X
Y
Origin
A planar coordinate system is defined by a pairof orthogonal (x,y) axes drawn through an origin
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Summary (1)
• GIS in Water Resources is about empowerment through use of information technology – helping you to understand the world around you and to investigate problems of interest to you
• This is an “open class” in every sense where we learn from one another as well as from the instructors
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Summary (2)
• GIS offers a structured information model for working with geospatial data that describe the “water environment” (watersheds, streams, lakes, land use, ….)
• Water resources also needs observations and modeling to describe “the water” (discharge, water quality, water level, precipitation)
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Summary (3)
• A Hydrologic Information System depends on water web services and integrates spatial and temporal water resources data
• Geography “brings things together” through georeferencing on the earth’s surface
• Understanding geolocation on the earth and working with geospatial coordinate systems is fundamental to this field